Answer--Brief Response• “Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert

[undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare:

• 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . .

• 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . .

• 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .”

• –English Bill of Rights, 1689

• This made Parliament the ruling body of England to this day

Enlightened Thinking in Europe

p. 54:

Lecture

Why the Enlightenment? C

• This period of European history saw much writing about government and society.– English and French philosophers argued that

government had to be more responsible to the people.

– It would fuel changes in the way enlightened monarchs led their people.

– It would cause revolutions when monarchs did not listen to the heavy problems their people were suffering.

Review

• What historic peoples/beliefs does Western Civilization get most of it’s thinking about law, government, morality, and human rights from? (5)– Ancient Greeks– Ancient Romans– Judaism– Christianity– English

Review: Western Civilization Ideas from…

• Ancient Greeks (8) • Democracy• Legislature• Socratic method

(learning)• Juries• Philosophy• Republic• Common good• Morality/ethics

12 Western Civilization Ideas from…

• Ancient Romans (9) • Civil law• Women’s Right• Innocent Until Guilty• International Law• Lawyers• Appeals Courts• Flexible contract• Trial by jury• Rules of evidence

12 Western Civilization Ideas from…

• Judaism (6) • Freedom• Equality before the

law• Rule of Law• One authority over all• Social contract• Morality/Ethics

6 Western Civilization Ideas from…

• Christianity (5) • Tolerance• Justice• Love • Self-sacrifice• Leaders responsible

to their members

6 Western Civilization Ideas from…

• England (1215 – 1689 CE) (5)

• Monarch must get approval for laws and taxes from the people (Parliament

• Trial by jury• Government runs the

court system• No cruel or unusual

punishment• Habeas corpus: no arrest

without a crime.

New Thinking emerged in the 1600s C

• It was called the Age of Reason. – It had three periods:

• Scientific Revolution (new technology)• Commercial Revolution (new ways to make

wealth)• Enlightenment (new ideas about government)

Enlightenment C

• Natural Law: – rules that can be realized by careful thought.

• Science was finding more that explained nature.

• Philosophers believed it could explain humanity and, perhaps rule it.

Thomas Hobbes: C

English political philosopher in the 1600s.

Described the “social contract” between government and the people.

Hobbes view of society….. EC (2)• People, were born cruel, greedy, and selfish, • They obeyed the monarch who protected them

from enemies and their own selfishness. – Hobbes supported absolute monarchy.

John Locke

• English political philosopher in the 1600s.

• Locke’s view of people…..EC

• He believed people were born innocent – experience and others teach one how to

behave.

John Locke: People and Government C

The People

• People give the government the power to rule them for….– protection from danger, – protection of their natural

rights.

The Government

• If government does not do its job to the people’s satisfaction, the people have the right to change it

John Locke

• Natural rights: C

• John Locke believed people had equal rights from birth…..– life, – liberty, – and property

Philosophes:

• In the 18th century, French writers wrote about government and human rights– impressed by

• Hobbes and Locke, • Classic (Greek/Roman) philosophy.

Baron de Montesquieu: C

• French philosophe, • wrote much about the idea of “separation of powers”. • Why have it? How does it work? EC• By dividing government, the people protected

themselves from dictatorship.– Three branches (based on ancient Athens) EC

• Executive—– operates the government services, sets policy

• Legislative—– makes the laws, approves the funding, sets policy

• Judicial—– decides if laws, policies, and operations are constitutional

• His ideas would be used by American leaders in their Constitution of 1789.

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet): C

• French philosophe• wrote against corruption in society, government,

and the Church. • Also, wrote on religious freedom and tolerance.

– This led to Western ideas of freedom of thought and speech.

– Which US Constitutional Amendment includes his thoughts? EC

– 1st Amendment

Denis Diderot:

• French philosophe,

• compiled many of the philosophical essays of his contemporaries in the first “Encyclopedia”, in the mid and late 1700s.

• Church and government leaders criticized it, almost arresting him for it.

EC

• The English Philosopher, John Locke, argued that life, liberty, and property are… (4)

• Natural rights that should be protected by the government.

• Political rights to be granted as determined by law.

• Economic rights earned in a capitalistic system.• Social rights guaranteed by the ruling class.

Adam Smith: C

• Britain (Scotland)—wrote about laissez faire economics. – Considered the first economist.

• Wrote, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776.

• Main concept:– What is good for business is good for the

nation and its people.

Homework and Notes

– It started with philosophers, • some, in England, were explaining the way their

people were changing government. – Led to greater faith in the power of reason

• Applied to – Understanding human nature– Government– Understanding and using the physical world

New Thinking emerged in the 1600s

Standards Check, p. 55:• Question

• Scientific successes

Standards Check, p. 55:Hobbes:

• Government needed to impose order and compel obedience.

Locke

• government should have limited power (by the people) and be chosen by the people

Voltaire, p. 56

• French authorities

• Enemies of freedom

Montesquieu, p. 56

• Separation of (government) powers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau:

• French Philosophe.• Wrote that government should be ruled by what

the majority of people want, EC• “general will”.

– Majority rule– The individual is protected by a government of the many than of

the few or one.

• His major writing on this is called the EC• Social Contract

p. 57 image, Compare Rousseau and Voltaire

Rousseau

• Believed that a freely elected government should exercise minimal control over the people.

Voltaire

• Believed in free speech, equality, justice, and reason

Standards Check, p. 57

• The philosophes in Diderot’s Encyclopedia wrote about,

• Government

• Freedom of expression

• Freedom of belief

• Slavery

Understanding the Power of Commerce and Money

• A new science emerges, using reason, explaining the money it has…..

• People who study it are called….. EC

• Economists– Today they even advise governments about

monetary issues and policy

Adam Smith’s idea:

• Businesses would operate without control (taxes, regulations) and would make large amounts of money. This is called….. EC

• Laissez faire capitalism

• Capitalism: • using wealth to make more wealth

– finance (borrowing and lending)– Investment– Entrepreneurialism

Adam Smith

• Smith believed that the business community (sellers) and customers (buyers) control the economy:

• He called it the….. EC• Free Market

– Buyers (demand) and sellers (supply) decide:• What good or service to produce or perform• Who will get what and where?• Prices

EC: How does Adam Smith connect to the Age of Reason and the Scientific

Revolution? • laissez faire is based on natural laws. • That means allowing the free market to operate

“naturally”.– “naturally” means that

• there is little/no government interference in the market’s activities • People making, selling, and buying things decide

– Goods and services– Prices– Innovation

– “unnatural” (government control)• Regulations (rules)• Taxes• Laws

Standards Check, p. 58:

• Question:

• Smith believed the market would be more productive without government regulation.

EC: Magnet Connection

• Where does multimedia come into the free market (how is used to support business)? (4)– Design: making a product or service appealing and

useful to buyers– Packaging: designing for appeal and usefulness.– Advertising: getting people interested in buying the

product or service. – Marketing: planning whom and where to advertise

and sell to….

p. 59, Thinking Critically

• 1.

• By a government chosen by the people

• “all people have the same natural rights and should be able to choose the body that protects them”

• 2.

• The people can overthrow the government