, .,

.

: : : : : 200 : : 1389 : : 25 - 81315720 - 021 81315744 - 021

: . . . . . ) ( . . . . . . . 13118 training.nigc@gmail.com .

1389 . . . ) Mokveld NuovoPignone ( . . . . 1389 alireza_davarinia@yahoo.com

: : 13118 : ! 18 ! ! : ! ! ! : : - : : ! !! ! / CD ! : ) ( 120 ) ( 60 ) ATO ATC NO NC DIR REV ( TZID ) ( Mokveld ) ( Nuovo Pignone480 120 PI .300 : ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 2 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 3 ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 3 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 3 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 4 ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 4 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 5 ) ( ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 5 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 7 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 8 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 9 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 9 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 9 ................................ ................................ ............................. 10 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 10 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 11 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 12 : ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 14 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 14 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 14 ................................ ................................ ...................... 15 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 16 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 17 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 17 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 18 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 19 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 21 : ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 24 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 24 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 24 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 27 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 27 ATO ATC ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 27 NO NC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 28 DIR REV ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 28 ................................ .......................... 30 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 32 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 32 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 34 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 34 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 36 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 37 TZID ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 38 TZID ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 39 TZID ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 39 TZID ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 40 TZID ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 43 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 44Volume Booster ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 44 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 44Quick Exhaust Valve ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 45 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 46 ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 46 ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 46 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 48 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 53 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 55 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 56 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 57 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 58 Axial Globe ................................ ................................ ........... 59 Mokveld ................................ .................... 60 Mokveld ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 61 Mokveld ................................ ................................ 65 Nuovo Pignone ................................ ................................ .......................... 66 : ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 73 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 74 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 74 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 75 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 80 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 81 : ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 84 PI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 86 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 88 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 91 ................................ ................................ .... 94 ................................ ................................ ........................... 101 ................................ ................................ ............ 103 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 109

. . . 1 - 1 .

1 - 1 :1 . 1 2 . 2 . 3

. ) 2 - 1 .( PISTONRECIPROCATINGHELICAL LOBE (SCREW)STRAIGHT LOBESLIDING-VANEROTARYPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT(Intermittent Flow)CENTRIFUGAL AXIALDYNAMIC(Continuous Flow)COMPRESSORS 2 - 1 . 4 5. . 6 7. 3 - 1 .

Positive Displacement Intermittent flow compressor Continuos flow Reciprocating Rotary Backflow

3 - 1 1 2 . . . 4 - 1 3 . . 4 - 1 4 ()5. ) surge ( ( ) .

Rotor Vanes or Lobes Screw Axial Centrifigual . - . 5 - 1 .

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Composition Startup Vibration Noise 1 . .2 . .3 . 1 2 .() ( ) 3. . 11 - 1 . 11 - 14 . 4 .( )

Seals Bearings Thrust Bearing Internal Clearances

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2-6 . . 2-7 .

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2-8 9 - 2 1 . 2.

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Header Scrubber 2-11 12 - 2 . 2-12 1 ) . (. . .

Final Control Element

. : 1 . 1 . Gate Valve Ball Valve Butterfly Valve .2 . 2 . Globe Valve . Butterfly Valve BallValve . Globe Valve . :1 . 3: 4 .

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Actuator Diaphragm Plate Stem Plug Seat . 1 - 3 : 1 . 1: . 2 . 2 : . 3 . 3: . 4 . 4 : . 5 . 5 : . . Cage ( ) Cage Cage . Cage .6 2 - 3 . . . + globSeat 3-2

Indicator Yoke Bonnet Packing Box Trim . 1 . . . . . . :1 . 2ATO ATC3.2 . NO4 NC5.3 . ) DIR (6 ) REV (7.4 . 8 9 10. ATO ATC pen O oT irA . lose C oT irA . 3 - 3 ATC Fail To Open .

