Answer Keysfor Daily Work

Lessons 141–160

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Contents

Computer Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Reading Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

History Workbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

History Enrichment Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Geography Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Geography Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Grammar & Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Science Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Science Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Lessons 141–160 Computer skiLLs Answer key

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ACTIVITY 15

Line Graphs(Computer Skills Lesson 148)1 b 2 Time 3 Temperature (Celsius) 4 The temperature was 12°C. I know this because I can trace my finger up from the 7:00 A.M. time on the x-axis and then over to the y-axis to find the temperature. 5 The temperature increased between 6:00 A.M. and 11:00 A.M. I know this because the line representing the change in the temperature is going up.

ACTIVITY 16

Create a Line Graph(Computer Skills Lesson 149)

Questions1 123,000,000 2 1970 3 The population increased between 1900 and 2000. I know this because the line representing the population is going up.

ACTIVITY 17

Pie Charts(Computer Skills Lesson 153)1 c 2 180 L 3 Brushing Teeth takes up a larger section of the pie than Washing Hands does. 4 The family uses the most water washing clothes each day. I know because it is the largest section of the pie. 5 The family uses the least water for drinking. I know because it is the smallest section of the pie.

ACTIVITY 18

Create a Pie Chart(Computer Skills Lesson 154)

Questions1 The arms, wrists, and fingers and legs, ankles, and toes have the most bones. I know because these sections of the pie chart take up the most space. 2 The head has the same number of bones as the chest. I know because both sections of the pie chart are equal. 3 The hips have the fewest number of bones. I know because it takes up the smallest section of the pie chart.

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Computer Skills

Computer Skills

Lessons 141–160 speLLing Answer key

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Note: The answers that follow a page number are from Everyday Spelling. The Activities are from Activity Pages.

LESSON 141

Page 156

Possessives Practice Order of words in each group may vary. 1 Dad’s 2 friend’s 3 girl’s 4 teacher’s 5 baby’s 6 family’s 7 grandma’s 8 grandpa’s 9 brother’s 10 boy’s 11 aunt’s 12 lady’s 13 girls’ 14 teachers’ 15 babies’ 16 families’ 17 brothers’ 18 boys’ 19 aunts’ 20 ladies’Write Questions and answers will vary.

LESSON 142

Page 157

Think and Practice Singular Possessives 1 boy’s 2 girl’s 3 aunt’s 4 brother’s 5 Dad’s 6 grandma’s 7 grandpa’s 8 friend’sUsing Context Clues 9 lady’s 10 ladies’ 11 family’s 12 families’ 13 teacher’s 14 teachers’ 15 baby’sPlural Possessives 16 brothers’ 17 boys’ 18 aunts’ 19 babies’ 20 girls’

Strategic SpellingBuilding New Words 21 father’s, fathers’ 22 monkey’s, monkeys’

LESSON 143

Page 158

Proofreading and WritingProofread an Opinion

Write an Opinion Responses will vary. Opinions should include list words and personal words.

LESSON 144

Page 159

Vocabulary Building

ReviewContext Clues 1 teacher’s 2 friend’s 3 families’ 4 baby’s 5 teachers’ 6 girls’ 7 Dad’s 8 girl’s 9 family’s 10 babies’

Word StudyPalindromes Across: 3 toot 6 noon 7 deed 8 Ada 9 pup Down: 1 Otto 2 mom 4 Anna 5 peep

LESSON 146

Page 160

Easily Confused Words Practice Order of words will vary.Write Rhymes will vary.

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Spelling©Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc .

Spelling

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LESSON 147

Page 161

Think and Practice Antonyms 1 loose 2 quiet 3 off 4 quit 5 sit 6 lose Context Sentences 7 we’re 8 when 9 quite 10 where 11 whose 12 who’s 13 our Alpha Puzzles 14 of 15 are 16 were 17 then

Strategic SpellingChoosing the Best Strategy 18 set 19 win 20 than Name of strategy: Answer will vary.

Pages 220–221

GeometryOrange box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningPicture Clues 1 line 2 segment 3 ray 4 endpoint 5 angle 6 vertex 7 point 8 intersecting 9 parallel 10 perpendicular

Spell WellDivide and Conquer 11 parallel 12 intersecting

LESSON 148Page 162

Proofreading and WritingProofread a Sign whoseCreate a Sign Signs will vary but should include a list word.

LESSON 149Page 163

Vocabulary Building

ReviewWords in Context 1 are 2 set 3 then 4 our 5 sit 6 off 7 win 8 than 9 of 10 when

Word StudyUsing Exact Words 1–3 Words will vary.

Page 164Weekly Calendar Sun.; Rd.; Dad’s; Wed.; Dr.

