another ways developement for myanmr

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Report on a seminar organised by

NDF and UNLDLA in collaboration with

the National Reconciliation Programme, andthe Dag Hammarskjold Foundation,

jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf; ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT FOR BURMA

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OD;aqmifusif;ycJhaom ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG. tpD&ifcHpm

toGiful;ajymif;a&;twGufvufiif;wm0efrsm;

Priorities in Transition

Chiang Mai, 2004


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Available from:

UNLD-LA

P. O. Box - 49Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, 50202Thailand

and

Dag Hammarskjold Foundation

Ovre Slottsgatan 2

SE-753 10 UPPSALA, Sweden

Fax: +46-18-12 20 72

Email: [email protected]

Web site: www.dhf.uu.se

Layout & design: Sai MawnCover: Mattias Lasson

Published by: NDF, UNLD-LA and

the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation

ISBN: 91-85214-41-8

Printed by: UNLD Press, Chiang Mai, 2004


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rmwdumcontents

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jynfolvlxk. owif;rsm;&&SdydkifcGifh ...................................................... 55zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;/ ta&S@wDarmtawG@t}uHK................ 75

EdkifiHwumrS zdwf=um;a[majymapaomynm&Sifrsm; ............................ 05

Preface ............................................................................................... 95

Introduction ..................................................................................... 97

The Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and Another

Development" ................................................................................ 99

Kjell-Ake Nordquist: "Priorities in Transition and

Post-Transitional Challenges" ..................................................... 130

Walden Bello: "International Institutions, Transnational

Corporations and Globalisation: Future Challenges and

Alternative Perspectives" ............................................................. 130

Sheila Coronel: "The Role of Media in the Struggle for

Democracy, the Role of Media during Transition and

the Right to Know"..................................................................... 130

Emilia Pires: "Strategies for Development-

Experiences from East Timor" ............................................... 137

International Resource Persons ................................................ 149


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Dr. Kjell-Ake Nordquist -

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&ifcHpmudk 1975 ckESpfY azmfxkwfwifjy+yD;cJhonfh tcsdefrSpI ,if;tpD&ifcHpmwGiftqdkyxm;cJhaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;qdkif&mr[mAsL[mrsm;udk utvdkuf zufpHkaxmifhpHktjrifrsm;jzpfay:wdk;wufvmapa&;twGuf wpdkufrwfrwftm&Hkxm; }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?,if;tjrifrsm;udkvnf; vuf&SdzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;Edkifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJhygonf? azmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@}uD;. T r[mAsL[mtjrifrsm;udk usef;rma&;qdkif&m/ ynma&;qdkif&m/ ody`HESifh enf;ynm

qdkif&m/ rsdK;&dk;ADZ&if;jrpfrsm;udpP/ ZD0enf;ynmqd kif&m/ owif;tcsuftvufESifh qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;ay:vpDESifh vufeufzsufodrf;a&;rlrsm;ponfh utoD;oD;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifqufvuf tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;azmfjycJh=u+yD;jzpfygonf?


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'uf[rf;rm;&d+;azgifa';&Sif;

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azmifa';&Sif;. vwfwavmt"duvkyfaqmifaeaomvkyfief;rsm;

vwfwavmtaejzifh atmufygpDrHcsuf e,fy,fokH;ckESifh oufqdkifaomvkyfief;rsm;tay: t"duaZmif;ay; vkyfaqmifaeygonf?

NanotechnologyuJhodk@aom enf ;ynmopfrsm;ay:aygufvmaoma=umifh/ vlr_a&;e,fyg,fESifh obm0ygwf0ef;usifwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkxdcdkuf tusdK;oufa&mufr_&Sdaprnfudk pl;prf;&SmazGaom

aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? (2001 ckESpfwGif yxrt}udrfEdkifiHwumaqG;aEG;yGJwck usif;ycJh+yD;/ 2001-2003 ckESpftwGif;a'oqdkif&maqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk qufvufusif;y yvkyfcJhygonf)?

jynfya&muf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;olrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm; acgif;pOfjzifh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm; usif;yaompDrHcsufw&yf aqmif&Gufaeygonf? ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tem*wf 'Drdkua&pDjrefrmEdkifiHawmfjzpfay:vmaomtcg aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;vrf;rsm;/r[mAsL[mrsm;udk a0zefydkif;jcm;aqG;aEG;vm=uap&ef/ v_H@aqmfr_

w&yftaejzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf? tem*gwfrSm rnfodk@qufvufaqmif&Guf=urnfenf; (What

Next) qdkonfh pDrHcsufudkvnf; aqmif&Gufaeygonf? TpDrHcsufopfu 'Dae@bmvkyf=urnfenf; pDrHcsufpwifcJhcsdefrSpI vGefcJhaom (25) ESpfwmumvtwGif; jzpfay:cJhaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;. todokwrsm;udk tajccH+yD;/ ydkIta&;}uD;onfh tjcm;tajrmftjrifopfrsm;/ tem*gwfwGif uHvm&Ed kifzG,f&Sdaom pdefac:r_topf/ jy\emtopfrsm;udk &SmazGpl;prf;&ef &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifaeaom pDrHcsufjzpfygonf? tem*wfrSm rnfodk@qufvuf aqmif

&Guf=urnfenf; qdkonfhpDrHcsufjzifh vmrnfhESpfumvrsm;twGif;urBm}uD;tm;trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&muf/ &dkufcwfr_&SdvmEdkifonfh tjcm;awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_rsm;udk az:xkwfjcif;/ pkpnf;rGrf;rHjcif;ESifh jyefvnfjzef@jzL;jcif;qdkif&mudpPrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;&ef&nf&G,fygonf?


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tkyfqmvmwuUodkvf _idrfcsrf;a&;ESifh ydyuQqdkif&mokawoeXmewifjycsuf yxrydkif;wGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv twGif;YOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh }uHKawG@&Edkifaom jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;ud k a,bl,sokH;oyfwifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;rSmrltoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh}uHKawG@&avh&Sdaom jy\emrsm;udkaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? txl;ojzifhwm0efcGJa0r_/ wm0ef,lr_ ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emrsm;/ ppfav#mfa=u;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;tydkif;wGifrltpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;r_rsm;. &vm'ftESpfcsKyfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwGifOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;

ydyuQrSefor#wdk@wGif a,bl,stm;jzifh tydkif;okH;ydkif;yg0ifygonf?,if;wdk@rSm ydyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ ydyuQwGif; aqmif&[email protected];ESifh ydyuQqdkif&[email protected]; wdk@jzpfygonf?,if;wdk@onf wcktay:wck tjyeftvSef=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm; &SdEdkifygonf? Oyrm usaemfwdk@ ppfqifa&;wck (ydyuQ tjyKtrl) vkyfonfhtcg ,if;ppfqifa&;u usefonfhtpdwftyd kif;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&muf apygonf? Oyrm jyif;xefaomoabmxm;rsm;jzifh wkef@jyefjcif;/xdktwGufa=umifhyif trkef;oHo&mvnfae&jcif;rsm; qufvufjzpfay:apygonf? Ttqdk;oHo&mudk zsufqD;ypf&efqdkv#if usaemfwdk@onf ydyuQ. tpdwftydkif;wckckudk ajymif;vJypf&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;udpPw&yfudk aqmif&Guf&eftwGufqdkv#if usaemfwdk@taejzifh ydyuQ. tpdwftydkif;okH;ckvkH;udkajymif;vJypfvdkuf&ef vdktyfygonf? Tae&mwGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umv[kqdkonfhteuft"dy`g,frSm xdkydyuQwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;u ajymif;vJawmhrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;+yD;aemuf/ ajymif;