Air To Open Air To Close Normal Open Normal Close Direct Reverse Linear Equal Percentage Quick Opening ATO Fail To Close . 3-3 NO NC NormallyOpen Normally Close . DIR REV ) ( 1 . ) ( 2 . 4 - 3 .

Direct Acting Actuator Reverse Acting Actuator 4 - 3 Direct Reverse . . Push-Down-To-Open ) 5 - 3 ( Push-Down-To-Close ) 5 - 3 ( . 5 - 3 1 - 3 . Direct Reverse Reverse Direct Push-Down-To-ClosePush-Down-To-OpenPush-Down-To-ClosePush-Down-To-Close OPEN OPEN Close Close 1 - 3 ) Air Failure ( . . . 1 2 . 3 . :1 . 4 : ) . - 6 -3 (2 . 5 : . ) - 6 - 3 (3 . 6 : . . 50 . ) - 6 - 3 (

On/off Action Throttling Action Control Valve Flow Characteristics Linear Quick Opening Equal Percentage 6 - 3 7 - 3 Globe . 7 - 3 . 1 - 2 . G SPl f C QV.) (= 1 - 3 : Q : CV :1 . Cv psi 1 . . P : S.G ) : : ( l : f ( l ) : . P :1 . 2 : ) . (2 . 3 : . 4. . ( ) .5 . 6 7 .. . . . 8 - 3 3-9 .

Flow Coefficient Inherent flow Characteristic Instaled flow Characteristic Accessories Positioner Booster

8 - 3

9 - 3 : 1 . ) ( .2 . ( ) . . 3 . . 4 . . 5 . : 1 . . . .Direct Reverse . 3-2 .

Direct Acting Positioner Reverse Acting Positioner 2 - 3 : 1 . 2 . 3 . 3-15 PSI . 3-15PSI

Split Range Option . P to P Positioner1. ) 10 - 3 ( 0 3-1 11 - 3 . - 2 3. - () . . 4 . . . . 5 .

Pneumatic To Pneumatic Flapper-Nozzle bellows Pilot Valve Cam 1 -1 3 4-20 3-15 PSI 1I/P I/P 3-15PSI . ) 12 - 3 (

2 -1 3 I/P I/PPOSITIONEER. ) 13 - 3 (

Current To Pneumtaic Transducer

3 -1 3 4 20 . 14 - 3 . 4 -1 3 ) 15 - 3 ( . HART .. . HART . 2.2khz 1.2khz . HART 4-20 . 4 20 . 5 -1 3. TZIDTZID 1 ABB . Mokveld . 6 -1 3

Smart Electro-Pneumatic Positioner TZID CPU1 . () ) A/D ( CPU 2PD ) D/A ( I/P . I/P . ) 17 - 3 ( 4 20 . 7 -1 3 1.4 ) 20psi ( 6 ) 90psi ( . I/P . 3 . TZID1 . )

Central Processing Unit Proportional Derivative Inductive ( 2 . Autostroke . . . 3 . .4 . ) Single Acting ) ( Double Actingn . (5 . 1) 8000 ( .6 . . : ) ( ) 4 20 ( . 4 20 4 12 . 4 20 . ) Action ( ) 4 20 ( ) 20 4 .( ) .( TZID : 1 . : . . 18 - 3 19 - 3

High-Resolution . . . 8 -1 3 9 -1 32 . : . 1 .

Smart Vision : ) locally ( 1)20 - 3 ( . . 4 - 20 HART2 . . ) 21 - 3 ( 3-20 3-21

LSK Adapter FSK Modem TZID : ) 22 - 3 (1 .1SUP IN : ) 20-90PSI .(2 . Y1 : .3 . Y2 : ) Y1 ( ) Double Acting actuator ( . ) Single Acting ( ) . MOKVELD .(Y2OUT2Y1OUT1SUPIN 3-22 ( ) 2.