Page 165Offbeat Greetings 1 baby’s 2 loose 3 August 4 of 5 probably 6 Ave. 7 yesterday 8 iron

Being Catered To 1 stomach 2 oven 3 number 4 favorite 5 we’re 6 our 7 quite 8 especially

Page 166Happy Holidays 1 angel 2 Hanukkah 3 relatives 4 moment 5 Chinese New Year 6 giant 7 Valentine’s DayMoving Out 1 button 2 machine 3 model 4 set 5 boys’ 6 animals 7 Canada

Page 167Where the Buffalo Roam 1 buffalo 2 were 3 than 4 common 5 lose 6 quit 7 areElection Time 1 win 2 support 3 people 4 November 5 Ms. 6 broken 7 welcome 8 another

LESSON 150Pages 170–171

Global GridPurple box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningLocating Places 1 latitude 2 parallels 3 equator 4 hemispheres 5 longitude 6 meridians 7 prime meridian 8 degrees 9 coordinates 10 location

Spell WellDouble Letters 11 parallels 12 degrees 13 coordinates

LESSON 151

Pages 184–185

Know YourselfPink box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningTalking About You 1 special 2 appearance 3 strengths 4 appreciate 5 tears 6 disagree 7 weaknesses 8 decision 9 psychologist 10 result

Spell WellProblem Parts (Letters underlined will vary.) 11 psychologist 12 appreciate

LESSON 152

Pages 186–187

Being SafePink box: Words will vary.

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Getting at MeaningLabeling 1 helmet 2 hand signal 3 bicycle 4 reflector Using Context Clues 5 pedestrians 6 crosswalks 7 jaywalking 8 rescue 9 emergency 10 first aid

Spell WellDivide and Conquer 11 emergency 12 pedestrian

LESSON 153

Pages 192–193

Living TogetherGreen box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningLooking at Pictures 1 consumers 2 producers 3 carnivore 4 herbivore 5 omnivore 6 decomposer Seeing Connections 7 food chain 8 food web 9 prey 10 predator

Spell WellPronouncing Words Carefully 11 herbivore 12 carnivore 13 omnivore

LESSON 154

Pages 198–199

LandformsGreen box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningLabeling 1 mountains 2 plateau 3 plains 4 volcano 5 landforms Scientific Vocabulary 6 earthquake 7 plates 8 faults 9 seismograph 10 Richter scale

Spell WellDivide and Conquer 11 earthquake 12 seismograph

LESSON 155

Pages 202–203

Hopes, Dreams, and WishesPurple box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningUsing Context Clues 1 accomplishments 2 determination 3 humor 4 disappointment 5 expert Using Synonyms 6 artist 7 celebrated 8 strategy 9 confidence 10 successful

Spell WellDouble Trouble 11 successful 12 accomplishments 13 disappointment

LESSON 156

Pages 206–207

How Families MatterPurple box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningLabeling Photographs 1 home 2 chores 3 children 4 parents 5 family Using Context Clues 6 childhood 7 scrapbook 8 memories 9 shared 10 love

Spell WellRelated Words 11 children 12 childhood

LESSON 157

Pages 210–211

Looking at the World in New WaysPurple box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningUsing Photographs 1 Parthenon 2 temple 3 marble 4 Chartres 5 cathedral or church 6 church or cathedral 7 jewels 8 Taj Mahal 9 tomb 10 honor

Spell WellCapital Letters 11 Chartres 12 Parthenon 13 Taj Mahal

LESSON 158

Pages 216–217

MeasurementOrange box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningContext Clues 1 width 2 length 3 distance 4 area 5 perimeter 6 weight 7 height 8 temperature Understanding Measurements 9 volume 10 capacity

Spell WellPronouncing Words Correctly 11 temperature 12 width

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LESSON 159

Pages 218–219

Division Orange box: Words will vary.

Getting at MeaningUnderstanding Math Terms 1 grouping 2 family of facts 3 number sentence 4 quotient 5 divisor 6 dividend 7 divisible 8 remainder 9 divide 10 division

Spell WellProblem Parts 11 divisor 12 remainder

SIXTEENTH REVIEW LESSON

Spelling Activity 81 were 2 bounce 3 pueblo 4 oxygen 5 each other 6 cupcake 7 recycling 8 except 9 compromise 10 industries 11 off 12 all right 13 precipitation 14 conservation 15 which 16 dessert 17 hot dog 18 species 19 surrender 20 mollusks

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Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Reading Activities

ACTIVITY 77

A Lesson in Reading: True/False Activity (Reading Lesson 142)Sample details and rewrites are given.1 True; Justin learned about the air ducts and the windows. 2 True; They died because they did not receive injections that would make them live longer. 3 False; The rats were taught to read. 4 True; He did not know that Justin could read the directions on the bottom of the cage to learn how to open the door. 5 False; Justin escaped from his cage and roamed around the room, but it was decided that Nicodemus would stay in his cage in case something went wrong.

ACTIVITY 78

Another Character Map(Reading Lesson 146)Nicodemus: the wise, one-eyed leader of the NIMH ratsGeorge: male graduate student at NIMHJulie: female graduate student at NIMHJenner: Nicodemus’ friendArthur: the rat who is considered an engineerIsabella: female rat who has a crush on JustinDr. Schultz: scientist who studied the NIMH rats and miceJustin: rat who helped all the rats get out of their cages

ACTIVITY 79

Captured—A Summary (Optional) (Reading Lesson 150)1 Captured 2 Mrs. Frisby 3 Jonathan 4 never grow old and die 5 strange 6 Dragon’s 7 Billy 8 stool 9 captures 10 colander

ACTIVITY 80

Newspaper Article Graphic Organizer (Optional)(Reading Lesson 151)Answers may vary. Sample answers follow: Who: 7 rats What: Rats were electrocuted while gnawing on electrical wire. Where: Henderson Hardware store When: a few days ago (Student may improvise a date, but it should be February/March as this is when the story takes place, and less than 5 days have gone by.) Why and How: Answers will vary.

