Announcements 2/2/12Announcements 2/2/12

Turn in lab to the front desk.Turn in lab to the front desk. HW: Ch. 10.1 Vocab, all terms on pg. 253 HW: Ch. 10.1 Vocab, all terms on pg. 253

(due Monday)(due Monday)– We will go over the new format after the quizWe will go over the new format after the quiz

Take out something to write with and Take out something to write with and clear your desk!clear your desk!– I hope you studied since NONE of you came to I hope you studied since NONE of you came to

tutoring!tutoring!– Turn in to the front desk when you are done.Turn in to the front desk when you are done.

You will be able to start your HW when You will be able to start your HW when you are done w/ the quiz. See me if you you are done w/ the quiz. See me if you need notecardsneed notecards

Mendel’s Law of Mendel’s Law of HeredityHeredity

Chapter 10, Section 1 NOTESChapter 10, Section 1 NOTES

Announcements/DirectionsAnnouncements/Directions

Turn you vocab index cards in to the Turn you vocab index cards in to the front desk. (ALL terms from p.253)front desk. (ALL terms from p.253)– If you do not have them today, will If you do not have them today, will

accept them tomorrow -1 letter gradeaccept them tomorrow -1 letter grade Take a half sheet for the Bill Nye Take a half sheet for the Bill Nye

videovideo Get out paper for continuation of Get out paper for continuation of

notes.notes.

Remember: New Remember: New format for index cardsformat for index cards

FrontFront BackBack

Diploid

Definition Hint: A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled, thus, this condition is also known as 2n.

The prefix “di” means 2, so a diploid cell has 2 copies of the genetic material.

Homework (write in Homework (write in your agenda!)your agenda!) Section 10.2 Vocab, pg. 263 (10 Section 10.2 Vocab, pg. 263 (10

terms) due Wedterms) due Wed

Thursday’s QuizThursday’s Quiz

Per. 4Per. 4 Per. 5 Per. 5 (inc.)(inc.)

Per. 7Per. 7

AA 22 11

BB 33 11 88

CC 22 99

DD 33 33 33

=(=( 1515 1010 22Class Class avg.avg.

57.1957.19 54.7154.71 75.7475.74

Bill Nye - GeneticsBill Nye - Genetics

It is short (~15 min) and you have It is short (~15 min) and you have 20 questions to answer.20 questions to answer.

PAY ATTENTION and respond PAY ATTENTION and respond quicklyquickly

This will be collected immediately This will be collected immediately when the video is over, if you when the video is over, if you copy someone else’s in front of copy someone else’s in front of me, be prepared for a ZERO.me, be prepared for a ZERO.

The Father of GeneticsThe Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel’s experiments Gregor Mendel’s experiments founded many of the principles of founded many of the principles of Genetics we use todayGenetics we use today

He was a He was a mathematicianmathematician, he , he studied statisticsstudied statistics

He was a teacher and a gardenerHe was a teacher and a gardener Most work was done in the mid Most work was done in the mid

1800’s1800’s

HeredityHeredity = = characteristics characteristics transmitted transmitted from 2 parents from 2 parents to their to their offspringoffspring

TraitTrait = variant = variant of a certain of a certain characteristic characteristic based on based on geneticsgenetics

Mendel noticed Mendel noticed plant heightplant height, , flower flower positionposition, , pod color & appearancepod color & appearance, , seed color & appearanceseed color & appearance, and , and flower flower colorcolor

GametesGametes = sex cells = sex cells FertilizationFertilization = process of uniting = process of uniting

female gamete & male gametefemale gamete & male gamete ZygoteZygote = fertilized cell = fertilized cell PollinationPollination = transfer of pollen = transfer of pollen

from male reproductive organ to the from male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organfemale reproductive organ

Mendel’s Monohybrid Mendel’s Monohybrid CrossesCrosses

Mendel crossed pea Mendel crossed pea plants, testing one plants, testing one trait at a timetrait at a time

Ex: Flower ColorEx: Flower Color– Mendel cross a Mendel cross a

purebred purple purebred purple flower pea with a flower pea with a purebred white purebred white flower peaflower pea

HybridHybrid = offspring = offspring of parents that have of parents that have different forms of a different forms of a traittrait

PurebredPurebred = = produces offspring produces offspring w/ the same trait w/ the same trait when self-fertilized when self-fertilized

P generationP generation = parents = parents F1 generationF1 generation = offspring of the = offspring of the

parent generation, parent generation, first generationfirst generation F2 generationF2 generation = offspring of a F1 = offspring of a F1

mating with another F1, mating with another F1, second second generationgeneration

Dominant & RecessiveDominant & Recessive

Offspring get Offspring get two copies of genestwo copies of genes for a for a trait trait (ONE FROM (ONE FROM MOMMOM, ONE FROM , ONE FROM DAD)DAD), sometimes one copy dominates , sometimes one copy dominates over the other copyover the other copy

Genes Genes = found in chromosomes, = found in chromosomes, made of made of DNADNA (they make you like you, (they make you like you, they make peas look like peas!)they make peas look like peas!)

