anthropological analysis of a skeleton belonging to …€¦ · perioada mijlocie a epocii...

Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași, s. Biologie animală, Tom LX, 2014

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A SKELETON BELONGING

TO MIDDLE BRONZE AGE, KOMARIV CULTURE, DISCOVERED

IN SUCEAVA-CÂMPUL ŞANŢURILOR-STRADA PARCULUI

(SUCEAVA COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Angela SIMALCSIK, Vasilica Monica GROZA and Robert Daniel SIMALCSIK

Romanian Academy – Iași Branch, Department of Anthropological Research,

Th. Codrescu Street, No. 2, Iași, Romania, [email protected]

Abstract. This paper concerns the anthropological analysis of the skeleton discovered in 2007 in the stone tomb

(cista) in Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului (Suceava County, Romania). The funerary monument was

chronologically ranked in the Middle Bronze Age, the Komariv culture. The osteological remains discovered in

Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului belonged to a male, aged approximately 20-25 at death. The cranial

index is dolichocranic. The frontal-parietal index is stenometopic. The occipital-parietal index is large-sized. The

cranial bone relief is marked. The nasal region seems to have been narrow and quite high. The mandible is

moderately robust, with medium robustness index. The postcranial skeleton is robust, clearly indented, with

pronounced muscle insertions. The humeri record a euribrachic cross-section index. The femora are

hyperplatymeric, with a prominent linea aspera and moderate pilaster. The tibiae show a mesocnemic cross-

section index. The stature was appreciated only using the morphoscopic method and seems to be upper-medium to

high-sized. The typological analysis shows predominantly Nordic characteristics in admixture with some Dinaric

elements. The dentition suggests an excellent status of the dental health. This skeleton does not present any severe

bone pathology. Some postcranial bones have specific traits which could be suggest the muscular massiveness and

a series of not very stressful daily activities. The skeleton remains from the inventory do not present any signs of

any possible ante mortem or peri mortem traumas.

Keywords: Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului, Middle Bronze Age, Komariv (Komarow) culture,

anthropological analysis

Rezumat. Analiza antropologică a unui schelet aparținând Epocii Bronzului Mijlociu, cultura Komariv),

descoperit la Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului (județul Suceava, România). Lucrarea de faţă

prezintă analiza antropologică a scheletului descoperit în 2007 în cutia de piatră (cista) în punctul Suceava-Câmpul

Şanţurilor-strada Parcului (judeţul Suceava, România). Monumentul funerar a fost încadrat chronologic în

perioada mijlocie a Epocii Bronzului, cultura Komariv. Scheletul descoperit în Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada

Parcului aparţin unui individ de sex masculin cu vârsta la deces de circa 20 -25 ani. Indicele cefalic este

dolicocran. Indicele fronto-parietal este stenometop. Indicele occipito-parietal indică un occipital larg. Relieful

cranian este evidenţiat. Regiunea nazală pare să fi fost îngustă şi destul de înaltă. Mandibula este moderat de

robustă, indicele de robusticitate fiind unul de tip mijlociu. Scheletul postcranian este robust, reliefat, cu inserţii

musculare accentuate. Humerusurile înregistrează un indice de secţiune euribrahic. Femurele sunt hiperplatimere,

cu linea aspera proeminentă şi cu pilastru moderat. Tibiile prezintă un indice de secţiune mesocnemic. Statura,

apreciată doar prin metodele morfoscopice, pare să fi fost supramijlocie spre mare. Analiza tipologică evidenţiază

predominanţa caracterelor nordice în amestec cu unele elemente dinarice. Analiza dentiţiei ne sugerează o stare de

sănătate dentară excelentă. Acest schelet nu prezintă nici o patologie osoasă severă. Unele oase postcraniene

prezintă anumite caracteristici care ne pot sugera masivitatea musculară a acestui individ şi o serie de activităţi

cotidiene nu prea solicitante. Pe resturile scheletice prezente în inventar nu am semnalat semne ale unor posibile

traumatisme produse ante mortem sau peri mortem.

Cuvinte Cheie: Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului, perioada mijlocie a Epocii Bronzului, cultura

Komariv (Komarow), analiza antropologică

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Angela Simalcsik et al.