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if;vkyfief;rsm;onf vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf[k rdrdu,lq+yD;/rdrdqifajcjzifh usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfonf[k,lqaom vkyfief;rsm;?

'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;rSmorkwdoabmqef+yD;/ rdrdtuJjzwfcsuft& (odk@r[kwf) rdrdcH,lxm;aom tawG;tac:t& tajccHvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsKd;jzpfonf?

wwd,tm;jzifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;ud k rdrdwGif&Sdaom vltm;aiGtm;tuef@towftay: tajccHI (Oyrm

vlOD;a&rvkHavmufjcif;/ u|rf;usifr_t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;/od k@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;&kyfb0t&tuef@towf&S djcif;) OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvud k zGJ@pnf;ykHoabmt&&_jrifjcif;

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkudk zGJ@pnf;r_qdkif&mt& tv$mokH;cktjzpfcGJjcm; &_jrifEdkifonf? txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tv,ftvwfydkif; ESifh atmufajcvlxkrsm;tydkif;wdk@jzpfonf? Ttv$mtoD;oD;wdk@wGif olwdk@. oufqdkif&macgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdygonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onfr[mAsL[mt& ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm olwdk@onf xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfzdk@tcGifhtvrf;&Sd+yD;/ atmufajcvlxktydkif;ESifh xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;ud k qufpyfay;Edkifaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf obm0t&udkuyif xdyfydkif;ESifh atmuf

ajcudkqufoG,fay;olrsm;jzpfonf? atmufajcacgif;aqmifrsm;onf


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jynfolvlxktrsm;pkud k xdawG@qufqHI rdrdrl0g'rsm;udkcsjy&ef tpGrf;aqmifEdkifqHk;aom tcGifhtvrf;&Sdonfh ta&;}uD;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf vnfywfa&;twGuf ta&;tygqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf;jzpf=uonf? Ttv$mokH;ckvkH;onf

EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg tusdK;oufa&mufr_cH=u&+yD;/ ,if; jzpfpOf. tpdyftydkif;rsm;tjzpfyg0ifv_yf&Sm;=u&ygonf?odk@a=umifhyif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ uJhodk@aom awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf tv$m (3) v$mvkH;udk tajymif;tvJESifhygwfoufI owif;ay;&ef/ od&Sdaeap&ef vdktyfygonf? xdk@tjyif tv$m (3) ckpvHk;wGif jynfwGif;jynfy qufpyfr_aumif;aumif;&Sdae&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? odk@rSomEdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg jrefrmEdkifiHvlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh ajymif;vJr_ESifhtnDvdkufygaqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfonf?

tjcm;jy\emwckrSm tv$m (3) ckvHk;=um;wGif &Sdaeaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udpPrsm; jzpfonf? atmufajctv$mrsm;ESifh tv,ftvwftv$mrsm;taejzifh txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; oabmwlnDr_&&Sdcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctae jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifhygwfouf+yD;

owif;tcsuftvufrsm; tqufrjywf&&Sdae&ef vdktyfygonf? odk@rSomEdkifiHa&;tajctae taxGaxGjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufIpdwftm;xufoefpGm/ taumif;jrifxm;um v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkif=urnfjzpfonf? rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mt& qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fr_onfatmufajcrS txufodk@ oGm;onfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifhtajymif;tvJudk o,faqmifoGm;rvm; (odk@r[kwf) txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGif; oabmwlnDcsufudk t&if&atmif,lrvm;qdkonfudka&G;cs,f&ef jzpfygonf? (odk@r[kwf) csOf;uyfr_yHkpH ESpfckvkH;jzifhvnf; aygif;pyfvkyfudkifaom enf;vrf;udkvnf;a&G;cs,fEdkifygonf?


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tqw&yf &Sdygonf? TtajctaeudkESpfzuftxdemaeaom r#ajctaetxm; (Hurting stalemate) [kac:ygonf? oabmrSm ydkae+rJusm;ae+rJtaetxm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGuf ay;qyf&rnfh wefbdk;rsm; rsm;onfxufrsm;vmaom tajctaejzpfonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifyif rdrdtompD;&atmif tajctaeudk rvkyfEdkif/ wdk;wufajymif;vJr,lEdkifawmhaom tajctaejzpfonf? xdktaetxm;wGif taumif;qH k;tajzrSm tajctaeud k vufawG@usus&_jrifwwfaom tiftm;pkvufxJYwnf&Sdonf? rdrdaqG;aEG;buf (,cif&efzuf tiftm;pkrsm;xJrS)aqG;aEG;ajyvnfEdkifaom tiftm;pkudkcsOf;uyfI ol.t=urf;zufajz&Sif;vdkaomtjyKtrludk ajymif;apI aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;qDodk @ wufvmapa&;yif jzpfonf?

a&&Snfjzpfaeaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJudk tqkH;owfjcif;

(ausmif;oifcef;pm Oyrm)EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwckwGif ta&;;t}uD;qkH;

aom tydkif;rSm xdkvlr_todkif;t0dkif;u vkH+cHKa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tajctaersm;udk &_jrifyHkyifjzpfonf? T&_jrifyHkrsm;ESifh,SOfv#uf tjcm;aomtoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzpfpOfrsm;onf oabmw&m;t&ajym&v#if tpDtpOfwusjzpfay:wwfonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif yxrOD;qHk; jzpfay:vmonfh tydkif;urSm tajccHqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tjrifzuftydkif;t&ajym&v#if ydyuQwGif t"duyg0ifygwfoufaeaom EdkifiHa&;Zmwfaumifrsm;u tajymif;tvJ}uD;}uD;rm;rm;vkyf&ef oabmwlvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?tajccHusonfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; jzpfay:vmaponfh ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJpum;0dkif;rsm;pwifEdkifjcif;onfyif tvGefta&;ygvSonfh atmifjrifr_rsm;jzpfonf? TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfxGef;atmifjrifzdk@qdkygu t"dupOf;pm;=u&


