antebellum reform movements
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Antebellum Reform Movements. American History. Lyman Beecher. Protestant minister Leads the Second Great Awakening Religious revival Women heavily involved and seen as moral saviors of men. Transcendentalism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Antebellum Reform MovementsAmerican History
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Lyman Beecher
• Protestant minister• Leads the Second Great
Awakening– Religious revival– Women heavily involved
and seen as moral saviors of men
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Transcendentalism• TRANSCENDENTALISM = a philosophy that asserts the primacy
of the SPIRITUAL over the MATERIAL and EMPIRICAL
• The ultimate truth transcends the physical world
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Transcendentalists and Nature
• Nature was the source of deep Human inspiration
• Helps individuals see truth within their souls
• Genuine Spirituality come through communion with nature
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Ralph Waldo Emerson• Leader, Unitarian Minister, devoted to
Transcendentalism• Wrote Essays, Lectures, Very Popular
Advocated the commitment of the individual
to full exploration of
the inner capacities.
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RW Emerson: essay 1841 “Self Reliance”
• Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind”
• Self Reliance:– was a quest for unity of the Universe– The wholeness of god– The great spiritual force/essence of spiritual soul
• Each person has innate capacity to find divinity personally
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Henry David Thoreau• Transcendentalist• Individuals should:– Work for self-realization– Resist conformity– Should respond to own
instincts• Walden- in the Concord
(Mass) Woods• Most famous book• Lived alone for 2 years
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Thoreau• “I went to the woods because I wished to live
deliberately, to confront only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what It had to teach.
• And not when I came to die I discover that I had not lived”
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Thoreau• Went to jail briefly• Refused to pay a Poll Tax• Protested Slavery• 1849: Essay “Resistance to Civil Government”• An individual’s personal morality has first claim on his
actions• Government that violated personal morality had no
legitimate authority • An individual response should be – Civil Disobedience or Passive Resistance
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Temperance
• Religious based movement against Alcohol• “The church must take… on subject of
Temperance, the moral reform, all the subjects of practical morality.”
• Crime, disorder, poverty caused by alcoholism• Drinking was especially a problem for Women-
husband abuse them, and kids, and drink their money.
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Temperance• Will later evolve into national movement through the
19th century• Eventually will lead to prohibition of alcohol 18th
Amendment to the Constitution [1920-1933]
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Education• Public Education not widely
established• Some progress in Massachusetts• New interest in Pub Ed– To create a stable social
values=conformity• Horace Mann is the leader
“Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it.”
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Education• Mann• “An educated electorate is
essential to the working of a free Political system.”
• Education “only way to counter…the tendency to domination of capital and servility of labor.”
• Advocated protestant values- thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for authority
• No wide spread change comes from this movement.
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Asylum and Prison Reforms
• Rehabilitation is the key• Asylum=mental health• Prison= criminals• Rise of the Penitentiary• “A place to cultivate penitence”• Through discipline
Problem- Mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible conditions
Reform is key
• Dorothea Dix• Some progress
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Women’s Rights Movement
• Lucretia Mott• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Susan B. Anthony• Strong connection
between Women’s Rights and Abolition movement
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Seneca Falls Convention 1848
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Susan B. Anthony• Lucretia Mott• Frederick Douglass
• Declaration of Sentiments– Emulated Declaration of
Independence
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Abolitionism
• 1830s – Opposition to slavery begins to change– Before, abolitionists would promote gradualism or
colonization• Abolition wants an immediate end to slavery
with no compensation to slaveholders
• Garrison establishes the Liberator newspaper.
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David Walker
• Publishes Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829.– Speaks of the conditions of African Americans in
the United States.
– [Read about it for homework]
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Garrison in the Liberator• “I am aware that many object to the severity of my language;
but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; -- but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.”
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Other Abolitionist Leaders
• Other protestant ministers• Wealthy financers• Followers of the women’s movement [Lucretia
Mott]• Grimke sisters• Free African Americans– Frederick Douglass
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Response to Abolition
• Seen as a threat to labor and social system• Economic problems for the North• South is becoming increasingly reliant on slave
labor– Not industrializing
• Slave rebellion