Introduction

During the diggings undertaken for the set out of a new dwelling foundation in

2007, in the town of Suceava, on the Eastern side of the archaeological site perimeter called

Câmpul Şanţurilor, there was identified an anthropic deposit (construction) of stones which

proved to be a funerary monument. The authors of the archaeological excavation were

chronologically ranked in the Middle Bronze Age, Komariv (Komarow) culture

(approximately 2200/2000-1600/1500 B.C.). “Komarow” is the old name for this culture in

Polish. The term “Komariw” is used in this study according to the practice nowadays, this

village was included in the Ukrain territory after the second world war.

The place where the funerary monument was discovered is situated at about 300 m

south-east of the Cetatea de Scaun, on the edge of the archaeological site called Câmpul Şanţurilor, 30 m away from the foundation of a church from the 15th century and its

graveyard, at approximately 300 m to the west of the high terrace of Suceava River. The

depth at which the stone building was discovered is 0.30-0.35 m. On the eastern side of the

funerary building, at 0.40-0.45 m deep, but also in the tomb filling, inside the stone

building there were discovered pottery shards from the Middle Bronze Age, namely the

Komariv (Komarow) culture, which actually helped to make the chronological ranking of

the discovery (Mareş, 2010).

The funerary building (stone box or cista) is heading north-east – south-west, it is

rectangular, rounded in the edges as it is made of massive Sarmatian lime, built horizontally

and vertically, while the north-eastern edge is rounded (Fig. 1) (Mareş, 2010).

Inside the stone building, 0.75 m deep from the present-day level, stretching on fertile soil, there was discovered a human skeleton, in crouching position on the right, in a

south-west – north-east line, head to south-west and feet to north-east, looking to the east,

left hand bent from the elbow lying on the trunk and the right hand straight next to the body

(Fig. 2). Next to the skull (in the orbit area), at 10 cm distance there was found a hammer

axe made of stone, ritually broken, still showing a small part of the hole for the handle

(Mareş, 2010).

Figure 1. Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului: the funerary building (stone box or cista)

(Mareş, 2010).

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Figure 2. Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului: the funerary building and the skeleton in

situ (Mareş, 2010).

Material and Methods The preservation status of the skeleton found in Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-

strada Parcului is satisfactory, which made it possible to a detailed anthropological

analysis, even if sometimes incomplete. The anthropological study began with the cleaning

(by dry method) and restoration of the osteological remains, after which morphoscopic

examination and collection of biometric data followed. Determination of sex and age at

death was followed by conformative and morphoscopic analysis, typological analysis and

investigation of the possible pathologies, anomalies and epigenetic characters.

The determination of the sex and the estimation of the age at the time of death was

done using the methods and techniques recommended by Périer (1935, 1949), Nemeskéri et

al. (1960), Iordanidis (1961), Stradalova (1975), Ubelaker (1979), Ferembach et al. (1979),

Brothwell (1981), Smith & Knight (1984), Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994), Mays (1998),

Bruzek (2002), Walrate et al. (2004), White & Folkens (2005), Schmitt (2005), Latham & Finnegan (2010), and Blanchard (2010).

In the anthropological analysis we used the main anthropometric measurements and

some conformative and morphoscopic characteristics established from the values of direct

measurements, and also from the conformation indices, by classical techniques

recommended by Martin & Saller (1956-1966). Evaluation and categorization of the

absolute and relative values made use of the dimorphic scales of Alexeev & Debetz (1964).

The morphological observations were registered and analyzed with the methods

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recommended by Broca (1875), Eickstedt (1934) and Olivier (1969).

The stature was estimated from the dimensions of the long bones of the upper

(humerus, radius, and ulna) and lower (femur, tibia, and fibula) limbs. The dimensional

scales proposed by Manouvrier (1892), Breitinger (1938), Bach (1965), Trotter & Gleser

(1951; 1952; 1958) were also employed. The framing of stature in the appropriate sex

category was made by Martin & Saler (1956-1959).

For the typological characterization we have used the methods and scales of

Eickstedt (1934), Vallois (1934; 1944; 1953; 1965), Coon (1939), Bunak et al. (1941),

Biasutti (1959), Comas (1960), Boev (1972), Baker (1974), and King (1981).