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EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;. ta&;}uD;aomyrtydkif;urSm vlr_a&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& ,kH=unfr_&&Sdvmap&ef wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&ajymv#if tpdk;&opfonft*wdvkdufpm;jcif;rsm;&Sd - r&Sd ? EdkifiHom;rsm;tay: w&m;r#r#wwESifh wef;wl&nfwl

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toGiful;ajymif;a&;ud k a&S;&_onfhjzpfpOftwGif;}uHKawG@&rnfhjy\em (3) ck

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EdkifiHwckwGif rdrdjzwfoef;cJh&aomtwdwfudkjyefvnf okH;oyfEdkif

&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&;ESifhwdkuf&dkufroufqdkifaom ae&mwck &Sd&efvdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif rdrdqkyfudkif&yfwnfxm;csufrsm;ud k vG,fvG,fpGef@ypfwwf/ wefzdk;rxm;cH&aom tajctae}uHK&onfvnf;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aomtiftm;pkrsm;. tjrifrsm;udkvnf; tav;xm;azmfjy&ef arhavsmhaewwf=uygonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;onf tkyfpkwck. tusdK;pD;yGm;/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;.tusdK;pD;yGm;xufydkI trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaeaomudpPrsm; jzpfwwfygonf? ,if;jy\emrsKd;udk qufvufaqG;aEG; oifh=uygonf?aemufaemifwGif rD;yGg;rSrD;avmifonfhES,f }uD;rm;onfh EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; jzpfrvmrD xdkjy\emrsm;.tajzudk&SmEdkif&eftwGufaqG;aEG; ESD;aESmtjrifzvS,fEdkifaom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;pifjrifhwck zefwD;xm;ay;oifh ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemuf }uHKawG@&rnfh jy\empdrfac:csufrsm;

jrefrmjynfwGif tajymif;tvJudkjrifawG@vd kaom rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&; jzpfay:vmygurnfonfhtajctaersm;}uH K&Edkifrnfudk ar#mfrSef;xm;oifhonfh jy\emwck jzpfygonf? Todk@ awG;qxm;csufonf jy\emtwGif; udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifae&aom olrsm;.twGif;ydkif;tjrif&_a'gifh jzpfygvdrfhonf?od k@aomf jyifyu avhvmapmifh=unfhae=uaomolrsm;. tjrifwGifrlEdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvqdkonfrSm raocsm ra&&maomtvGefowdxm;+yD;apmifh=unfhae=u&rnfh umvwcktjzpf jrif=urnfjzpfygonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvonf Ed_if;,SOfcsuft& odwfr=umoifhyg? ,if;umvonf ykHrSef tajctaersdK;uJhodk@vnf; rjzpfapoifhay?


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- ykHrSeftajctaejyefvnf jzpfay:apjcif;

EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzwfoef ;+yD;onfESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;taejzifh [email protected]&;udpPudkwajz;ajz; aemufwef;odk@ydk@vdkuf=urnfjzpfonf? OD;pm;ay;tjzpf qufvufpOf;pm;=uawmhrnfr[kwfay? Todk@jzifh rdrdwdk@udkaxmufcH yHhydk;aeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmhenf;usqif;vmEdkifaomtajctaewGif a&enf;enf;udk olaomufrnfigaomufrnf qdkonfh ydyuQrsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf wwfEdkifoIapmpGm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;udpPrsm;udk }udKwifoabmwlowfrSwfxm;Edkifygu taumif;qHk;jzpfygonf? tvm;wlaumif;rGefonfhenf;vrf;wckrSm rdrd.zGH@+zdK;wd k;wufa&;twGuf udk,fydkifr[mAsL[mcsrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm; tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;aumif;rGefatmif xdef;xm;&efjzpfonf? odk@rS

om ykHrSefaxmufyHhulnDr_rsm;qufvuf&&Sdaeatmif jyifqifxm; Edkifrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&opftzd k@ rdrd.bma&;tajccHay:wGifyif&yfwnf&Sifoef&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktcsdefrSpI rdrd.bma&;tajccHudk pl;prf;avhvmxm;oifhonfh tcsdefjzpfonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;+yD;csdefumvonf jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ EdkifiHwumrdom;pk tv,fwGif EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif wifhwifhw,fw,f &yfwnfoifhaomtcsdeftcgvnf; jzpfoifhygonf? EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifhquf qH&mwGif rdrd&yfwnfcsufudk rdrdzmomjyXmef;Edkifaom rdrd.tqifhae&mudk owfrSwfjyXmef;Edkifaom EdkifiHwcktjzpf zefwD;,l=u&rnfjzpfonf?


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- ppfavsmfa=u;ESifh ppfa=umifhysufpD;&r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udpPrsm;

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ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftwGif;Yom oufqdkifaom udpPwckr[kwfay? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm csDI=umjrifhatmifajz&Sif;=u&rnfh pdrfac:csufjzpfygonf? xdktwGufa=umifhyif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv aemufydkif;pdrfac:csuf jy\emwcktjzpfxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsdefuwnf; upITpdrfac:csufrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf }udKwifjyifqifxm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm

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tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;?

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&efzufjzpfcJhaom ppfom;rsm;udk jyefvnfaygif;pnf;apjcif; ponf

wdk@ jzpfonf?

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- wm0ef,lr_/ wm0efcHr_qdkif&mjy\em

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ay:aygufvmEdkifaom tcufcJqkH;jy\emrSm wm0efcHr_/ wm0ef,lr_

ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emyifjzpfawmhonf? jzpfysufcJh&onfh udpPjy\emrsm;twGuf wpkHwOD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&Sdygovm; [laomar;cGef;rsKd;jzpfonf?wm0ef&Sdr_ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SdEdkifovdk/ jynfwGif;vlxkrsm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SdEdkifygonf? Todk@aom wm0efcHr_/ wm0ef,lr_ESifhygwfoufaomudpP/ vlr_a&;t& ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufjcif;aomudpPESifh trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udpPrsm;ESifhygwfoufI ajz&Sif;ykH ajz&Sif;enf; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?vl@usifh0wftajcjyKr_pH/ tedrfh - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'tajcjyKr_pHt& tedrfh - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ rwluGJjym;aomudpPrsm;udk csOf;uyfyHk csOf;uyfenf; (4) rsKd;jzifh oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfEdkifygonf?


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- vlr_a&;t& nmwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif;

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- ppf&mZ0wfr_ckH&kH;

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- trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif

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txufazmfjyygyHkpHrsm;teuf twdwfumvujzpfysufcJhaomaumif;usKd;qdk;jypfrsm;twGuf rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;rnfqdkonfrSm xdkEdkifiH .a&G;cs,fr_ EdkifiHom;wdk@. oabmqENESifh "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmtay: Yom rlwnfayonf? EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;taejzifhrl urBmw0Srf;vHk;wrl wnf; jzpfap&ef tm;xkwf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaomfvnf;/wm0ef&Sdr_ESifh ygwfoufI &Sif;vif;aom oabmxm;rsKd;csrSwfay;Edkif&efaqmif&Gufae aomfjim;vnf; a&G;cs,f&rnfhenf;vrf;onf um,uH&SifEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifhom ydkIoufqdkifygonf? wm0ef&Sdr_jy\emudk rnfonfh

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aqmif (a':atmifqef;pk=unf bmomjyefol) taejzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf wdusaom rludpPrsm; jyXmef;I aqG;aEG;yGJpm;yGJay:odk@pwifwifjya&;jzpfygonf? xdktcg e0w (etz) ppftpdk;&taejzifh rjzpfraeolr. tqdkjyKcsufrsm;udk wkef@jyefvm&awmhrnfjzpfonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~txl;oHudk,fpm;vS,frS tqdkjyKaomtrsdK;om;nDvmcH wckusif;y&efqdkonfh tqdkjyKcsufrSmvnf;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf? TudpPudk EdkifiHa&;xdk;ppfwckqifEdkif&ef tcGifhtvrf;w&yftjzpf jrifoifhygonf? ratmifjrifonfh ,cif trsdKom;nDvmcHudkom jrifIpOf;pm;ae=urnfhtpm;/ rdrdwdk@ twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh tjcm;nDvmcHwcktwGuf }udKwifjyifqifr_rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyifqifoifhayonf? rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh rdrdwdk@wkef@qdkif;ae=u&rnfenf;? Tod k@ rdrdwdk@upwifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; abmvHk;urdrdwdk@ajcxJ uefcGifh&onfh tajctaeudkay;vmrnfjzpfonf?


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'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEdkifiHawmfopfwGif pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctae ykHrSefjyefjzpfvma&;twGuf tajz&SmpOfpm;=uaomtcg trsm;pku jrefrmEdkifiH. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHonf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;udkom tajccHI a&S@qufoGm;&efvdktyfonf[k jrif=uygonf? obm0ygwf0ef;usif rysufpD;ap

aom c&D;oGm;vkyfief;udkvnf; zGifhay;oifh+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_rsm;udkvnf; zdwfac:&ef vdktyfrnf[k oHk;oyfaqG;aEG;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfonfobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;uG,f0qJjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfESif h jynfe,frsm;.0ifaiGonfvnf; TtajccHay:u &&SdEdkifao;onf[k jrif=uygonf?jrefrmEdkifiHtzdk@ EdkifiHtcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefacs;aiGESifh axmufyHhaiGrsm;udk&&Sdap&ef qGJaqmifEdkifzG,f&m&Sdygonf? vuf&Sd taumufcGefqdkif&mOya'rsm;ud k jyefvnfokH;oyf+yD;/ jyifqifcsJ@xGif&efvnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnff?jrefrmEdkifiHtaumufcGefpepf/ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;rS u|rf;usifolyk*~dKvfrsm;/ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udkvnf; zdwf=um;tultnDawmif;oifhonf[k jrif=uygonf?


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EdkifiHwumtzGJtpnf;rsm;/EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?

tem*gwfpdrfac:r+rsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&+a'gifhrsm;

a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvfvdkFocus on Global South


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a0:vf'efb,fvdk

35

EdkifiHwumtzGJtpnf;rsm;/EdkifiHabmifausmfaumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;?

tem*gwfpdrfac:r+rsm;ESifhtjcm;tjrif&+a'gifhrsm;

a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvfvdkFocus on Global South

wifjycsufyxrydkif;wGif urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;pepfESihf urBmw0Srf; quf

pyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wdk@udk wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;wGift"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;bma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBm@b%f ESifh urBm@ukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H) wdk@. jzpfay:vmyHkordkif;tusOf;ESifh zGJ@pnf;yHkwdk@udk wifjycJhygonf? wwd,tydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHwdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&S daom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;udkt=urf;zsOf; wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufqkH;tydkif;wGifrl tkyfpkvdkufaqGaEG;r_&vm'frsm; tESpfcsKyfudk az: jyxm;ygonf?

urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;pepf - t"du xl;jcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;ESifh

tm;enf;csufrsm;?

EdkifiHwumEdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;. vGefcJhaomtESpfig;q,fudk a,bl,stm;jzifh ppfat;acwfESifh 1989 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSpI ppfat;vGefacwf[lIcGJjcm;owfrSwf=uygonf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl urBmvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;tjrift&qdkv#if ,if;umvudkyif vGefcJhaom 1940 ckESpfrsm; rS 19800ef;usiftxd *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t}udKacwf ESifh 1980 rS ,ae@umvtxdudk *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwf [lI t=urf;zsOf; tm;jzifhcGJjcm;owfrSwfEdkifygonf? *vkyfb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; t}udKacwf. a,bl,saz: jycsufrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_atmuf&Sd

trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepfacwf jzpfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;&S d EdkifiHrsm;(odk@r[kwf) zG H @ +zdK;+yD;Ed kifiHrsm;. *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;t}udKacwfpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefavhvm=unfhygu atmufygxljcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?


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vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;. v$rf;rdk;r_/

A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfhpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh aps;uGuftay:tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufvkyfudkifaer_/

vkyftm;ESifh t&if;t=um;&Sd vlr_a&;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,ljyKr_ ponfhtcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;udk=unfhygu xdkEdkifiHrsm;udk wDxGifxm;aom a0g[m&t&EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH @jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;owfrSwfaz: jyavh&Sd=uygonf? TEdkifiHrsm;. t"duxljcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;rSm -

vltzGJ@tpnf;wGif t"duv$rf;rdk;xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifhr[mrdwf zGJ@xm;=uaom bmt&if ;&Sif/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf?

,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&ef

twGuf pufr_xlaxmifa&;udkvkyfaqmif=uonf? jynfwGif;0,fvdktm; (aps;uGuf) udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ef&nf&G,fonfh xkwfvkyfa&;pepfrsKd; jzpfonf? oGif;ukeftay: tcGeftaumufudk tqrwefjrifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudktoHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf?

EdkifiHa&; ta&miftaoG;rnfodk@yif&Sdonfjzpfap/ EdkifiHawmf (tpdk;&). tcef;uonf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJhonf? ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;rSonf ukefpnfzvS,fjcif;/ ukefpnfjzef@jzL;jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,frSefor#wGif tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufonf?