Reading Activities

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STORY 78

Latin America and the Caribbean Islands(History Lesson 141)I Spain A Spain B gold C 1 Portugal 2 England, France 3 England, France, Holland, Denmark D Roman Catholic II A Mestizos B Creoles C African, Creoles III A Creoles B Native Americans, Mestizos C slaves D taxes IV A 1 Toussaint L’Ouverture 2 Toussaint 3 Jean-Jacque Dessalines 4 Civil B 1 Peru, Tupac Amaru 2 José de San Martín 3 Simon Bolívar; Venezuela, Columbia, Bolivia, Ecuador C 1 Father Miguel Hidalgo 2 Father José María Morelos 3 1821, rich people 4 General Augustín de Iturbide

STORY 79

From Pan and His Pipers to the Phonograph(History Lesson 143)I A piano B church organ II 1000 A Guido III Palestrina, 1600 IV A 1 clavichord 2 Bible B Bach C Mozart 2 operas, symphonies D Ludwig Beethoven 1 satisfied 2 deaf E Wagner, plays to be sung to music (operas)

STORY 80

The Daily Papers of 1854–1865(History Lesson 143)I A Crimean, Russia 1 Victoria 2 Florence Nightingale B nursing C The Charge of the Light Brigade II A foreign B Commodore Perry 1 Americans 2 business III A 1 slaves 2 Americans 3 The North, slaves B 1 President 2 lawyer 3 shot

STORY 81

Three New Postage Stamps(History Lesson 145)I Louis Napoleon A Napoleon Bonaparte B Napoleon C 1 William, Bismarck 2 beat 3 billion dollars D Germany 1 army 2 Kaiser William E republic 1 president, Assembly 2 schools II Italy A Victor Emmanuel B Cavour, Garibaldi C Italy

STORY 82

The Age of Miracles(History Lesson 146)I engine II locomotive III Clermont, Robert Fulton IV Morse V Bell VI Thomas Alva Edison VII airplane VIII Marconi

STORY 83

A Different Kind of Revolution(History Lesson 148)I rich, powerful II France, Germany, Italy, United States, Japan III A country, city B Children C at home, factory D Cities E supplies 1 England, France, Germany; Africa and Asia 2 Japan, Korea 3 U.S., Hawaii F 1 Pollution 2 Trees 3 Animals

STORY 84

A World at War(History Lesson 150)I A Germany and Austria B France, Russia, Belgium, England, U.S. II Austrian, killed III Germany, Belgium A Marne B Submarines, airplanes IV revolution V 1917 A submarines B Pershing VI ll, 1918 B The Kaiser C republic D Austria E Yugoslavia

STORY 85

A Short Twenty Years(History Lesson 151)I Versailles A army B damages II wars A U.S. B make III A Spain B Ethiopia C China IV A business, jobs B Delano Roosevelt 1 New Deal 2 4 3 war

STORY 86

Modern Barbarians(History Lesson 153)I Mussolini A liberties B Ethiopia II Hitler A Nazis B Jews 1 concentration 2 poison C Germany D huge III A Austria B Poland C England D Norway, Denmark E Holland, Belgium F Winston Churchill 1 Battle of Britain 2 bombing

STORY 87

Fighting the Dictators(History Lesson 153)I Germany II tanks, airplanes III A Ethiopia B Greece C British, 3 IV Moscow V Japan, 7, 1941 A warships B Germany C Japan VI Italy VII A English B Dwight Eisenhower C France, Belgium, Holland VIII A Germany 1 Berlin 2 Hitler, Mussolini B 1945 IX A Douglas MacArthur B Philippines C Atomic D 1945

STORY 88

A New Spirit in the World(History Lesson 155)I World War II A United Nations B United States II A Mohandas Gandhi 1 cloth 2 buy 3 salt B independent III A Ghana, Kenya

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

History Workbook

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B Algeria C United States D independent

STORY 89

A New BIG POWER in the World(History Lesson 156)I A The czar, riches, power B poor C rulers II A Communism 1 people 2 collective 3 state B suffering 1 hope 2 dams 3 museums 4 army C 1 churches 2 Communist III Stalin A factories, cities B Germans IV Soviet Union, U.S., England A dictator B government C government D visit other countries

STORY 90

Trying to Keep Peace(History Lesson 158)I countries A Korea 1 North 2 South C South Korea II punish III Vietnam A Ho Chi Minh, France B Vietnam C Communism D fight E withdrew F united IV Cold A 1 food, clothing 2 army B 1 own 2 freedom 3 split

STORY 91

Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow(History Lesson 158)I A fresh B wars 1 millions, billions 2 lose C 1 United 2 wars II A smallpox B milk C sleep D World War

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ACTIVITY 105

Inventors and Their Inventions(History Lesson 146)1 c (Watt) 2 b (Fulton) 3 a (Wrights) 4 e (Bell) 5 d (Edison)

ACTIVITY 106

Morse Code(History Lesson 146)Aren’t you glad the telephone was invented?