Identification of the skeletal pathologies and abnormalities, including non-metric

cranial, dental and postcranial traits, also assessing their degree of development/severity were made by methods recommended by Wells (1964), Rohlin (1965), Brothwell &

Sandison (1967), Janssens (1970), Buikstra & Cook (1980), Ortner & Aufderheide (1991),

Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994), Campillo (1994), Mays (1998), Aufderheide & Rodriguez-

Martin (1998), Cox & Mays (2000), Ortner (2003), Matshes et al. (2004), McCoy (2004),

Mann & Hunt (2005), Bailey (2006), Roberts & Manchester (2007), Slootweg (2007),

Katzenberg & Saunders (2008), Kimmerle & Baraybar (2008), Richard Scott (2008),

Brickley & Ives (2008), Waldron (2009), Barnes (2012), and Leroux (2012). There were

also analyzed skeletal particularities viewed in the literature as functional adaptations and

occupational or life style markers, or mechanical enthesopathies.

Results and Discussion Preservation status. The skeleton is incomplete and fragmented. The fractures and

fissures that led to fragmentation are produced post mortem. The cranial skeleton appears

slightly better preserved than the postcranial one. The skull was fragmented during the

cleaning process of the skeleton, and it was restored to calvaria. The cranium is represented

by frontal, parietals, occipital, left temporal, the part of the left zygomatic, left maxilla and

left half of the mandible. With many absent segments, the postcranial skeleton is

represented only by incomplete bones from the limbs (femurs, tibias, humeri, radii and

ulnae). We add to this inventory a fragment derived from the left hip bone, from the

cotyloid cavity.

The bone sample contains, also, parts of the long bones’ epiphyses, but they are

highly degraded and fragile. Reattaching them to the shaft bone was impossible. The

postcranial skeleton, in contrast to the skull, is highly affected by taphonomic processes. The external bony layer has got a consistent calcareous (limestone) deposits. Besides the

petrified deposits, diaphyses of the femora, tibiae and humeri shows some black islands (?)

derived, probably, from the pedological layer in which deceased has been submitted. Note

that on any bone present in the sample (complete, restored or fragmented) we have not

identifies any burn marks. Some diaphyseal fragments show tooth traces of the rodents

produces post mortem. The bone inventory of the analyzed skeleton can be seen in figure 3.

Sex determination. The quite robust appearance of the skeleton, the shape of the

cranium, the quite smooth surface of the frontal bosses, the pronounced supraorbital relief,

the appearance of the forehead (relatively narrow and slightly sloping), the rounded orbital

upper margins, the pronounced curvature of the occipital, the big mastoid process, the

characteristics of the mandible (medium-sized robusticity, square chin), the teeth size (moderate to large), the quite large cotyloid cavity of the preserved hip fragment, and the

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pronounced postcranial bone relief (joints and muscle insertions), all these lead us to define

this skeleton, definitely, that being male.

Age at death estimation. Even though the bone inventory is incomplete, we can

say that the skeleton shows no signs of involution, of degenerative bone conditions, neither

the pathological processes which may be related to the advanced age. The tissue from the

femoral and humeral meta-epiphyseal region is compact (1st stage by Nemeskéri et al.,

1960). The epiphyses of the long bones are welded to the diaphyses. The IIIrd molar is

present, with closed root apexes. The occlusal surface of the IIIrd molar crown is

physiologically functional. The dental wear, estimated by Brotwell (1981), has got the 3rd

degree, indulgently 3+. The molars cusps are slightly worn. The occlusal surface shows

some small dentin islands, this situation is valid only for the Ist molar and for the canine teeth. The incisors show visible linear islands of the dentine. The cranial sutures are

completely open (by Buikstra & Ubelaker, 1994). According to all these features, the age at

death of this man is between 20-25 years old (adultus category).

Figure 3. Bone inventory of the skeleton discovered in Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului.

absent

partial

complete

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Biometrical data and morphological features. The cranial anthropometric value

regarding the main dimensions and indices analyzed are listed in Table 1. The longitudinal

diameter (eu-eu) of the neurocranium (Figs. 4-7) offers a very long size; the transversal one

(eu-eu) presents a large size, their report giving a cranial index of dolichocranic type. The

forehead is moderately blunt. The minimum diameter of the forehead (ft-ft) is middle-sized.

The maximum frontal width (co-co) offer a large size, meaning a stenometopic frontal-

parietal index, therefore indicating a spherical contour of the forehead, with diverging

margins from the parietals. Regarding the degree of occipital curvature, the skull presents a

bulgy and short occipital. The width of the occipital (ast-ast) belongs to the very big-sized

category. The occipital-parietal index is large-sized.

