anthropology the study of humanity from its evolutionary origins to today’s cultural diversity
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ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
THE STUDY OF HUMANITY THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY
ORIGINS TO TODAY’S ORIGINS TO TODAY’S CULTURAL DIVERSITYCULTURAL DIVERSITY
KEY CONCEPTKEY CONCEPT
CULTURECULTURE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS
A MEMBER OF SOCIETYA MEMBER OF SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONSKNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE
AND WRONGFUL ACTIONSAND WRONGFUL ACTIONS
ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS AND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMANAND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMAN
FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIESSOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINESSOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES
KEY TERMSKEY TERMS
SOCIETYSOCIETY CULTURECULTURE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVECOMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVEHOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ETHNOCENTRISMETHNOCENTRISM CULTURAL RELATIVISMCULTURAL RELATIVISM GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
SOCIETYSOCIETY
SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORYTERRITORY
PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED GROUPS WITH SOCIAL GROUPS WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION OF BEHAVIOROF BEHAVIOR
RELATIONS BETWEEN RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALSINDIVIDUALS
UNIQUE SOCIAL UNIQUE SOCIAL SCIENCESCIENCE
Time DepthTime Depth Global FocusGlobal Focus Comparative ApproachComparative Approach HolisticHolistic Four Field ApproachFour Field Approach Core Concept of CultureCore Concept of Culture GlobalizationGlobalization
HOLISTICHOLISTIC
View Cultures from holistic View Cultures from holistic perspectiveperspective
Culture as integrated whole.Culture as integrated whole. No part of culture can be studied in No part of culture can be studied in
isolationisolation Study culture means studying the Study culture means studying the
relationship between Thingsrelationship between Things
EXAMPLE OF HOLISMEXAMPLE OF HOLISM Arrangement of Furniture in USA Arrangement of Furniture in USA
reflects core cultural value of reflects core cultural value of individualismindividualism
Arrangement of rooms is directly related Arrangement of rooms is directly related to marriage and family patterns which in to marriage and family patterns which in turn related to way Americans earn a turn related to way Americans earn a livingliving
Individual bedrooms reflect value on Individual bedrooms reflect value on individualism & consistent with an individualism & consistent with an economy where families are dependent economy where families are dependent on individual wage earnerson individual wage earners
COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
Anthropology is basically comparative bases Anthropology is basically comparative bases its findings on cultural data drawn from its findings on cultural data drawn from throughout the world and from throughout throughout the world and from throughout human historyhuman history
Collect data about behavior and beliefs in Collect data about behavior and beliefs in many societies in order the diversity of many societies in order the diversity of human cultureshuman cultures
Also, to understand common patterns in Also, to understand common patterns in ways people adapt to their environment, ways people adapt to their environment, adjust to their neighbors, and develop adjust to their neighbors, and develop cultural institutionscultural institutions
BENEFITS OF BENEFITS OF COMPARATIVE VIEWCOMPARATIVE VIEW
Challenge commonly held Challenge commonly held assumptions about human life- ways assumptions about human life- ways based solely on European and North based solely on European and North American perspectiveAmerican perspective For Example “Marriage”For Example “Marriage”
Cultural InstitutionCultural Institution Monogamy not the preferred type of Monogamy not the preferred type of
marriage in majority of societiesmarriage in majority of societies
CULTURECULTURE Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct
shared to some extent by the members shared to some extent by the members of society, that govern their behavior of society, that govern their behavior with one another and their thinking with one another and their thinking about themselves and the world.about themselves and the world.
Everything that people have, think, and Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a societydo as members of a society
All cultures are comprised of material All cultures are comprised of material objects; ideas, values, attitudes and objects; ideas, values, attitudes and patterned ways of behaving.patterned ways of behaving.
Four FieldsFour Fields
ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICSANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY
STUDY OF PAST CULTURESSTUDY OF PAST CULTURES PREHISTORIC AND HISTORICPREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS) RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS)
FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVEDTHE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVED
EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS
STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE RELATIONSHIP AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETYSOCIETY
CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH LANGUAGELANGUAGE
HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
Biological AnthropologyBiological Anthropology Study of Human origins (evolution) Study of Human origins (evolution)
and contemporary Human variationand contemporary Human variation Primate social organizationPrimate social organization Interface between biology and Interface between biology and
culture. Ex Andes greater lung culture. Ex Andes greater lung capacity adaptation to low oxygencapacity adaptation to low oxygen
HUMAN VARIATIONHUMAN VARIATION
““Race” is always a social not a biological Race” is always a social not a biological conceptconcept
Conventional Classification of “Races” is Conventional Classification of “Races” is pseudoscience.pseudoscience.
Hair texture, skin color and facial Hair texture, skin color and facial characteristics are arbitrary and randomly characteristics are arbitrary and randomly selectedselected
Skin tone is function of evolutionary Skin tone is function of evolutionary adaptation to climateadaptation to climate
Race as conventionally used is wrong!Race as conventionally used is wrong!
APPLIED APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGISTANTHROPOLOGIST
MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND BIOLOGYBIOLOGY
STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN POPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASEPOPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASE
STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMSYSTEM
FORENSIC FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER VICTIMSVICTIMS
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSESHUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES GENOCIDEGENOCIDE
APPLIED ARCHAEOLOGYAPPLIED ARCHAEOLOGY
CULTURAL RESOURCE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC SITESSITES
OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS TO PROTECT STATE LAWS TO PROTECT PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITESPREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES
CONTRACT CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGY
APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGYSALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY
CULTURAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
The ways people organize their living in The ways people organize their living in societiessocieties
The study of cultural behavior in recent The study of cultural behavior in recent and contemporary culturesand contemporary cultures
Ethnology-building theories to explain Ethnology-building theories to explain cultural practices based on comparative cultural practices based on comparative study of societies throughout the worldstudy of societies throughout the world
Ethnography, a holistic intensive study Ethnography, a holistic intensive study of groups, through observation, of groups, through observation, interview and participationinterview and participation
CULTURAL CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYANTHROPOLOGY
ETHNOGRAPHYETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHERETHNOGRAPHER FIELD WORKFIELD WORK PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
ETHNOCENTRISMETHNOCENTRISM
The widespread human tendency to The widespread human tendency to perceive to perceive the ways of doing perceive to perceive the ways of doing things and beliefs about things in one’s things and beliefs about things in one’s culture as normal and natural and that of culture as normal and natural and that of others as strange, inferior, and possibly others as strange, inferior, and possibly un-naturalun-natural
One’s own culture is superior, the best One’s own culture is superior, the best and others are inferiorand others are inferior
Everybody everywhere is a little Everybody everywhere is a little ethnocentricethnocentric
CULTURAL RELATIVISMCULTURAL RELATIVISM Counters EthnocentrismCounters Ethnocentrism Stresses the importance of analyzing Stresses the importance of analyzing
cultures in their own terms rather than in cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologistterms of the culture of the anthropologist
This does not mean that all cultural This does not mean that all cultural practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors can be condonecan be condone
Different from ethical relativism—all right Different from ethical relativism—all right and wrong relative to time, place, and and wrong relative to time, place, and culture so that no moral judgments of culture so that no moral judgments of behavior can be madebehavior can be made
GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCESFROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
CULTURAL CONTACT AND CULTURAL CONTACT AND CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CULTURESCULTURES
RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCESTECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES
GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR BOARDERSBOARDERS
COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION
BASED ON INTERCONNECTED BASED ON INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVELINSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
AMERICANIZATIONAMERICANIZATION
BY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATIONBY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATION THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES, CULTURAL PRACTICES, CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENTENTERTAINMENT