Announcements1. check your grade //get notebook back // pick up new papers2. test retakes3. HOURS reminder4. for Friday! – petri dish, half full of lichen or moss.5. Get cicadas now, they will be gone by bug collection time

Biology Review

You MUST be familiar with the taxonomic hierarchy.

Kingdom Phylum

Class Order

Family (always ends in dae) Genus, species. Together these make up the scientific

name. Always in latin, italics

Invertebrate Animals

What you need to know

Sponges

Characteristics – simplest animals, no tissues, Examples – Venus flower basket, bath sponge Support – spicules – calcium, silica or protein Movement – sessile (don’t move) Food Getting – collar cells capture food Digestion – by vacuoles Circulation – collar cell flagella move water through, amoeba like

cells move food vacuoles around Respiration – no Nervous – no Reproduction – budding and sexual Importance/Nature – clean/filter huge amounts of water Importance/Economy – minor, bath sponge formerly very

important

Lichen or Moss

Name and hour on the TOP of the petri dish Place the sample face down. Do NOT tape closed Sample goes on the back counter.

Phylum of the Day - Cnidaria

Jellyfish and their relatives Stinging cells is the major characteristic Really simple body – only one opening, two

layers of tissue – no brain Two forms – polyp (anemone, coral, hydra)

and medusa (jellyfish) Corals are one of the most important animals

on earth.

Jellyfish

The largest and the deadliest

Mushroom coral mouth

Anemones

Hydra captures a daphnia

Cnidarians

Characteristics – true tissues, 2 tissue layers, tentacles, stinging cells, radial symmetry – two forms, medusa or polyp

Examples – coral, anemone, jellyfish, hydra, Portuguese man-of-war, Lion’s Mane jellyfish, Box jellyfish

Support – water pressure Movement – muscle cells and a ring of muscle around the bell of the

medusa form Food Getting – stinging cells, tentacles Digestion – one cavity Circulation – no system Respiration – no system Nervous – a nerve ring in the mesoglea (middle layer) Reproduction – budding & sexual. Some alternate generations Importance/Nature – big link in food chain, feed on plankton, corals

provide home for most of the ocean’s species Importance/Economy – coral, anemone Vocabulary - medusa, polyp, mesoglea

Flatworms

Characteristics – 3 tissue layers, distinct head, many parasitic Examples – free living (planarians), flukes, tapeworms Support – still just water pressure Movement – cilia & simple muscles Food Getting – pharynx Digestion – still only one opening parasites absorb food directly Circulation – some, minor Respiration – mostly diffusion Nervous – nerve ladder, ganglia at head end Reproduction – many are hermaphrodites Importance/Nature – scavengers and parasites Importance/Economy – flukes and tapeworms are serious

infections

The world's longest parasite is the tapeworm so the next question is 'What is the world's longest tapeworm?' The longest tapeworm ever removed from a human came out of Sally Mae Wallace on September 05, 1991. In all, doctors pulled 37 feet of tapeworm out of Sally Mae Wallace's body through her mouth. If you find all of this disgusting, be glad you're not a whale as tapeworms in whales can grow up to 120 feet long.

Roundworms

Characteristics – 3 tissue layers, simple tube-within-a-tube body plan. all are small, hugely abundant, many are parasites

Examples – nematodes, rotifers, tardigrades Support – H2O pressure, cuticle Movement – longitudinal muscles allow for simple undulations Food Getting – most are scavengers or parasites Digestion – complete(mouth & anus), pharynx Circulation – some Respiration – still diffusion Nervous – nerve ring Reproduction – most have separate sexes Importance/Nature – major decomposer and component of soil Importance/Economy – parasites including hookworm

Segmented worms

Characteristics – tube-within-a-tube plan. segmented body, much more complex than other worms (segmentation allows for specialization!!!!)

Examples – earthworms, marine worms, leeches Support – muscles Movement – both circular and longitudinal muscles control each

segment Food Getting – scavengers Digestion – complete system including a crop, gizzard, etc. Circulation – closed system with simple “hearts” Respiration – some with gills, others use diffusion Nervous – nerve cord and ganglia Reproduction – most hermaphroditic Importance/Nature – earthworms help the soil 3 ways; by recycling

nutrients, fertilizing with their wastes and aerating the soil. Importance/Economy – fish bait, medical leeches

The largest earthworm is 22 feet long.An acre of soil might have over 1,000,000 earthworms.

Molluscs

Characteristics – Soft body, shell producing mantle, radula. 2nd largest group of animals (150,000)

Examples – clam, snail, squid, octopus Support – shell Movement – foot or jet propulsion Food Getting – scav, filter feeders and carnivores Digestion – complete Circulation – open system with heart and sinuses Respiration – gills Nervous – smartest invertebrates (octopus, not clam or snail) Reproduction – separate sexes except the snail, usually external

fertilization Importance/Nature – fill many niches Importance/Economy – major food source

Reminders1. HOURS (4) due a week from Monday!2. Inverts test and Notebook, next block day!3. See the board for the test answers.4. Zoo & 1 video, or Farmstead and OP Arb.

Echinoderms

Characteristics – water vascular system, spiny skin, radial symmetry, all bottom dwellers.

Examples – sea star, brittle star, sea cucumber, sea urchin Support – spiny skin Movement – water vascular system, tube feet Food Getting – herbivores or carnivores, Digestion – some can invert stomach, mouth on bottom, anus on

top Circulation – water vascular system Respiration – water vascular system or gills Nervous – decentralized, no “brain” Reproduction – external, also can regenerate Importance/Nature – scavengers, some carnivores, “Crown of

Thorns” eat corals Importance/Economy – urchins in development. Some are pests

Arthropods

Characteristics – Jointed appendages, segmented body plan Examples – crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes,

insects Support – exoskeleton of chitin, some strengthened with calcium Movement – jointed legs are incredibly efficient Food Getting – mouth parts adapted to various diets Digestion – complete, often with crop, gastric caecae Circulation – open system with heart and sinuses Respiration – gills or trachea Nervous – ventral nerve cord/brain Reproduction – separate sexes often internal fertilization Importance/Nature – fill many niches Importance/Economy – huge impact on crop production, some

are food source