3-23

SUPply INput Pressure Gauge : 1 . : ) . ( 2 . : . MOKVELD ProximitySwitch . Volume Booster . ) supply ( . 1 2 . Volume Booster : 1 . (Input Signal) .2 . ) Supply ( .3 . ) output ( . 4 . ) Exhaust (. 24 - 3 . . . .

Pneumatic Relay Volume Booster 3-24Quick Exhaust ValveQuick exhaust valve . - ) psi ( . . ) 25 - 3 26 - 3 .( 1 ) ( 3 1 2 . 2 1 ) 2 ( 3 . 3 1. 3-25

3-26

Silencer . . : 1 . 2 . ) body ( 1 . 1) . .( . 3 - 3 . 2 4 6 12 16 3 10 3 - 3 . VolumeBooster QuickExhaustValve . . . ) Quick Exhaust Valve ( . 3.

Fast Stroke The Chemical Engineers' Resource web Site Lag Time 2 . FAIL ) FailToOpen ( . 3 . ) ( ) DoubleActing ( . . Quick Exhaust Valve . 27 - 3 . . . . 3-27 . . . 1 . .

Air Brake . ) ( . . 1 1 . : ) ( . ) (. 2 3 Chocked Flow 4. . . .2 . : . . . . 3 . 5 . Seat .4 . ) Overshoot ( . . .

Cushion Design Over Size Poor Control Stonewall Leakage 5 . : . . 85dba . ) SPL (1 ) SPL ( SPL . cage . ) . mokveld ( globe valve ball valve . 2 ) SPL () SPL ( . :Frequency Shifting Velocity Control . ) peak (3 . : .

Sound Pressure Levels(dba) Noise Attenuating Trims . . 2 - 31 . 2 - 3: fp: uvc: 2 . 28 - 3 . VenaContracta . . 3-28 Dj : 3-1

IEC -- Vena Contracta . . . 29 - 3 Globe .

3-29 . ) SPL ( . ) ( . 30 - 3 ) cage ( . . 3-30 . WhisperFlo ) 31 - 3 ( SPL 40dBA . cage . . 3-31 32 - 3 DRAG CCI . . 32 - 3 Siemens NuovoPignone . Mokveld ) Axial Flow Control Valve . ( Cage Axial Cage Control Valve. ) : 3-33 (1 . .2 . . 33 - 3 34 - 3 . 4 - 3 34 - 3 .123456789101112131415161718192021222324253029272628

34 - 3

4 - 3 : 3-35 . 3-35 Mokveld 3-36 . . Cage . Cage . 1 2 3. Stem ) ( CAGE seat 36 - 3 Mokveld ) ( . cage cage . . 4 ) 37 - 3 ( 90 ) stem ( .

Erosion Downtime Availability Transmission System 37 - 3 . 1 . 38 - 3 . . 38 - 3 Mokveld . ) Glob . ( .

Dead Band Cage ) - ( cage ( ) 35dba . . ) 39 - 3 ( 39 - 3 Mokveld . seat ) 40 - 3 .( . 40 - 3 Axial Globe Mokveld Axial . Globe . . 41 - 3 42 - 3 Globe Axial1.

GLOBAXIAL0100020003000400050004 INCH6 INCH8 INCH10 INCH12 INCH14 INCH16 INCH ) CV( 41 - 3GLOB050010001500200025004 INCH6 INCH8 INCH10 INCH12 INCH14 INCH16 INCHAXIAL ) ( 42 - 3

ASMI Class Type Mokveld ) ( . Cage . .1

. 43 - 3 44 - 3 .

) ( 43 - 3

( ) . 44 - 3 Mokveld: 1 . . 2 . . " " . Direct Reverse ) . 45 - 3 ( 45 - 3 . . . :1 . ) 4 20 ( 2 . 2 . . 1

46 - 3 47 - 3 6 48 - 3 . . . . 10 inchSolenoid Valve BODY 46 - 3

Emergency Trip + ) 4 20 ( ) 4 20 (24 dc 3/2 ) ( ABC 47 - 3 48 - 3 49 - 3 12 47 - 3 . 49 - 3: 1 . : . . - . 1 . .2 . : TZID ABB .