ACTIVITY 107

A World at War(History Lesson 150)Across 2 United States 4 France 6 Belgium 7 England Down 1 Russia 3 Serbia 5 Germany 8 navy

ACTIVITY 109

Power Puzzle(History Lesson 156)Across 3 state 5 czarina 8 resourcesDown 1 Stalin 2 Republics 4 Communism 6 allies 7 Lenin

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

History Enrichment

Activities

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Page 66Graph Attack!1 how Oak City gets its money 2 amount of money from taxes, fees, fines, and other sources 3 taxes, 50 4 other sources, 10 5 a less b more 6 fees and fines

Page 67Graph Attack!1 how Oak City spends its money 2 $10 3 a more b less c smallest d largest 4 It has more ways to spend money.

Page 68Graph Attack!1 average monthly temperatures in Chicago 2 January and December 3 temperature, 80° 4 24°–26°, 50° 5 up, down 6 The three coldest months are January, February, and December.

Page 69Graph Attack!1 1.9, 3.1 2

3 up, down, February and March 4 There is more precipitation in the hottest months.

Page 70Time Line Attack!1 great moments in baseball 2 1875, 2025 3 The National League was organized; Babe Ruth hit 60 home runs. 4 Check that your student has followed directions. 5 after, before

Page 71Time Line Attack!1 important inventions between 1865 and 1915 2 1865, 1915 3 1876 Telephone; 1879 Light bulb; 1888 Camera; 1891 Zipper; 1903 Airplane; 1907 Helicopter 4

5 before; before; after

Page 72Flow Chart Attack!1 how wool gets from sheep to clothing 2 shearing sheep; knitting or weaving into cloth 3 carding wool; sorted and cleaned

Page 73Flow Chart Attack!1 we get baked goods from grain 2 plant wheat seeds; bake bread, pretzels, cakes, and cookies 3 Ensure student completes boxes 2, 4, and 7. 4 separate wheat berries from straw; haul flour to bakery

Page 741 They use the land for farming. 2 Fishing developed along the coast of Maine. 3 Answers will vary and may include that Maine has many trees.

Page 754 Humans destroyed the forest. Answers will vary and may include that plant and animal habitats were destroyed and erosion could occur. 5 Sample answer: They are trying to save and protect the environment by planting trees. Trees protect the soils and are habitats for some animals.

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Geography Textbook

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Geography Textbook

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ACTIVITY 21

Circle and Line Graphs(Geography Fifteenth Review Lesson) 1

8 mystery books

5 cooking books

4 sport books

3 comic books

a 20 b mystery books c comic books d 20, 3 2

0

1

2

3

4

5

SUN MON WED THURS FRI SATTUE

a Saturday b Answers will vary, but they may include that school, work, or other activities allow less time for sports. c Thursday d 15

ACTIVITY 22

Timelines and Flow Charts(Geography Sixteenth Review Lesson) 1

Kenn

edy

John

son

Nix

on

Ford

Cart

er

Reag

an

Bush

Cint

on

1960 1970 1980 1990

2 Flow charts will vary.

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Geography Activities

Geography Activities

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LESSON 142

Unit 57 Review Lesson expresses a complete thought. Practice A 1 capital 2 period 3 question mark 4 exclamation point 5 period 6 Answers will vary. B 2 It rained hard. The streets were flooded. 3 You can help me. This is a hard job. 4 Come in. We’ve been waiting for you. 5 The manhole cover is missing. Don’t fall in. C Added subjects and predicates will vary. 1 P 2 C, The chalk broke. 3 S 4 C, The ice melted. 5 P 6 C, They saw the helicopter. 7 C, The laundry is done. 8 S 9 P 10 S Detective Work 1 yes 2 no 3 no 4 yes 5 yes 6 no 7 yes 8 no 9 yes 10 no 11 no 12 yes 13 yes 14 yes 15 no

LESSON 144

Unit 58 Review Lesson 1 subject 2 predicate, subject, subject Practice A The simple subject is bold, and the verb is underlined. 1 Leaves / turn in the autumn. 2 Most leaves / turn red and yellow and brown in the autumn. 3 The autumn wind / blows the dry leaves from the trees. 4 They / flutter to the ground. 5 Some leaves / lie beneath the trees in heaps. 6 The wind / blows them against fences and under bushes. 7 People in our neighborhood / rake leaves into piles. 8 Children / jump in the piles. 9 Dead leaves / go into big bags. 10 Our weekly trashman / takes them away in his truck. B Subjects are underlined. 1 Into the air soared / the kite. 2 Under the sofa slinked / our naughty cat. 3 Around and around went / the merry-go-round.

LESSON 147

Unit 59 Review Lesson person, place, thing, concept Practice A 1 John, Mt. Everest, story 2 mother, Ramon, Peru 3 Amazon, river, South America 4 Thomas Jefferson, house, Monticello 5 ship, Constitution, Old Ironsides B 1 taxes 2 switches 3 pencils 4 daisies 5 tricks 6 wolves 7 glasses 8 dishes 9 waltzes 10 bluejays 11 monkey 12 ally 13 chief 14 leaf 15 giraffe 16 buzz 17 bottle 18 baby 19 alley 20 moose

LESSON 149

Unit 60 Practice A 1 ship’s 2 firemen’s 3 children’s 4 roses’ 5 man’s 6 uncles’ 7 Tina’s 8 horses’ 9 clock’s 10 python’s 11 mice’s 12 zoo’s Detective Work 1 goose 2 knife 3 moose 4 coats’ 5 books’ 6 donkeys 7 toys’ 8 fox 9 thieves’ 10 men 11 bus’s 12 children’s Practice B 1 We (subject) 2 her (object) 3 him (object) 4 its (possessive) 5 them (object) 6 It (subject) 7 she (subject) 8 his (possessive) 9 us (object) 10 theirs (possessive) 11 he (subject) 12 us (object) 13 they (subject) 14 our (possessive) 15 Their (possessive)

LESSON 152

Unit 61 Practice 1 came 2 written 3 knew 4 brought 5 flown 6 drew 7 broken 8 begun 9 done 10 seen 11 took 12 threw 13 been 14 went

Detective Work 1 have (H) eaten (A) 2 was (H) attacked (A) 3 flashed (A) 4 has (H) been (H) writing (A) 5 has (H) been (B) 6 Is (B) 7 Has (H) seen (A) 8 is (H) happening (A) 9 have (H) been (H) appearing (A) 10 Did (H) come (A)

LESSON 154

Unit 62 Review Lesson adjective, adverbPractice A 1 The, delicious 2 Many, the, school 3 a, beautiful, bright 4 The, blond, that, empty 5 The, clumsy, the, steep 6 that, yours B 1 recently visited 2 really seems, quite fantastic 3 doesn’t, speak distinctly 4 usually noisy, unusually quiet 5 almost comes, always comes, comes here 6 unnecessarily long 7 anxiously awaited, very tardy 8 playing there, playing quietly, playing now C 1 package large (adj) 2 plays quietly (adv) 3 box larger (adj) 4 plays quietly (adv), more (adv) quietly 5 box largest (adj) 6 plays quietly (adv), most (adv) quietly 7 faithful (adj) friend 8 work thoroughly (adv), more (adv) thoroughly 9 bravest (adj) boy 10 drove farther (adv) 11 mischievous (adj) child, very (adv) mischievous 12 thinnest (adj) boy, sitting there (adv) 13 somewhat (adv) better, better (adj) mother, is today (adv) 14 dance beautifully (adv), really (adv) wants 15 Slivered (adj) almonds, certainly (adv) improved, fruit (adj) salad

LESSON 157

Unit 63 Practice 1 animal (N) 2 Stan (N), I (P) 3 sick (A) 4 stone (N) 5 none 6 different (A) 7 black (A)

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Grammar & Usage

Grammar & Usage

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8 pigeons (N) 9 dark (A) 10 angel (N) 11 none 12 “it” (P)

Application1 Who’s 2 too 3 hear 4 its 5 well 6 here 7 To 8 Whose 9 well 10 good

LESSON 159

Unit 64 Practice A 1 . . . red, yellow, blue, black, and green. 2 November 25, 1989, was his birthday. 3 Haven’t Dr. and Mrs. Max D. Gordon visited your parents? 4 St. Louis, Missouri, is . . . West. 5 Yes, Gloria, my . . . St., Baltimore, MD. 6 . . . mother, Larry? 7 It’s . . . Paris, France. B 1 Tommy said, “Wake me up for supper.” 2 “Wake me up for supper,” Tommy said. C 1 “Where is my homework?” asked Jan. 2 Frank warned, “Watch out!” 3 “Don’t fall!” screamed Jeanette. 4 The teacher asked, “Who has my red pencil?” Note: Accept periods after “Watch out” and “Don’t fall.”

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Chapter 12

Lesson 1 Heat

Page 528

Look and Wondera thick layer of fat

Page 529

Explore3 Answers will vary, but times should be longer. 5 Answers will vary. Averages in step 3 should be greater than those in step 1. 6 The extra layer of fat helps to keep the heat in, enabling the body to stay warm for longer periods of time in a cold climate.

Explore MoreOther materials may include fur and wool. Your student may use encyclopedias, other reference books, and the Internet to research other materials or substances that keep mammals warm.

Page 531Read a Photo 74°F; 26°C

Quick CheckCause and Effect The energy of the juice particles will be transferred to the ice particles, causing them to move faster. This will cause the temperature of the juice to decrease and the temperature of the ice to increase, causing the ice to melt.Critical Thinking Heat is the flow of the energy of moving particles (thermal energy) from one material to another. Temperature is a measure of the average amount of energy in the moving particles of a substance.

Page 532Read a Diagram Heat is flowing in this pot by convection. Warmer particles move upward; cooler particles sink to the bottom, where they are heated.

Page 533

Quick Lab1 Possible predictions: The balloon will inflate when the bottle is placed in hot water. The balloon will stay the same when the bottle is placed in cold water. 2 It inflates slightly. 3 It deflates and may be pushed into the bottle. 4 As air in the bottle is heated, it expands and causes the balloon to inflate. As the air in the bottle cools, it contracts, deflating the balloon.

Quick CheckCause and Effect Metal is a good heat conductor. A metal object transfers heat away from your hand, making it feel cooler. Wood is a better insulator than metal. Heat does not transfer from wood as easily as from metal.Critical Thinking Conduction and convection need matter. Radiation can occur without matter.

Page 534

Quick CheckCause and Effect Adding heat makes the particles move faster and farther apart, so they take up more space.Critical Thinking possible answers: to generate heat; to heat buildings

Page 535

Lesson ReviewThink, Talk, and Write 1 radiation 2

Cause Effect

Heat is added to ice .