1980 0ef;usifrSpI aemufydkif; *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwfudk ajymif;vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csufvuQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonfudk awG@=u&onf? if;wdk@rSm


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EdkifiHwumukefoG,fr_twGuf t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifr_rsm; avsmhcsay;jcif; (wHcg;zGifhay;jcif;) 1 ESifh trdsK;om;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udkumuG,fay;onfh udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;eH&Hrsm; +ydKusoGm;jcif;/

bma&;pD;qif;r_ t}uD;tus,fcsKyfudkifr_rsm;avsmhcsI vGwfvyfvmjcif;2/ bma&;pD;qif;r_udk tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm;tqD;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvmjciff;/

EdkifiHwum wdkuf&dkuf&ifESD;jrKwfESHr_rsm; vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;cGihf&vmjcif;/

odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfhuef@owfcsufrsm; qufvufwnf&Sdaejcif; wdk@jzpfygonf?

txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m(EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yG g;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOfrsm;atmufwGif ,if;okd @aom ukefoG,fa&;vGwfvyfr_/ bma&;pD;qif;r_vGwfvyfvmjcif;ESifh &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_ vGwfvyfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=u

jcif;jzpfonf? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;rSmyg aqmif&GufcJh=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGif TjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'oufcsm0g') [kac:=uonf? Tt,ltqt& tpdk;&uvlr_zlvHka&; udpPrsm;wGif aqmif&Gufay;aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzufaer_udk z,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif vkyftm;ESifh t&if;t=um; tjyeftvSef ndEd_if;r_udktqkH;owfap&efESifh t&if;&Sdolzufu tompD;&ap&efjzpfonf?

awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aompDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; 1980 ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;umvwGif auG;+rDtusyfwnf; ESifh &ifqdkifvm&aomtcg acs;aiGESifh taxmuftyHhrsm;&&eftwGuftajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdkufemvkyfaqmifcJh=ujcif;


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jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf? ,if;EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;onf 1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;rwdkifcifu tqrwefacs;,lxm;cJh=uaom olwdk@. auG;+rDrsm;udk jyefray;qyfEdkif=uawmhay? xdktcg +rD&Sifbma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkjyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwumbma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &vrf;omjzpfawmhonf? acs;aiGopfrsm;&&SdEdkifzdk@qdkv#if ,if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif xda&mufonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf=u&ef EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%frsm;rSaeI

awmif;qdkcJhonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rvkyfygu aiGacs;&efrjzpfEdkif? TurBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@[email protected];tm;aemufwGiftar&duefjynfaxmifpk. oabmxm;ygonf? Todk@awmif;qdkcJhaomtajccHtaqmuftODqdkif &mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf(Structural Adjustment Program) wGif tydkif; (3) ydkif; yg&Sdonf?

ukefoG,fa&;pepfudk xda&mufpGmxdef;csKyfr_rsm; avsmhcsay;jcif;ESifhwHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;jcif;/

ukefxkwfvkyfr_/ ukefpnfzvS,fr_ESifh ukefpnfjzef@jzL;r_wdk@wGif EdkifiHawmf. yg0ifpGufzufaer_tcef;uudk ododomom av#mhcsEdkifapjcif;/ xdef;csKyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsufay;jcif;/

EdkifiHawmfydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk zsufodrf;+yD;/ ,cifu EdkifiHawmfydkifursm;udk yk*~vduydkiftjzpfv$Jajymif;ay;tyfjcif;/ EdkifiHydkifpDyGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk zsufodrf;apjcif; paomudpPrsm;yg0ifonf?

xdktcsdefu tm;tenf;qkH;a'orsm;rSm awmifurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf? tmz&duwdkuf&SdEdkifiHrsm;ESifh vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGiftajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf; wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdkufemaqmif&GufcJh=u&+yD;/

T'%fudk tqdk;qkH;cHcJh=u&onf? tmz&duwdkufESifh vufwiftar&duwdk@wGif ,cktcsdeftxd pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;aejcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; (vlwef;pm;)rnDr#r_ tvsiftjref}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ qif;&JcsdK@wJhr_owfrSwfrsOf;atmufusa&mufonfh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;}uD;rm;vmaejcif;wdk@u xdkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;. qdfk;arGa=umifh[k owfrSwfazmfjycJh=uonf?


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TjzpfpOfY urBmay:wGif c|if;csufxm;&rnfh a'owckawmh&SdcJhonf?if;rSm ta&S@tm&SESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;usm;EdkifiHrsm; [kwifpm; ac:qdkcJh=uonf? ,if;a'oEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;pepf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ykHrSm vufwiftar&duESifh cyfqifqifwl+yD;/tpdk;&. yg0ifpGufzufr_a&m/ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,fay;xm;r_oabmvuQ%mrsm;yg qifwl=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; usm;EdkifiHrsm;uydk@ukefwifydk@a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;vkyfaqmif=u+yD;/ tpdk;&rsm;u Tydk@ukef

wifydk@a&;twGuf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk axmufyHhusm;uefyHhydk; ay;=uonf?usm;EdkifiHrsm;onf vkyftm;aps;aygayg& aoma=umifh vkyftm;tajcjyKxkwfvkyf&aom xkwfukefrsm;udkxkwfum wifydk@a&;udk xufxufoefoefvkyfaqmif=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif vkyftm;tajcjyKpepfrS tqifhjrifhonfh t&if;tESD;tajcjyKxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyfvmEdkifonf? xdkxGufukefrsm;udk ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;aps;uGufrsm;odk@ wifydk@=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;rS wifoGif;ukefrsm;tay:uef@owfr_rsm; wkef@jyefcJh=uaomtcg usm;EdkifiHrsm;tcuf}uHK&awmhonf? usm;EdkifiHrsm;u (1980) ckESpfumvrsm;twGif;u vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufjyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;vkyf&ef EdkifiHwum

tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ay;vm onfh zdtm;rsm;udk tmcHEdkifcJhonfhta=umif;rSm*syefEdkifiHrS t&if;tESD;rsm;pD;0ifvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?

tar&duefESifh Oa&myukefoG,fzufrsm;u (*syefEdkifiHrSukefoG,fr_&Sif;wrf; tqrwefydkaiGjyaeonfhtay: zdtm;ay;&eftwGuf) ,ef;aiGwefbkd; jyefvnfowfrSwf&ef zdtm;ay;cJh=uonf? Todk@jzifh 1985 ckESpfwGif wdk;jrifhvmaom *syef,ef;aiG.wefbdk;u *syefukr%Drsm;twGufjynfwGif;Yukefxkwfvkyf&ef tukeftusrsm;apcJhonf? *syefukr%Drsm;taejzifh Ed_if;,SOfcsuft&qdkv#if vkyftm;coufomaom w&kwfjynf/wdkif0rfESifh awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm; oGm;a&muf

xkwfvkyf&ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJhonf?1990 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@.&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_twdkif;twm wajz;ajz;

avsmhenf;usqif;vmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; xdktcsdefwGif a&*ifoufcsmacwftwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@pD;qif;&ef aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm; apmifhqdkif;


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aqmufa&;tpDtpOf (Structural Adjustment Program) udkvdkufemaqmif&Guf =u&awmhonf? tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf (Structural Adjustment Program)rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaecJhonf urBm.wckwnf;aoma'ojzpfaom Ta'oonfvnf; trsm;enf;wl Tvrf;a=umif;ay: vdkuf=u&jyefawmhonf?