The shape of the neurocranium in norma verticalis is ovoid (Fig. 7), in norma occipitalis is the one of “house” (Fig. 6). The cranial bone relief is marked. Regarding the

development of the glabellar relief, it indicates 4th degree, the supraorbital – 1st-2nd degree,

the mastoid – the maximum degree. The external occipital protuberance indicates 1st-2nd

degree. The nuchal muscles impressions are very obvious. The development of the mastoid

apophysis indicates 5th degree.

The extremely poor preservation status of the facial skeleton makes him

immeasurable, with some exceptions. Some morphoscopic observations can be made. The

zygomatic bones are quite high and moderately revealed. Their orientation/position cannot

be determined. The palate presents a divergent parabolic shape, a moderate to large depth

and a medium width (enm2-enm2). The torus palatinus is missing. The nose seems to have

been narrow and quite high. The maximum width of the nasal aperture (al-al) is very small. The shape of the pyriform aperture belongs to the “trench” type. The canine fossa is slightly

outlined (1st degree). The nasal spine was, probably, medium-sized. It was broken during

cleaning process.

The mandible, of which was preserved only the left half (Fig. 8), is moderately

robust. Its depth is small. The height of the horizontal ramus is medium to high. The

vertical ramus is short, wide and gently sloping. The mandibular mental protuberance is

quite marked, with the pyramidal aspect. The gonial relief appears quite pronounced, easily

designed out of horizontal ramus plane. The robustness (section) index of the mandible is

medium. The torus mandibularis is missing.

The general statement of the dentition supports the age at death of this man (20-25

years old) and the excellent status of the dental health. In the bone inventory are present

only the left upper and lower dental arcades (Figs. 8-9). This individual has not suffered ante mortem tooth loss. The left central upper incisor has been lost post mortem. In the

alveoli are present all the teeth from the two left arcades, as follows: central and lateral

incisors, canines, Ist and IInd premolars, Ist, IInd and IIIrd molars. In total, 15 teeth are present

in the alveoli, seven on the left upper arcade and eight on the left one. The dental wear

(incisal and occlusal) is very low. The loss of tooth structure is physiological, attrition-type,

produced during the functionality of the stomatognathic system (chewing movements).

None of the teeth from the sample don’t have dental calculus or tooth decay. The dental

hypoplastic defects are missing. There are no signs of the alveolar resorption.

The postcranial skeleton (extremely incomplete and fragmented) has got

pronounced muscle insertions. Because of the failure of the restoration process, we took

from the limb bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur and tibia) only the diameters and the circumferences (Table 2). The humerus (Fig. 10) shows pronounced deltoid muscle

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insertions. This bone doesn’t have a supratrochlear foramen, and records a euribrachic

diaphyseal section index. The section indices for radiuses and ulnae show the same

situation. The femur (Fig. 11) is hyperplatymeric in the subtrochanteric region, with

pronounced muscles insertions, forming pits and ridges. Linea aspera is prominent. The

pilasters are presents in both femurs. The pilasteric index is slightly higher at the left femur.

The low mesocnemic index indicates a tibial flattening. Tibias don’t have the

hyperdorsiflexion signs.

The high degree of fragmentation and the absence of the limb bone lengths led to

the impossibility of the stature’s estimation. Using only the morphoscopic method, we

appreciate for this man an upper-medium or a high-sized stature.

The typological analysis was made, mainly, based on cranial measurements. In addition, we took the cranial and postcranial morphoscopic characteristics. The skeleton

shows predominantly Nordic characteristics (namely: the cranial indices, the shape of the

cranial vault, the mandible features, the skeletal robustness), to which it joins, to form a

mix, some Dinaric elements.

Figure 4. Norma frontalis of the skull. Figure 5. Norma lateralis of the skull.

Figure 6. Norma occipitalis of the skull.

Figure 7. Norma verticalis of the skull.

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Table 1. Cranial anthropometric values regarding the main dimensions (mm)

and indices analyzed, and their classifications into appropriate categories (↓ = at the lower end of the category; ↑ = at the upper end of the category).