Ice melts into water .

Heat is added to water .

Water boils into water vapor .

Heat is added to an air-filled balloon .

The gas and balloon expand .

3 Heat always moves from warmer things with faster-moving particles to cooler things with slower-moving particles. Ice particles move slower than those in a hot drink. 4 A 5 Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one kind of matter to another. The transfer is always from the warmer to the cooler.Writing Link Your student should explain that a hot or cold drink is better in a foam cup. The foam will slow the transfer of heat from the hot drink to your hand, and from your hand to the cold drink.Art Link Pictures should show the effect of heat on the particles in a substance (how motion and relative position to one another are affected).

Pages 536–537

Focus on SkillsApply It 1 Melting times will vary. Student should find that paper insulated the ice cube best. 2 Plastic wrap was the poorest insulator. The ice cube wrapped in it melted the fastest because plastic wrap is thin and provided no insulation. 3 The unwrapped ice cube was the control. 4 Conduction is an acceptable answer, but all three types of heat transfer are melting the ice cube.

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Science Textbook

© Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

Science Textbook

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Lesson 2 Sound

Page 538

Look and Wonderpossible answers: by tightening or loosening the strings; by changing the length of the strings; by changing the thickness of the strings

Page 539

ExplorePossible prediction: A tighter string will produce a higher sound 3 a sound 6 A tight string has a high pitch. A thick string has a low pitch. 7 a stringed instrument

Explore MoreStudent will find that different strings produce sounds of different pitches. The sounds are varied when the length, thickness, and tightness are changed. Different materials create slightly different tones. Student should be able to distinguish the sound produced by a rubber band from that produced by string.

Page 541

Quick CheckInfer Yes, an object vibrating in the water has the same back-and-forth motion as it does outside the water. The vibrations move water particles, instead of air particles.Critical Thinking You can stop the sound by stopping the vibration. This can be done by pressing your finger on the string.

Page 542Read a Diagram Sound travels more than four times faster in seawater.

Page 543

Quick CheckInfer The first “hello” is the direct sound. But the repetitions are echoes, or reflected sound.

Critical Thinking Space is almost a vacuum. There is too little matter to carry sound waves effectively.

Page 544

Quick Lab2 The empty glass makes the highest sound. The full glass makes the lowest sound. 4 The water and the glass vibrate and produce the sound. The more water, the deeper the pitch.

Page 545Read a Diagram the second wave from the top

Quick CheckInfer The guitar string is either too loose or too thick.Critical Thinking Each instrument produces vibration at a different frequency.

Page 546

Quick CheckInfer Old shipwrecks are important historical markers. Ships that sank recently may be dangerous to other ships if they sank in shallow waters. Some may be environmental hazards.Critical Thinking Air is less dense than water and does not carry sound waves as fast or as far as water.

Page 547

Lesson ReviewThink, Talk, and Write 1 pitch 2

Clues What I Know

What I Infer

Music is so loud Trudy must shout to be heard .

Loud music is harmful to hearing .

Trudy may damage her hearing unless she wears earplugs .

3 By loosening and tightening the strings, the piano tuner changes the strings’ frequencies of vibration, which changes their pitch. Loosening a string lowers the pitch; tightening a

string raises the pitch. 4 C 5 Sounds can be made by causing vibrations.Math Link 3 seconds × 750 meters/second = 2,250 metersMusic Link Student should use different amounts of water in each glass.

Page 549

Solve It1 340 meters (2 × 340 ÷ 2 = x, x = 340 meters) 2 2,250 meters (3 × 1,500 ÷ 2 = x, x = 2,250 meters)

Lesson 3 Light

Page 550

Look and WonderWhen white light, which contains all colors, passes through raindrops in the atmosphere, the light is split into the spectrum of colors. The same thing happens when white light passes through a prism.

Page 551

ExploreProcedure 1 Sunlight will shine through the prism and separate into the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. 3 Your student will notice that at certain angles the light separates into the colors of the spectrum. 4 Possible prediction: The second prism will spread the colored light rays farther apart. There will be nothing in between the bands of color. 5 Your student will notice that the second prism spreads the bands of color farther apart at certain angles. He should observe that these bands of color remain separate. There will be nothing in between the bands. Draw Conclusions 6 White light is made up of all colors of light. Colored light is not made of other kinds of light.

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Page 553Read a Diagram The color red has the longest wavelength.

Quick CheckMain Idea and Details It is the range of waves that make up light. It includes visible light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet), ultraviolet waves, X-ray waves, gamma waves, microwaves, and radio waves.Critical Thinking possible answers: the sun; a lamp; a computer or television screen

Page 555Read a Diagram cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Quick CheckMain Idea and Details Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent, or clear, material into another.Critical Thinking Telescopes use concave lenses to make distant objects appear larger and closer than they actually are.

Page 557

Quick Lab3 Answers will vary. 5 Your student should always notice that he and his partner will both need to stand at equal angles from the mirror in order to view each other’s reflection in the mirror. Both pieces of tape will form equal angles to the mirror.

Quick CheckMain Idea and Details Reflection is when any wave hits a surface and bounces off. Light reflects off of surfaces and enables us to see objects.Critical Thinking A convex mirror bulges outward at the middle. A concave mirror curves inward, like a bowl. Both types of mirrors create reflections; a convex mirror spreads out light rays, giving a wider view; a concave mirror focuses light rays on a single point, giving different views, depending on your position.