*vdkb,fvdkkufaZ;&Sif;ESifh vpfb&,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;ac: wcg;zGifhonfh

pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk@u pD ;yGg;a&;bmom&yfjzifhygwfouf+yD; if;wdk@. aumif ;uGufudkaxmufjyjiif;ckef avh&Sd=uygonf? aps;uGufudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyfcGifhjyKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGufu OpPm"eudk trsm;odk@jzef@cGJa&muf&SdapEdkif+yD;/ ydkIcsrf;omuG,f0aom b0jzpfapatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[kqdk=uygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap TonfrSm oabmw&m;a&;&mt& jiif;ckHr_w&yfomjzpf+yD;/ Toabmw&m;onfvnf; rnfonfh vlwef;pm;.tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuftusKd;aqmifay;aeaom oabmw&m;jzpfa=umif;oabmaygufem;vnfxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}uD;ygonf?


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EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;bma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm; if;wdk @. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_?

EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ @ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)/urBmhb%f/ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ ('AvsL-wD-tdk) ESifh

ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)

Ed kifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzG J@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;umvwGif tdkif-trf-tufzf tzGJ@udk zGJ@cJhpOfumvu&nf&G,fcsufrSm aiGa=u;pepftrsKd;rsKd;t=um; wnf&Sdaeaom zvS,fr_E_ef;xm;udk wnf+idrfr_&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&$wefbdk; tay:tajcjyKxm;+yD;/ a':vmwefbdk;ESifh csdwfqufxm;ygonf?(odk@jzifhtar&duefa':vmonf urBmht&HaiGa=u;jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf?)1972 ckESpfwGif tar&dueforRw &pfcswfepfqifvufxufY a':vmESifh

a&$wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;jcif;udk jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;udkvGwfvGwfvyfvyfar#mxm;aom aiGa=u;avmuudk pwifcJhygonf? tdkif-trf-tufzf onf if;. rlvwm0efr&Sd awmhaomfvnf;/ wm0eftopftcef;uopfwckudk &cJhygonf? rdrdwdk@. xkwfukefwefbdk;xuf ydkrdkIEdkifiHjcm;rSwifoGif;ae=u&aom EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;wGifvkdaiGpm&if;jy vmcJh=uygonf? TvdkaiGudkay;qyf&eftwGuf jyifyb%frsm; odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS aiGacs;,lIay;cJh=u&ygonf? tdkif-trf-tufzf tzG@ Jtaejzif h xdkzG H @ +zdK;qJEd kifiHrsm;.ukefoG,fa&;wGif rwefwqukefoG,fwifoGif;jcif;rjyKap&ef/ wenf;aiGa=u;pm&if; &Sif;wrf;rsm;ESifhygwfoufI vdkaiGjyr_ rrsm;ap&ef/ paom

csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ud k vdkufem-rvdkufemonfudkapmif h=unfh&aom wm0efudk,l&ygawmhonf? tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@taejzifh Twm0efudk,lcJh &jcif;rSm pD;yGm;tajcrysufapa&;twGufta&;ay:acs;aiGrsm; xkwfay; EdkifpGrf;&Sdaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf?


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1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;u tdkif-trf-tufzf tzGJ@. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk wdk;csJ@cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;/ xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_rsm;ud k avsmhcsay;a&;ESifh zufpHkvkyfief;rsm;yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&;wdk@udkwGef;aqmfaom wpHkvHk;t&qdkv#if tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf (Structural AdjustmentProgram) udk t"dutaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef armif;ESifaeonfh udk,fpm;vS,fXme jzpfvmonf? T tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m

jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf taejzifh [email protected]_pepfvnfygwfaqmif&GufaeyHk yHkpH.twGif;usustxd 0ifa&mufI ajymif;vJr_rsm; jzpfaponf? tajccHusaom rdkufu&dkpD;yGm;a&;ESifh rufu&dkpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ajymif;vJa&;udk awmif;qdkv#uf vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rsm;pGmajymif;vJ&dkufcwfr_rsm; jzpfapcJhonf?

1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh/ tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@wGif aemufxyft"duaqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wm0ef&vmcJhonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSm aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rS uif;vGwfapa&;twGufwGef;tm;ay; a&;jzpfonf? Oyrm aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;tm; vkH;0O\kH vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;cGifhay;a&;/ t&if;tESD;aiGa=u;rsm;.b%fpm&if;(Account) ESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif vkH;0vGwfvyfapa&;ESifht&if;pD;qif;r_udk uef@owfxm;r_rsm;z,f&Sm;ypfa&;wdk@ jzpfonf?


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44

urBmhb%f (World Bank)

1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJhaom tzGJ@rS&nf&G,fcsufajymif;vJum urBmhb%fjzpfay:vmcJhonf? if;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpfrsm; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ pD ;qif;apa&;ESihf zGH@+zdK;a&;tultnDrsm;ay;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&Gufa&;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwGifajrmufurBmzufjcrf;Ed kifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/

ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? urBmhb%fwGif tqHk;tjzwfjyKvkyfonfhtcg rJay;Edkifonfh tiftm;onf xnfh0ifonfht&if;tay:tajccHxm;I qHk;jzwfcsufay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?

1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcgurBmhb%f. axmufyHha&;bwf*sufaiGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJhonf? zufpHkzGH@+zdK;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aom yifrtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonftpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfhvufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@uqdkv#if urBmhb%fudkzsufodrf;ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSmurBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifhcdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'usifhoHk;&eftwGuf tajctaeESifhtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;aeonf[kjrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifhtajccHtaqmuftOD qdkif&mjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzif h/ if;.vkyfief;

wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmhb%fudk zsufodrf;rcH&apa&;twGufu,fwifEdkifvdkuf =uonf? rlvwm0efjzpfaom zGH@+zdK;r_tultnDay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tpm;/ urBmhb%fonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifhay;apa&;twGufarmif;ESifwdkufwGef;aeaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf?