AlleleAllele = alternative forms of a gene = alternative forms of a gene DominantDominant = an allele that = an allele that dominatesdominates

over the recessive alleleover the recessive allele RecessiveRecessive = an allele that gets = an allele that gets

masked if a dominant is paired with itmasked if a dominant is paired with it

What happened to the white What happened to the white flowers in the F1 generation? flowers in the F1 generation? Which color is the dominant Which color is the dominant color?color?

The The recessiverecessive white color was white color was “masked” in the F1 generation by “masked” in the F1 generation by the the dominantdominant purple color, but it purple color, but it reappeared again in the F2 reappeared again in the F2 generationgeneration

Each individual organism will Each individual organism will have have 2 alleles2 alleles for a trait for a trait (remember, one from each (remember, one from each parent)parent)

HomozygousHomozygous = an organism = an organism with 2 with 2 identical allelesidentical alleles for a trait for a trait

HeterozygousHeterozygous = an organism = an organism with 2 with 2 different allelesdifferent alleles for a trait for a trait

Alleles for flower color are Alleles for flower color are represented by letters:represented by letters:

PP = dominant allele for purple = dominant allele for purple flowersflowers

p p = recessive allele for white = recessive allele for white flowersflowers

Be careful, representations are Be careful, representations are case sensitive!!!case sensitive!!!

GenotypeGenotype = allele combination = allele combination PhenotypePhenotype = the way an organism = the way an organism

looks, trait that is expressedlooks, trait that is expressed

What was the genotype of the purple What was the genotype of the purple flower from the P Generation?flower from the P Generation?

PPPP What was the genotype of the white What was the genotype of the white

flower from the P Generation?flower from the P Generation? pppp How do we figure the probability of the How do we figure the probability of the

genotypes of the F1 Generation?genotypes of the F1 Generation? Monohybrid Cross (involves one trait)Monohybrid Cross (involves one trait)

Monohybrid CrossMonohybrid Cross

Mendel’s Law of Mendel’s Law of Heredity Cont.Heredity Cont.

Chapter 10, Section 1Chapter 10, Section 1

Law of SegregationLaw of Segregation

Each individual has Each individual has 2 alleles 2 alleles for for each geneeach gene

During During gamete (sex cell) gamete (sex cell) production an individual production an individual separates its pairs of alleles separates its pairs of alleles

Each gamete gets one allele !!!Each gamete gets one allele !!! Alleles pair up again when one Alleles pair up again when one

gamete joins with another gamete joins with another gamete during gamete during fertilizationfertilization

Law of Independent Law of Independent AssortmentAssortment

Genes for different Genes for different traits are inherited traits are inherited independentlyindependently of one of one anotheranother

Ex: Pea plants can be Ex: Pea plants can be tall (T) or short (t)tall (T) or short (t) and and they can also have they can also have purple flowers (P) or purple flowers (P) or white flowers (p)white flowers (p)

Just because a pea Just because a pea plant has the dominant plant has the dominant trait for height trait for height does does notnot mean that it will mean that it will have the dominant trait have the dominant trait for flower color toofor flower color too

Dihybrid CrossesDihybrid Crosses

Round seeds (Round seeds (RR), wrinkled seeds (), wrinkled seeds (rr)) Purple flowers (Purple flowers (PP), white flowers (), white flowers (pp)) An individual whose An individual whose genotypegenotype is is RRPPRRPP

has what has what phenotypephenotype?? Round seeds, purple flowersRound seeds, purple flowers An individual whose An individual whose genotypegenotype is is rrpprrpp

has what has what phenotypephenotype?? Wrinkled seeds, white flowersWrinkled seeds, white flowers An individual whose An individual whose genotypegenotype is is RrPpRrPp

has what has what phenotypephenotype?? Round seeds, purple flowersRound seeds, purple flowers

2 characteristics per cross2 characteristics per cross Punnett Square has 16 boxesPunnett Square has 16 boxes

Method to organize alleles on a Method to organize alleles on a Punnett SquarePunnett Square

FF first first OO outter outter II inner inner LL last last

Characteristic Characteristic Allele Allele