Page 558

Quick CheckMain Idea and Details Opaque materials block light. Translucent materials let some light pass through and reflect the rest. Transparent materials let light pass through.Critical Thinking A translucent material, such as cloudy plastic; this would still allow sunlight to pass though to light the room, but people would not be able to see through it clearly.

Page 559

Lesson ReviewThink, Talk, and Write 1 reflection 2

Main Idea Details

Light is a form of energy that radiates from the sun, fires, lightbulbs, and other sources .

Light can be reflected with mirrors and refracted with lenses and prisms . The color of an object depends on the color of light that the object reflects .

3 In both, light rays change direction. In reflection, light rays strike and bounce off an object at an equal angle. In refraction, light rays are bent while passing from one material into another. 4 B 5 C 6 Light behaves as a wave that travels in a straight line and can be reflected, refracted, or blocked.Math Link Each angle should equal the appropriate incoming angle.Art Link Diagrams should show that white light is refracted into bands of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet light.

Pages 560–561

Be a Scientist

Structured InquiryForm a Hypothesis Possible hypothesis: If light strikes a mirror, the angle made by the reflected light rays and the mirror will be equal to the

angle of the incoming light rays and the mirror. Draw Conclusions 7 Your student should observe that the incoming angle and the outgoing angle were the same. 8 Incoming angles and reflected angles will always be the same.

Guided InquiryForm a Hypothesis Possible hypothesis: When light strikes a curved mirror, it is reflected in different ways. Test Your Hypothesis Student should find that an object sufficiently far away from a concave mirror will appear upside down.Draw Conclusions Answers will vary.

Lesson 4 Electricity

Page 562

Look and Wonderpossible answers: a form of energy; something that flows through wires; something we use to light up lights and run machines

Page 563

ExplorePossible prediction: The balloon rubbed with a wool cloth will attract the other balloon. If both balloons are rubbed, they will attract more strongly.2 The balloons are attracted to each other. 3 The balloons repel each other. 4 Both balloons are attracted to the wool cloth. 5 The balloons stick to the hand. 6 Answers will vary. Your student should assess his prediction. 7 gave an electric charge to the balloons

Explore MoreThe balloon will stick to the wall because it induces a positive charge on the surface of the wall.

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Page 565

Quick CheckDraw Conclusions The plastic wrap would become more negatively charged because negative charges move from the balloon to the plastic wrap. Critical Thinking possible answers: by getting a shock when touching a metal door handle after walking across a carpeted floor; by hair that sticks up when I take off a wool hat

Page 567Read a Diagram The circuit is closed, or complete; the light is on.

Quick CheckDraw Conclusions Static electricity does not have moving charges. Current electricity has flowing electrical charge.Critical Thinking It forms a closed circuit. Current flows through the wire (and the wire gets hot).

Page 569Read a Diagram In a parallel circuit, the current has more than one path it can flow through; in a series circuit, there is just one path. If a part is removed, a parallel circuit will still work, but a series circuit will not.

Quick CheckDraw Conclusions The other lightbulb remains lit.Critical Thinking A parallel circuit; if one bulb breaks, it can be easily identified because it will not be lit. If the circuit is in series, all the lights will go out when one bulb breaks.

Quick Lab3 The lightbulb lights up. 4 The remaining lightbulb is still lit. The electric current is flowing through more than one path.

Page 570

Quick CheckDraw Conclusions Fuses can be used only once, but a circuit breaker can be reused.Critical Thinking A circuit breaker should be connected in series. In parallel, it would not break the connection to other objects in the circuit.

Page 571

Lesson ReviewThink, Talk, and Write 1 circuit 2

Text Clues Conclusions

In a series circuit, electric current flows in the same direction along one path . Charges do not flow through a series circuit when one part is removed .

The space heater overloaded the series circuit . Peggy should have an adult check the circuit breaker or fuse box, then plug the heater into a different outlet .

3 Less electric current will flow through the circuit. 4 D 5 Possible answer: Electricity gives my home light at night and runs my TV.Writing Link Poem may include use of lightning rods and staying indoors.Art Link Diagrams should show a power source, such as a battery with wires and two buzzers. Student may or may not include a switch.

Pages 572–573

Be a Scientist

Structured InquiryForm a Hypothesis Possible hypothesis: If I continue to rub the balloon with wool, the balloon will become charged with static electricity. Draw Conclusions 5 Data should confirm that increasing the number of times the balloon was rubbed meant an increase in the number of cereal pieces that were picked up. 6 The wet paper towel removed the charge from

the balloon. The balloon should always start the test with no charge.

Guided InquiryForm a Hypothesis Possible hypothesis: If I rub a balloon with a dry paper towel, the balloon will have little to no charge.Draw Conclusions Responses will vary. Student should find that dry paper towels slightly charge a balloon. The charge is mild compared to the charge imparted by the wool.

Open InquiryStudent should find that a balloon rubbed with silk picks up cereal. A balloon rubbed with plastic wrap does not pick up cereal. Cotton does not pick up cereal.

Lesson 5 Magnetism and Electricity

Page 574

Look and WonderYes, a magnetic field between a magnet and a superconductor is keeping the magnet in the air. A superconductor is the substance that conducts electricity without resistance at very low temperatures.