Drain 3 . : FAIRCHILD1 . 4 . 2 / 3 :( ) 24 . 2 - . 5 . : FlowRegulator ) 50 - 3 .( . . 50 - 36 . 2 / 3 . . - . Mokveld 47 - 3 . .

Model: AE Port 5 1

. . 4 20 . . . . ) A ( B C . A B C B C . :1 . . 2 . 5 . 3 . 4 20 . 4 . 24 ) A ( . A B C . . . ) A ( . Nuovo Pignone 51 - 3 52 - 3 . Direct . Globe Cage . Cage :1 - . 2 - .

Bar 3 - . 51 - 3 52 - 3 ) Linear ( ) 53 - 3 .( 40 ( ) . 53 - 3

54 - 3 . . 54 - 3 7bar I/P . 4 20 ) 3-15 PSI ( . . . 55 - 3 . :1 . 4-20 ) TCP (1 .2 . 24V-DC ) TCP ( .3 . ) TCP ( .FIELDTCPSCS 55 - 3

Turbine Control Panel 56 - 3 .

56 - 3

. . . () 1 . . . 2 3

Transducer Response Time Accuracy of Measurement 1 . . 2 3 . 4-1 . . 4-1 . . Accuracy Uncertainty . Accuracy Uncertainty. .

Uncertainty of Measurement Update Compressor Surge Rate 4-1 .

/ % Full Scale / C % of value (for clean gas) 1 - 4 . . . . . 1 2 . 4-2 .

Flow Conditioner Straight Pipe

2 - 4 1) 2 - 4 ( . . 1 - 4 .

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Orifice Plate 4-3 . . ) 4 - 4 ( . 80 .

4-4

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. . . 1 2 3. ) 4-8 ( 4-8 4 5. . . . 6 ) Range ( .

Capsules Pressure Transmitter DP Transmitter Range . RTD . RTD . 9 - 4 RTD Thermowell

4-9 RTD Thermowell . Thermowell Thermowell ) 4-10 .( Thermowell . 4-10 RTD 1 . RTD .

Direct Insert Devices . . 1 . . RTD Thermowell 2. 3 Thermowell . ) 4-3 ( THERMOWELL 62 82.5 3103 3.5124 144.5 5165 5.5186 18 7.5 3 - 4

Insertion Depth Extra Long Thermowells ASME PTC . . . ) head ( . . . " " . . 1 . 5-1 x . x x . 2 . . ...

Surge Margine PLC . 5-1 5-2 . . . ) Surge Control Line ( . . Ps-Ts Pd-Td-+ PIFlow 5-2 . PI1 - . . PI PI 2 ) P ( ) I ( . ) ( ) 5-3 .( 5-3 . ) 5-1 (} + = dt e k e k Yi PIf: npiTkk= 5-1 5-4 PI . 5-4 3(P.V)

Proportional-Integral ( ) ) . ( Process Value: . ) S.P ( .1 PI 2) KP) ( Tn(3 . . . ) ( . . () . . ) ( . Tn ( ) ) ( . . . PI - - ) PID (4 ) D (5 . ) 6 7 ( . () PID PI .

Tuning Gain Reset time Proportional-Integral-Derivative Derivative Overshoot Setting Time: . 5-5 1 2. 5-5: 1 . :SLL ( )3 . ) head ( . 2 . SCL : ( )4 . 5 .

Surge Map Dresser-Rand Control Systems Surge Limit Line Surge Control Line Safety Margine SurgeMargine SLL SCL . .3 . Backup Line : ( ) SCL . PI . . SCL . ) ( . . . . PI ) SCL Backupline ( . 1 . 1

. 2 3 . . . . PI Backup Line BackupLine . PI . PI ) Surge Margine . (

Backup Line Step Logic Forced Open 2 . 1 2) ( 3 . 5 2%F.S . . 4. ) 5-6 ( 5-6 . 3 . ) 5( ) D ( PID

Setpoint Shift Set point Shift Logic F.S: Full Scale Adaptive Control . PI . () ) SCL ( . ) ( 1 . PI . . 2 . - ) 7 - 5 .(

5-7

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5-8 9 - 5 nuovopignone . h . SLL SCL .