Martin

No. Characters

Measured

value (mm)

Appropriate

category

1 g-op (maximum cranial length) 194 very long

8 eu-eu (maximum cranial breadth) 145 large ↓

9 ft-ft (minimum frontal breadth) 95 middle

10 co-co (maximum frontal breadth) 122? large ↓

12 ast-ast (maximum occipital breadth) 120? very large

43 fmt-fmt (upper facial breadth) 102

43(1) fmo-fmo (internal biorbital breadth) 94

54 al-al (nasal breadth) 22? very narrow

63 enm2-enm2 (internal palatal breadth) 40? middle

68 mandibular length 64? very short

69 id-gn (chin height) 33

69(1) Height of the mandibular body 32 middle ↑

69(3) Breadth of the mandibular body 13 middle ↑

70 Maximum ramus height 64

71 Minimum ramus breadth 33

Indices Measured

value

Appropriate

category

8/1 Cranial index 74.74 dolichocranic ↑

9/10 Frontal-transversal index 77.9 spherical forehead, diverging margins

9/8 Frontal-parietal index 65.5 stenometopic ↑

12/8 Parietal-occipital index 82.7 large

9/43 Frontal-parietal index 93.1 middle

71/70 Mandible branch index 51.6

69(3)/69(1) Mandible robustness index 40.6 middle

Figure 8. Mandible (the left half).

Figure 9. The left half of the maxilla.

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Table 2. Postcranial anthropometric values regarding the main dimensions (mm)

and indices analyzed, and their classifications into appropriate categories (↓ = at the lower end of the category; ↑ = at the upper end of the category).

Martin

No. Characters and indices

Measured (mm)/calculated

value

and appropriate category

left right

Hu

mer

us 5 Maximum diameter at midshaft - 26

6 Minimum diameter at midshaft - 20

7 Minimum circumference of the diaphysis - 65

6/5 Diaphyseal cross-section index - 76.92

euribrachic

Rad

ius 3 Minimum circumference of the diaphysis 47 -

4 Transverse diameter at midshaft 16 -

5 Anterior-posterior diameter at midshaft 12 -

5/4 Diaphyseal cross-section index 75.0 -

Uln

a 11 Anterior-posterior diameter - 15

12 Medial-lateral diameter - 18

11/12 Diaphyseal cross-section index - 83.0

Fem

ur

6 Anterior-posterior midshaft diameter 33 31

7 Medial-lateral midshaft diameter 31 30

8 Midshaft circumference 97 95

9 Medial-lateral subtrochanteric diameter - 38

10 Anterior-posterior subtrochanteric diameter

- 27

6/7 Pilasteric index 106

with pilaster ↓ 103

with pilaster ↓

10/9 Platymeric index - 71.0

hyperplatymeric

Tib

ia

8 Anterior-posterior midshaft diameter 36 -

9 Medial-lateral midshaft diameter 24 -

8a Maximum diameter at the nutrient foramen 42 -

9a Medial-lateral diameter at the nutrient

foramen 29 -

10b Minimum circumference of the diaphysis 84 -

9/8 Midshaft cross-section index 66.7 -

9a/8a Platycnemic index 69.0

mesocnemic -

Pathologies, nutritional stress markers. The bone anomalies/pathologies show

how the bone structure did not follow the normal structure under the influence of several

genetic, exogenous or teratogenic factors. Unlike the major ones, which most of the times

are lethal, less serious anomalies/pathologies only leave marks on the skeleton and cause

slight health problems (Barnes, 2012).

On tabula externa ossis cranii, in the area next to the lambda point, both the

occipital and the parietals of the skeleton under study present foramina of cribra cranii

externa type, also called porotic hyperostosis. Porotic hyperostosis is a pathological

condition which affects the external part of the skull vault, seen in the appearance of a

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pointed network/structure which can be irregular (less serious) or uniform (very serious)

(Walker et al., 2009). In this case, it is a first degree condition (by Stuart-Macadam, 1991).

The porosity seems to have been active at the time of death (there are no signs of

regeneration).

Figure 10. Humeri,

posterior view.

Figure 11. Femora,

posterior view.

The skull porosity is a meaningful-suggestive indicator of some nutrition

deficiencies and chronic illnesses, thus becoming an indirect and non-specific marker of the

life quality and conditions, more precisely the health state and the nutrition habits (Walker

et al., 2009; Piontek & Kozlowski, 2002). Generally speaking, the porosities seen on tabula

externa ossis cranii develop during early childhood. They are less frequent among

teenagers and much rarer among adults (Stuart-Macadam, 1985; Mays, 1998).