Page 575

ExplorePredictions will vary. Possible predictions: Two north poles will repel each other. A north pole and a south pole will attract each other. 1 The magnets repel each other. 2 The magnets repel each other. 3 The magnets attract each other. 4 Like poles repel. Opposite poles attract.

Explore MorePlan should involve picking up paper clips or other steel objects with various parts of the magnet to see where on the magnet they can attach the most things. Student will find that magnetic force is strongest at the magnet’s poles.

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Page 577

Quick CheckProblem and Solution Two magnets will repel each other if the two north poles or the two south poles are brought together.Critical Thinking Magnetic poles and electrical charges can both attract and repel one another.

Page 579

Quick CheckProblem and Solution You could make your own compass by attaching a string to the center of a bar magnet. Let the magnet hang freely on the string so that it spins around. The magnet’s north pole will point towards Earth’s North Pole.Critical Thinking Natural magnets in the bodies of some birds might help them to find their way during migration, or any other time when navigational cues are unavailable.

Page 580

Quick Lab1 Possible prediction: Adding more coils will make the strongest electromagnet. 2 Answers will vary. 3 Answers will vary, but your student should find that more paper clips were picked up. 4 Answers will vary, but your student should find that this electromagnet attracts more paper clips than either if those in the first two attempts. 5 Both the increase in current and the additional coils created a stronger electromagnet. The strongest electromagnet was created by increasing the number of coils.

Page 581Read a Diagram The motor shaft spins as well and creates a force, which enables the motor to do work, such as turning a wheel or a gear.

Quick CheckProblem and Solution A longer wire could be wound around the iron bar more times; the size of the iron bar could be increased; the amount of current running through the wire could be increased.Critical Thinking No, a wooden core would not be magnetized like the iron in an iron core.

Page 583 Read a Diagram Your student should describe the steps shown in the diagram. Look for an understanding that a generator changes the mechanical energy of the moving loop into electrical energy. Your student should understand that moving a wire through a magnetic field produces an electric current in the wire.

Quick CheckProblem and Solution A generator transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy.Critical Thinking The wire loop, magnets, and shaft are all essentially the same in both the generator and the motor.

Page 584

Quick CheckProblem and Solution the problem of how to increase the voltage of electricity for traveling long distances and then decrease it for use in homesCritical Thinking The voltage is dangerously high and must be kept away from people and animals on the ground. The wires also need to be above trees so they are not knocked down during a storm.

Page 585

Lesson ReviewThink, Talk, and Write 1 electromagnet 2 How can you strengthen an electromagnet?

Increase the size of the iron bar or the number of coils wrapped around it .

This will result in a stronger current running through the electromagnet .

3 The moving charged particles are like small electrical currents. They produce magnetic fields, which attract each other. 4 C 5 Possible answer: Electricity can be used to make magnets, and magnets can be used to make electricity.Math Link 22,000 × 2 = 44,000 voltsHealth Link Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses electromagnets to look inside the body.

Page 587

Write About ItDavenport used the motor to separate iron from iron ore. Electric motors power such machines as vacuum cleaners, which can help clean messy rooms, and air conditioners, which can cool people on a hot day.

Pages 588–589

Chapter 12 ReviewVocabulary 1 echo 2 discharge 3 transparent 4 convection 5 magnetic field 6 generator 7 amplitude 8 prism 9 heat 10 circuitSkills and Concepts 11 The shock was the result of static electricity. The boy became negatively charged when negative charges from another object were transferred to him. Touching metal causes a discharge when the negative charges leap onto the metal. 12 The unknown object is a metal that has magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. 13 foam or

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plastic containers, wooden containers 14 Answers will vary. Responses should reflect an understanding of the topic. 15 No, because there is no matter to carry the vibrations. 16 Answers will vary. Student answers should include a shaft, magnets, wire coil, and a source for turning the shaft. 17 False. Although space is a vacuum, heat can move by radiation. 18 False. Transparent objects allow light to pass through them. 19 C 20 Possible answers: We use energy to cook food, to heat homes and buildings, to cool homes and buildings in the summer, to move around, and to communicate.Performance Assessment 4 points: Student has constructed a visual representation of the ear; included in proper sequence the different steps in processing sound; accurately depicted the different steps; provided a clear written explanation of them. 3 points: Student has met 3 of the 4 criteria. 2 points: Student has met 2 criteria. 1 point: Student has met 1 criteria.

Pages 589A–589BTest Preparation1 A 2 D 3 A 4 C 5 C 6 D 7 Add a second battery; coil more wire around the nail 8 Answer and possible answers: Radiation is heat that travels through space; an example is warmth from a fire in a fireplace. Conduction is heat transferred from one object to another; an example would be a metal spoon in boiling water becoming too hot to touch. Convection is heat transferred within a material; an example is boiling water. 9 Heat is the flow of thermal energy from one material to another. Temperature is the amount of thermal energy in a material. 10 A guitar string that is thicker and looser will make a lower pitch sound than a thinner, tighter string.

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ACTIVITY 20

Components of a Circuit(Science Fifteenth Review Lesson)1 battery 2 switch 3 light bulb 4 wire 5 series

Answer KeysLessons 141–160

Science Activities

Science Activities