9 - 5 ) 2

P-h Plan Square Root Extractor ( h . h h P . 1 . . ( ) . . 10 - 5 . f(x) . 2 ) Surge Margine ( ) setpoint ( . P - . P PID . P . P P . 10 - 5 11 - 5 .

gas composition bias Delta-P ) h ( ) Compressor Status . ( Compressor Status . 11 - 5 LowSelector . : . 1 . Surge map2 . Antisurgecontrol 12 - 5 SurgeMap . : 1 . ) Alarm (2 . ) Setpoint AS Control (3 . ) Surge Line ( 1 2 3 12 - 5 13 - 5 Antisurge Control .

13 - 5 13 - 5 : 1 . Anti surge controller2 . Manual mode3 . Ramp4 . Forced open 4 MaximumSelector . . . 14 - 5 . -+ PI (RAMP)FORCED OPEN 100% 0% -+ 0%=OPEN 0% 100%100% SPL) ( 0%ANTISURGE CONTROL REQUIRED 14 - 5 14 - 5 . : 1 . ) SPL :(SPL ) SL . ( ) 5-2 ( . . MR SL SPL 1 . 0 + = 5-2 : SPL : . 1MR ) : m3/hr ( SL : . SL . 3 - 5 4 - 5 . SL 5-3 . SL=ah+b 5-3: SL : . ) m3/hr ( a ) : m3/hr*kg/kj ( b ) : m3/hr ( a b CompressorMap . h ) : kj/kg ( 4 - 5 . ((

|.|

\| = 1221ksdSppTkkh 5-4 : h : ) kj/kg ( k1 : k2 : TS : Pd: Ps: ) Compressor Ratio ( .

Measurement Range 2 . : ) . 5-4 () (0SsTppc flow + = 5-4: Flow ) : m3/hr ( c : PO : PS : TS: 3 . : PI ) SPL ( . 4 . PI : PI ) - ) . ( .( 5 - 5 . Ti G () Ti G . ) / / 1 1 ( s T DEV G ui+ = 5-5: u : ( ) G : Dev : SPL-FLOW . ) m3/hr ( Ti : 8 % SL . . 9 % . " " . S : Auto . SPL . OPEN FULLY ASCV spl flow if = ( 5-6 2 14 - 5 ManualStation . . SPL . . 3 14 - 5 Ramp . : 1 . : . ) ( 1.5 . . ForcedOpen . 2 . : . . . . . 3 . : . 1.5 . .4 . : . Manual Station. 1.5 ) ( . Manual 3 . 4 14 - 5 ForcedOpen . . Maximum Selector Forced Open ) Update . ( ) 5-15 ( 15 - 5 Forced Open : 1 . SL ( )2 . .3 . . ).( Forced Open : 1 . . (Stand Still) . 2 . Trip Reset . 3 . : . :1 . PLC1 : PLC . 16 - 5 2 PLC .

16 - 5

PLC Based Petrotech 2 . 1: PLC . PLC . 17 - 5 2. 5-17 1 - 5 3 - 5 . 5-1 5-2

Stand-Alone Controller ABB-PROTRONIC 18 - 5 .

18 - 5 19 - 5 . 19 - 5

. PLC ADVANT ABB ADVANT CONTROLLER 110 . CPU Fail ) Forced Open ( . CJP50 ) 20 - 5 ( . 20 - 5 : 1 . 1: . ) 3 - 5 6 - 5 .(2 . 2() : . ) 7 - 5 10 - 5 .(

Hardwired Bus Communication ( ) MMH10CP005 SLMMC10CP010 SLMMC10CP005 MMC10CP005 SLMMY10AA100XG01 3 - 5 ( ) MMY10AA100YE01 4 - 5( ) MMY10AA100XP01 MMY10AA100XP11 5 - 5 ( ) MMY10AA100YE02 Force Open 6 - 5 ( ) ACTIVATE_ASC . STOP-COMPRESSOR GT_TO MIN_SPEED GT_TRIPForced open AS_ISOL_VALVE CLOSEDFORECE OPEN ) STANDSTILL (TRIP_RESETFORECE OPEN . ASCV_TEST_CLOSE. ASCV_TEST_OPEN. ASCV_TEST_READY. ASCV_MAN . ASC_FO_RESETFORECE OPEN . 7 - 5 ( ) MMY10AA100XP11 MMY10AA100XP01 MMY10AA100YE02 OK MMY10AA100YE03 OK MMY10AA100ZA01 OK () MMY10AA100ZA02 OK () MMY10DF900ZA01 MMY10DF900ZA02 MMY10DF900ZP11 . MMY10DF901ZP11 MMY10DF902ZP11 ) man station ( MMY10DP903ZP11 ) ( MMY10DF904ZP11 FORCED OPEN MMC10CP005ZA02 MMC10CP010ZA02 MMH10CP005ZA02 MMC10CT005ZA02 8 - 5 ( ) MMY10DF902ZE01 MMY10DF902ZE02 MMY10DF902ZU01 setpoint 9 - 5 ( ) MMH10CP005 MMC10CP010 MMC10CP005 MMC10CT005 MMY10AA100XG01 MMY10AA100YE01 setpoint MMY10DF901ZE01 MMY10DF005ZE01 MMY10AA100ZE01 MMY10DU001 10 - 5

:1 . Siemens Nuovo Pignone 2 . : McMillan, G.K., Centrifugal and Axial Compressor Control, Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1983 Fisher Emerson Process Management. Compressor Antisurge Valve Technical Specification.Kurz, R. and White, R.C. Surge Avoidance for Compressor Systems, Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Turbomachinery Symposium, 2006.Menezes, Mark. Selecting Pressure Transmitters to Improve Centrifugal Compressor Safety and Efficiency, Texas A&M Instrumentation Symposium.PIP Process Control. Guidelines for Application of Control Valves, Process Industry Practices (PIP) Process Control, January 2005.Kurz, R. and White, R.C. Surge Avoidance in Gas Compression Systems, Journal of Turbomachinery, Volume 126,Wison, J. and Sheldon, A., Matching Antisurge Control Valve Performance with Integrated Turbomachinery Control Systems, Hydrocarbon Processing, August 2006, pgs. 55-58.Botros, K.K., Henderson, J.F., Developments in Centrifugal Compressor Surge Control A Technology Assessment, Transactions of the ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, April 1994. White, M.H., Surge Control for Centrifugal Compressors, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 1992. Menezes, M., Calculating & Optimizing Repeatability of Natural Gas Flow Measurements, Pipeline & Gas Journal,3 . :ASME PTC 10, Compressors and Exhausters, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York, 1997.ASME PTC 19.1, Measurement Uncertainties, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York, 1985.IEC 60534-8-3: Industrial-process control valves Part 8-3: Noise considerations Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method 4 . :http://www.mokveld.com http://www.abb.com/ http://www.dresser-rand.com http://www.metsoautomation.com http://www.metso.com/ http://www.icstriplex.com http://www.flowserve.com/ http://www.rosemount.com/ http://www.mogas.com/ http://www.control.com http://www.Hydrocarbonproceesing.Com http://cr4.globalspec.com/ http://www2.emersonprocess.com http://www.cheresources.com http://www.cs-cv.com/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org http://www.atiactuators.com/ http://www.eng-tips.com http://findarticles.com http://www.freepatentsonline.com/ http://www.pipelineandgastechnology.com http://www.sea.siemens.com http://www.woodward.com/