In case it is not spread on the whole bone system, the first cause for the appearance

of skull porosity, there should be considered sideropenic anemia (Ortner, 2003), namely iron deficiency, hence the risk to become ill is higher, especially for catching diseases (due

to bacteria, viral illnesses, mycotic or parasitic diseases). The iron deficiency is given by

insufficient quantities of iron in food or there are deficiencies in iron absorption or iron

metabolism. There is a direct link between the acute gastroenteritis or parasites infections

and the iron quantity, as they influence each other. Other causes which might lead to the

appearance of porotic hyperostosis are vitamin C, D, B12, B6, B9 deficiencies as well as

other inflammatory processes in the skull, osteomyelitis, and traumas (Walker et al., 2009).

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The non-metrical traits also called discontinuous, epigenetic or discrete

traits/features are expressions of the variations noticed on the skull bones (including dental

structures) and postcranial bones. Their importance lies on the hypothesis that they are

more or less hereditary and might be used in relation to the ancestors, proving to be useful

in estimating the biological affinity of the disappeared populations (Carson, 2006). As

regards the non-metrical features, generally speaking, and the dental characteristics in

particular, the analysis gains relevance only in the case of a population study, nevertheless

this does not apply for this study. Still, we feel obliged to mention that the skeleton under

study presents such discontinuous features.

Thus, the analyzed skeleton which belonged to an adult male (20-25 years old),

discovered in Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului, chronologically ranked in the Middle Bronze Age, the Komariv (Komarow) culture presents two non-metrical features on

the top skull and two on the dental structures.

On the labdoid suture of the skull, in its right part, we notice the presence of a

supplementary bone of small dimensions, called Wormian bone or intra sutural bone. The

Wormian bones are anomalies of the normal fusion model of the ossification centres

(Jeanty et al., 2000). Some authors correlate their appearance to congenital abnormalities or

abnormalities of the central nervous system. Most authors consider that the appearance of

intra sutural bones is controlled by genetic factors and it represents a variant of normality

included in the group of non-metrical traits (El-Najar & Dawson, 1977).

The left supraorbital region of the frontal bone presents an indentation also called

the supraorbital notch – a non-metrical feature of the skull which appears as a reaction of the body to adapt by thermoregulation to the low temperatures in the environment, so as not

to lose heat through the neuro-vascular system. As a consequence, the nerves and the blood

vessels become thicker and deeply settled in the bone structures. The presence of such an

indentation might suggest, in an indirect way, the cold and humid climate in the area where

the individual lived (Tomaszewska et al., 2013).

For the dental non-metrical features, the authors recommend they should be

registered separately for the two arcades: 20 traits for the upper arcade and 16 for the lower

arcade (McCoy, 2004; Bailey, 2006; Richard Scott, 2008; Leroux, 2012). For this particular

study we mention only two such features in the dentition of the skeleton under study. The

mandibular first molar presents an additional cusp, the occlusal surface presenting five cusps

in all. The mandibular third molar has three extra cusps, showing on the occlusal surface a

total of seven cusps. Activity-induced musculoskeletal stress markers, enthesopathies. At the level of

the postcranial skeleton, on certain bones of the upper and lower limbs of this skeleton, we

have identified a series of special characteristics which have been appreciated by the

literature in the field as functional adjustments or adaptations, indicators of the physical

activity and life-style (Larsen, 1997; Molleson, 2007).

The humeri present highlighted insertions of the deltoid muscles (having a role in

moving the arm forward, backward and on the side), the brachial biceps (playing a role in

the flexion and extension of the forearm and the supination movement) and the pectoral

(playing the role of bringing the arm upwards). This muscles group has left deep and rough

signs on the humerus diaphyseal surface, which suggests that this person did activities

which intensely used the arm muscles (such as repeatedly lifting heavy objects) (Molleson, 2007). The Euribrachic category of the humeral diaphyses comes to support this statement.