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urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ (WTO)

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@onf 1948 ckESpfuxJu ay:aygufvmcJh&ef&Sdaomfvnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckESpfusrSom wu,ftaumiftxnfay:vmcJhonf? TumvtawmtwGif; *wf (GATT)3 ac:oGif;ukefqdkif&m taumufcGefESifh ukefoG,fa&;qdkif&mtaxGaxG oabmwlnDcsuftzG J@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&GufEdkifr_ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJhonf? 1980 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;wGif

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. pD;yGm;a&;onf ukefoG,fr_tay:ydkrdk rSDwnfvm+yD; ydk@ukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufrsm;vdktyfvmcJhonf? TtajctaewGifukefoG,fr_udk }uD;=uyfxdef;csKyf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aomurBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0ifvmcJhonf? &SpfESpf=um ndEd_if;aqG;aEG;cJh=u+yD;aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yGJ0dkif;tpnf;ta0;t+yD;wGif/ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD; ('AvsL-wD-tdk) udk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;t&ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;owfrSwfjyXmef;cJh+yD; jzpfovdk/ ,if;wdk@tpm; oGif;ukeftay:pnf;=uyfonfhtcGefpepftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrSwfEdkif=uawmhonf?

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;taejzifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif e,fy,fus,fus,fjyef@jyef@udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefqdkif&mukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;qdkif&mukefoG,fr_ (a&&&Sda&;rSonf ynma&;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;txd) rsm;txdyg0ifonf? 'AvsL-wD-tdk tzGJ@onf ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;tjyif ukefoG,fr_ESifhqufEG,faom jy\emrsm;udkyg v$rf;+cHKaqmif&GufvmcJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh

ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIMs)4

ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m

oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIPs)5 ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIMs) t&qdkv#if a'oqdkif&mzlvHka&;twGuf owfrSwfaomcGJwrf;pepfrsKd;udk xlaxmif&efrjzpfEdkifawmhay? pufr_vkyfief;rsm;


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xlaxmifa&;twGuf (rdrdvkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGg;udkumuG,fay;aom) udpPrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;(TRIPs) onf enf;ynmjyef@yGg;r_udk umuG,f&ef&nf&G,fonfh vkyf&yfrsKd;jzpfonf? (txl;ojzif h tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf xdef;csKyf&ef&nf&G,fjcif;jzpfonf) wif;usyfonf h enf;ynmrlydkifcGifhqdkif&m rSwfykHwifpnf;rsOf;rsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh enf;ynmrsm;jyef@ESHaer_udkwm;qD;onf? (TRIPs)

onf pufr_enf;ynmrsm;wkyI pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifjcif;rsKd;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf obm0t& todynmrsm;jyef@ESH@r_udkuef@owfvdkufojzifh topfzefwD;xm;aom Oya'rsm; jzpfonf?

zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;.tjrift&qdkv#if pdkufydsK;a&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf ta&;t}uD;qkH; jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tar&duefESifhOa&myEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;xGufukefqdkif&maps;uGufrsm;ud k vGefpGmrSumuG,fwm;qD;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&Gufxm;+yD;/ zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl if;wdk@ydkv#HaomxGufukefrsm;ud k pk+yHKwifydk@Edkif&ef aps;uGufrsm;udk twif;zGifhay;cdkif; aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;taejzifh wEdkifiH/ rJwrJ pepft& xdef;csKyfxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; vufawG@qkH;jzwfcsufcs&mwGifrl tiftm;}uD;EdkifiH (4) EdkifiHESifh tjcm;EdkifiH (17) EdkifiH/ (18) EdkifiHwdk@u cs,fvS,fqHk;jzwfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? trSefwu,f ndEd_if;aqG;aEG;=uonfh ae&mwGifrltcef;pdrf;vkyfief;pOf (The Green Room Process) [kac:qdkae=uonfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odk @ vufa&G;pifEdkifiHtcsKd@ud kom zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?


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tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN)

tmqD,[email protected];rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,HudkpwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif;Y tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf r[mAsL[mt&udkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;uGJjym;r_rsm; &Sdae=uonf? EdkifiHtcsKd@ (Oyrm- tif'dkeD;&Sm;/rav;&Sm;) u tmqD,Hudk tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; vGwfvyfaom ukef

oG,fa&;pepf xlaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvdkonf? tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;t=um; ,cif usm;EdkifiHrsm; .atmifjrifr_pepfudk jyef@yGg;ap&efaqmifusOf;ay;onfh ykHpHwcktjzpfjrif=uonf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; (puFmyl) urltmqD,Hudk EdkifiHwumvGwfvyfaomukefoG,fa&;. a&S@ajy;tzGJ@wck[k&_jrif=uonf? tmqD,H.a'oqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;pDrHcsuft&tm&SvGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;a'o6 (Asia Free Trade Area) udkxlaxmif&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; (AFTA) jzpfajrmufvmap&efavmavmq,ftm;jzifh rnfolr# trSefwu,ftm;xkwfr_rsKd; r&Sday?

tmqD,HtzGJ@. wlnDaomtajccHjy\emrSm Ta'otwGif; ae

xdkif=uaom jynfolvlxkrsm;u tmqD,HpDrHcsufudk olwdk@ESifh roufqdkifovdk oabmxm;ae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tmqD,Honf EdkifiHa&;xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpkESifh wwfodynm&Sif xdyfydkif;wpk. pDrHcsuftjzpfomqufvufwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;vnf; r&Sdao;ay? tmqD,HtzGJ@u tcsdefjzKef;aecsdefwGif tjcm;a'oqdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;u rsm;pGmtaumiftxnfay: c&D;a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh urBmvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;.wu,fhtiftm;w&yftjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJ honf? tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ar;p&mar;cGef;rSm rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;tzdk@ w&kwfEdkifiH.xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf aps;em}uD;wcktjzpf ajymif;ae+yDvm; qdkonfh

ar;cGef;yifjzpfawmhonf? tmqD,HuJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;&Sdzdk@awmh vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xda&mufonfhjyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; rvkyfaqmifEdkifygu tmqD,Honf bmr#tokH;usvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?


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jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;a=umif;rSm rnfonfhvrf;jzpfEdkifoenf;? a&G;cs,f&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk tajccHIa&G;cs,f rnfenf;?

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh t}uHwlv#ifaemufvlomp+rJqdkonfh tusdK;tjrwfrsdK; &&eftcGifhtvrf;&Sdygonf? ta=umif;rSm aemufusrSjyKjyifajymif;vJcGifhvkyf&aoma=umifh a&S@rSvrf;xGifoGm;olrsm;. aumif;usKd; qdk;jypfrsm;udkoifcef;pm,lEdkifaom a=umifhjzpfonf? vGefcJhonf (25) ESpf =umumvrsm;twGif; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;udkwGef;tm;ay;cJhaom zGH+zdK;r_ykHpH

trsKd;rsKd;udk taotcsm qef;ppfoifcef;pm,l&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

urBmhpD;yGg;a&;ESifh qufpyfxm;aomukefxkwfvkyfr_yHkpH? [email protected];yGm;a&;onf urBmhvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGg;a&;pepfESif h csdwfqufaygif;pyfxm;+yD; urBm}uD;. ukefxkwfvkyfr_rsm;wm0efcGJa0vkyfudkifr_t&xkwfvkyfaejcif;ESifh aps;uGuft&vnf;aygif;pnf;xm;aom yHkpHrsKd;jzpfygonf?

acwfopfvpfA&,fay:vpDrsm;? ukefoG,fr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmcGifhjyKxm;jcif;/ uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_rsm;rS avsmhayghay;a&;ESifhyk*~vduydkifvufodk@ vkyfief;rsm;v$Jajymif;ay;a&;?

xkwfukefwifydk@r_udktav;ay;jcif;? ydk@ukefrsm;vufcHrnfh aps;uGufrsm;udk rdrdukefxkwfvkyfa&;pepf armif;ESiftm;tif*sifwcktjzpf &_jrifaompepfjzpfygonf? jynfwGif;0,fvdktm;udk tav;xm;rwGufyg?

EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tES D;rsm;tay: rSDcdkr_? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udkEdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mtqHk;tjzwftjzpf &_jrifyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf?

auG;+rDwif&Sdr_? ydk@ukefudktav;ay;onf h acwfopfvpfA&,foabmw&m;t& pD;yGg;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ yHkpHwGif EdkifiH.pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh tdkif-trf-tufzf/ urBmhb%fESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;/ yk*~vduaiGa=u;ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;rsm;. aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrSDcdkae&+yD; auG;+rDrsm;jzifh weifhwydk;0efyd aewwfygonf?


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obm0&if;jrpfudk tav;xm;tokH;jyKr_? +ydKifqdkifr_wGif tompD;&Edkif&eftav;xm;+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk rwefwqxkwf,loHk;pG Jr_ yHkpHrsKd;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwdk@tom&EdkifajcrSmobm0&if;jrpfrsm; azmazmoDoD&Sdaoma=umifh[k ,lqyHkrsKd;jzpfygonf?

vkyftm;udk tav;xm;tokH;jyKr_? EdkifiHwGifvkyftm;aygrsm;aoma=umifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifjcif;udk vkyftm;rsm;rsm;tokH;jyK

&aome,fy,frsm;tay: tav;xm;tm&kHpdkufxkwfvkyfr_rsKd;jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- vloHk;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh t&if;tjrpf uG,f0aomfvnf; vltiftm;&Sm;yg;aom a'orsm;odk @ vkyftm;wifydk@aom pD;yGm;a&;yHkpHrsKd;udkvnf; aqmif&GufcJh=uygonf?

pufr_zGH@+zdK;a&;udktav;xm;I v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkvufatmufcHtjzpf,lqjcif;? +rdK@jya'ozGH@+zdK;a&;ud k tm&Hkpdkufaomfvnf; aus;vufa'oudk vspfvsLjyKxm;jcif;/ ta=umif;rSmpufr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;uyxr [laom t,ltqrsKd;udk

vufudkifxm;um aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. zGH@+zdK;r_udk xdkif;rd_if;apcJhjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf?

ar;cGef;xkwfp&mudpPrsm;rSm tem*wfjrefrmEdkifiHwGif rdrdwdk@taejzifh tvm;wlpD;yGg;a&;pepfzGJ@pnf;yHkrsKd;jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufvdkygovm;qdkaom udpPjzpfonf? zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHwcktzdk@ rdrdpD;ygG;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf A[dktpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJvkyfaqmif&efrSm vdktyfudk vdktyfaomtajctae jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;.&nfrSef;csufrsm;u rnfodk@OD;wnfoifhonf rnfonfht&mudpPrsm; jzpfoifhonfudk qkH;jzwf+yD; tm%mydkifrsm;u vkyfaqmif&OD;rnfjzpfonf? vltrsm;omwlnDr#tusKd;cHpm;cGifh&&Sda&;avm/ vl@todkif;t0dkif;tm; r+ydKuGJ&

avatmif xdef;odrf;a&;avm/ tysufoabmraqmifaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ykHpHudk zefwD;vdkoavm/ zufpHk[efcsufnDaom zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ avm/pDrHudef;qdkonfrSm aps;uGufud k vufeufu&d,mwck tjzpftokH;csIwdk;wufr_&Smjcif;avm/ aps;uGuf.vufodk @ tukefxdk;tyfum rdrdwdk@.


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vl@tajccHwefbdk;rsm;ESif h &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk aps;uGuf.vufatmufcHozG,fxm;&Sdjcif;avm ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm;pGm qufvufar;zG,f&Sdygonf?

pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkonfrSm ajym&v#ifrsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;ESifh ,SufEG,fqufpyfaeaom jzpfpOfwckjzpfygonf? rnfolu bmudkydkifqdkif &&Sdoenf;?rnfonfhtwGufa=umif h ydkifqdkif&&Sdoenf;? rnfonfhyH k rnfonfhenf;jzifhydkifqdkif&&Sdoenf;? pojzifhar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdk&ygrnf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm

udk wenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mabm*aA'[kvnf; ac:avh&Sd=uygonf?,ae@pD;yGm;a&;ynmonf udef;*%ef;ocsFmoabmqdkif&mzufodk@tawmfav;a&G@avsmvmygonf? oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufawG@tjzpftaumiftxnfazmfaomyHkpHodk@ ajymif;vJvmygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;vufodk@ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;ausmif;armif;ESif&efxdk;tyfvdkuf=uaomtcg pD;yGg;a&;ynma&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_yg ysufpD;&ygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkynm&Sifqdkolrsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;ynmqdkonfrSm rsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESif h qufpyf,SufEG,faeonfudkrjrif=uaoma=umif h jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGifEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rjzpfraeqkH;jzwfcsrSwfay;&rnfhaomhcsufusaom udpPrsm;&Sdygonf? if;wdk@rSm

aps;uGufESifhEdkifiHawmf.ut=um; xdef;nday;jcif;?

pdkufysdK;a&;uESifh pufr_vkyfief;ut=um; xdef;nday;jcif;?v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk t"duvkyfief;tjzpf OD;aqmifoGm;&ef rlcsrSwfrnfavm?

ydkifqdkifr_ESifh wdkif;jynf.0ifaiGudk jyefvnfcGJa0jcif;qdkif&mrlrsm;/

zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifa&;wdk@twGuf ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm; csrSwfjcif;? rdrd.arG;uif;p pufr_vkyfief;wdk;

wuf&Sifoef}uD;xGm;apa&;twGuf oGif;ukefcGefpepfESifh oGif;ukefudkwm uef@owfaompepfudk toHk;jyKIumuG,fay;rnfvm;?Todk@ aqmif&Gufygu urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;. rlrsm;ESifhxdyfwdkuf jy\emawG@vmawmhrnf jzpfonf?


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NOTES:

1. Liberalization of International Trade.

2. Liberalization of Financial flows.

3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

4. Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)

5. Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs)

6. Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA)


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another ways developement for myanmr

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