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The femurs, in the region of the gluteal tuberosity present a moderate to

pronounced subtrochanteric prominence, seen in the crest and cavity/fossa. Even more, the

femoral diaphysis presents a pilaster and the linea aspera shows enthesophytes – bony

projections which are actually ossified entheses (which are, in fact, the connective tissue

between tendon or muscle ligament and bone). These characteristics are strictly related to

the intense activity of the muscle groups inserted on the back side of the femur: vastus

lateralis and vastus medialis (playing a role in the extension of the lower limb), adductors

muscle (contributing to the adduction, flexion and external rotation of the hip), the short

head of the biceps femoris (influencing the hip extension and the knee flexion) and the

gluteus maximus (influencing the abduction and the lateral rotation of the lower limb)

(Teodorescu, 1982). This group of muscles left prominent and rugged signs, together with enthesophytes, which suggest an overstressing due to repeated activities such as walking or

running on long distances, sustained walking on uneven ground, climbing, jumping

(Molleson, 2007). The femoral hyperplatymery noticed in both hip bones comes to enforce

these suppositions.

We have to underline the fact that the skeleton remains from the inventory do not

present any signs of any possible traumas, all the fractures or fissures which led to the

fragmentation of this skeleton appeared post mortem. We should not overlook the fact that

the bone inventory does not include the back spine, ribs, the pectoral arch and the pelvic

arch, and the feet and hand bones.

Considering the bone inventory (unfortunately incomplete) of the skeleton under

study, we support up to a certain point the statement made by Ion Mareş (2010), according to which the skeleton might belong to a person who held an important position in the

community. The social status is revealed by the three important elements exposed by the

archaeologists who studied the funerary monument: the presence of the hammer-axe, the

structure of the stone building and the considerable effort made by community members to

turn the funeral into a complex event, to sacrifice time and make physical efforts to expose

the passing away of a young man. In Ion Mareş’ opinion (2010), the funerary monument

discovered at Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor required the use of approximately two tons of

gritstone, most probably taken out from the bank of Suceava river. From the tomb to the

edge of the Suceava river terrace there are approximately 300 meters. The effort made to

transport the stone and build the funerary monument came from a large number of

community members and the workload is huge, undoubtedly group-work. It is clear that not

every community member received such a “treatment” when they passed away, only those who held an important position or, maybe, were high society.

The stone tomb discovered at Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului,

chronologically ranked in the Middle Bronze Age, the Komariv (Komarow) culture is the

only one ever discovered in the town of Suceava (Mareş, 2010). In the Suceava County

there have been discovered and investigated from the archaeological point of view several

funerary monuments belonging to Komariv (Komarow) culture, out of which we mention

here only a few: the tumular necropolises from Horodnic de Jos, in Vârfu Colnicului point

(Kaindl, 1903; Ignat, 1981; Niculică et al., 2014; Niculică, 2010) and Brădet point (Kaindl,

1903; Burtănescu, 2002); the tumular necropolis from Adâncata-Imaş (Niculică et al.,

2005; Budui & Niculică, 2012, 2013; Niculică et al., 2013); the necropolis from Hârtop-Sub

Plopi (Ursulescu & Popovici, 1987); the stone box (cista) tomb from Şerbăneşti (Ignat & Popovici, 1980). Other discoveries made in the area, included in the Costişa-Komarow

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(Komariv) culture are the ones from Prăjeni-Lutărie (Ursulescu & Şadurschi, 1988) and

from Cotârgaci, both in the Botoşani County (Moscalu, 1989; Perianu, 1989; Dumitroaia,

2001).

Unfortunately, out of the monuments mentioned above, only the tumular

necropolis from Adâncata-Imaş (Suceava County) benefited from a proper anthropological

analysis (Simalcsik & Niculică 2012). The study of the osteological series from Adâncata-

Imaş highlighted the presence of a total of 18 individuals (14 inhumed and 4 incinerated) in

the eight tumuli where there were discovered human bone remains. Male skeletons are

predominant. As regards the age at death, out of the 18 deceased, 12 died right after the age

of 20 (adults), hence having gone over the critical childhood age. The other 6 people are

distributed as follows: in a single case the age cannot be estimated and in the other 5 cases, the people did not reach the age of 20, which can be rendered in a percentage of 28% out of

the total population which ”succumbed” in childhood or teenage years. Unfortunately, the

conservation state of the skeleton material from Adâncata-Imaş made it impossible to

undertake some detailed typological and paleopathological analyses.

Conclusions

The disinterred skeleton from the stone tomb, discovered in Suceava-Câmpul

Şanţurilor-strada Parcului, chronologically ranked in the Middle Bronze Age, the Komariv

(Komarow) culture, belonged to a male, aged approximately 20-25 at death (in the adultus

category). Even if the skeleton is not complete, the conservation state of the remaining

bones in the inventory is satisfactory. The bones are robust, clearly indented, both in the skull segment, as well as in the

postcranium. The humerus is euribrachic, the femur is hyperplatymeric (with pilaster), and

the tibia is mesocnemic. The stature, assessed only in morphoscopic traits seems to have

been upper-medium or even high.

From the typological point of view, this skeleton presents mostly Nordic features,

in a combination with certain Dinaric traits.

The teeth present a slightly worn occlusal / masticatory surface. None of the teeth

is affected by calculus deposits, decay or any other infectious processes, a situation which

proves an excellent oral health. This man did not lose any teeth ante mortem. Enamel

hypoplasia is not present in any way, which suggests that during childhood (the period

when the dental crowns are formed and the teeth crowns are calcified) the man did not

experience any severe physiological stress (serious illness, malnutrition). The slight teeth wear of physiological type indicates the man’s preference for soft food. We should not

overlook the young age at the moment of death (20-25 years old).

Mention should be made that the skeleton does not present any severe bone

pathology. The only pathological disease that could be identified is porotic hyperostosis

(cribra cranii externa) – an indirect clue for nutritional stress and the health state. The

exocranial porosity, active at the moment of death is localized in the area of the lambda

point (on the occipital and parietals). The presence of porotic hyperostosis in itself, even if

not very serious in this case, indirectly indicates a nutritional deficiency, hence slight health

problems. In the absence of generalized bone porosity, as the first cause for the appearance

of exocranial porosity, there should be mentioned the iron deficiency which entails an

increased risk of illnesses, especially catching diseases. Other possible causes which might be mentioned here are C, D, B12, B6, B9 vitamins deficiency.

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The analyzed skeleton also presents a few non-metrical traits (two cranial and two

dental). We mention the presence of an additional/accessory ossicle (Wormian bone) of

small dimensions on the right part of the lambdoid suture – as a variant of normality. In the

supraorbital area of the frontal bone there is noticed the presence of the supraorbital notch,

which is an indirect indicator of the cold and humid climate where the person lived. Out of

the dental abnormalities we underline the presence of additional cusps (1st molar has five

cusps and the 3rd molar has seven cusps).

Some postcranial bones have specific traits which could suggest the muscular

massiveness of this man, but also a series of not very stressful daily activities. The

characteristics of the humerus somehow betray the physical efforts made especially using

the arms, such as, maybe, lifting of some burdens. The structural features of the femur and tibia indicate activities such as walking and running on long distances, fast walking on

rugged/uneven land, maybe climbing or jumping.

In conclusion, except nutritional deficiency but not very serious (most probably a

slight sideropenic anemia) this men did not have any other health problems. The teeth were

in excellent health. The abnormalities noticed on the skeleton remaining bones are actually

variants of normality. Even more, the skeleton does not present any feature that would

indicate exaggerated physical effort, the occupational indicators show only moderate

physical labour. There are no signs of possible traumas which might have occurred ante

mortem or peri mortem, all the fractures/fissures which led to the skeleton fragmentation

appeared post mortem.

The results of the anthropological study on the skeleton discovered in the stone box (cista) from Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului should be considered a

positive element in the overall knowledge on the behaviour and funerary customs of the

Komariv (Komarow) population within the borders of our country.

We plan on doing a comparative study in the near future, in the fortunate situation

in which the archaeological research from Suceava region will bring to light the necropolis

of Komariv (Komarow) culture, the same one mentioned as possible to exist by the Ioan

Mareş – coordinator of the team which discovered the funerary monument from Suceava-

Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului.

Acknowledgements

The team responsible for uncovering and studying the funerary monument from

Suceava-Câmpul Şanţurilor-strada Parcului consists of archaeologists from Bucovina Museum from Suceava, as follows: PhD Ion Mareş (responsible), PhD Bogdan-Petru

Niculică, Ticu Dolenschi, Paul Ciurari, Sânziana Bedreagă, and Cătălina Ungureanu. We

thank them for our involvement in the analysis of this material. We thank especially Mr.

Ioan Mareş for the osteological material made available for the anthropological study and

for information provided on the archaeological context. Also, we thank Mr. Bogdan-Petru

Niculică for the references on archaeological research on the Komariv (Komarow) culture

from Romania.

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