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Chapter 25Chapter 25

Light WavesLight Waves

Maxwell’s RainbowMaxwell’s Rainbow

Electromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic waves• Wave of EM fieldsWave of EM fields• Frequency fFrequency f• Wavelength Wavelength • Speed c in vacuumSpeed c in vacuum

EM spectrumEM spectrum• Radio wavesRadio waves• InfraredInfrared• VisibleVisible• UltravioletUltraviolet• X-raysX-rays• Gamma raysGamma rays

fc

EM SpectrumEM Spectrum

C = fC: speed of lightC = 3 x 108 m/s

in vacuum

In other medium, the speed of light is

smaller than in vacuum.

EM wave can travel in the absence of medium.

http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8248/M248_99/iphysics/spectrum.gif

nano = 10-9

3 x 108 = f

Human eye is sensitive 380 < < 700 nm< 300 nm (UV) is absorbed mostly by cornea and > 1200 nm by aqueous humor.

Green cell (most sensitive for 520 nm), and 2 other types of cells sensitive to shorter and longer wavelength sense light and send signal to brain.

Q. What frequency should a radio station have if its waves are to have a wavelength of 200m?

MHzHzm

smcf

fc

5.1105.1200

/103 68

Light Intensity

All electromagnetic waves such as light transmit energy.

Light intensity = power flowing through the area / area

(power density) [w/m2]Q. A laser sends out a beam 3 mW power. The diameter of the beam is 3 mm. What is the intensity of the laser beam in w/m2?

Intensity = (0.003 w)/( x 0.00152 m2) = 424.4 w/m2

My laser point produces about 5 mW power!!!

1 lumen (lm) = light power of 1/683 W in yellow (lighting industry)

When a light bulb is on, it radiates out broad spectrum of EM wave. The total radiant energy emitted by thelamp per unit time is called radiant flux.

Only a small portion of this is in visible range (400 – 700 nm). The portion of radiant energy in visible range is called luminous flux (F). ( in textbook)

In a incandescent light bulb, only 10% is luminous flux.

Solid Angle

2 Dimension

R

s= s/R [radian]

R

A

= A/R2 [steradian]

Total solid angle: = 2R/R = 2(rad)

Total solid angle: = 4R2/R2 = 4(sr)

Q. What solid angle is subtended at the center of 6 m diameter sphere by a 2 m2 area on its surface?

= A/R2

= (2 m2)/(3 m)2

= 0.22 sr

R1R2

Luminous intensity: I = F/(luminous flux per unit solid angle)[lm/sr] = candela (cd)

Q. A spotlight is equipped with a 30 cd bulb. This light beams onto a vertical wall in a circular shape with 3 m2 area. The spotlight is 10 m from the wall. Calculate the luminous intensity for the spotlight.

3 m2

10 m

Total luminous flux coming out of the bulb, F = I 4 = (30 cd)(4 sr) = 377 lm

This amount of luminous flux is concentrated on the 3 m2 spot. To get the luminous intensity, we need to know the solid angle thatbright spot subtend. = A/R2

= (3 m2)/(10 m)2

= 0.03 sr

I (spot) = (377 lm)/(.03 sr) = 1.26 x 104 cd

Illuminance

E = F/ALuminous flux per unit area

[lm/m2] = Lux (lx)

R1R2

1

2 I1 = I2

However, E1 ≠ E2

E1 = F/A1 = F/(R12),

E2 = F/A2 = F/(R22)

= A/R2

Relation between I (luminous intensity) and E (illuminance)

I = F/E = F/A

= A/R2 E = I/R2

A

= Acos/R2

I = F/= F/(Acos/R2) E = F/A

E = Icos/R2

Q. A 300 cd lamp is located 3 m from a surface with 0.25 m2 area.The luminous flux makes an angle of 30 deg with the normal to the surface. (a) What is the illuminance? (b) what is the luminous flux shining on the surface?

Flux thru the surface: fF= I = A/R2

= (0.25)cos30/32

= 0.024 sr

F = (300 cd)(0.024 sr) = 7.2 lm

E = F/A = (7.2 lm)/(0.25 m2) = 28.8 lx

http://atom.physics.calpoly.edu/Graphics/em_surface.gif

-

+

E

B

Polarization

For this type of EM wave, E field oscillates in a fixed direction, and so does B field. Linearly polarized!!

x

yz

Direction of E-field determines polarization direction:This wave is polarized in x-direction.

Natural light is “unpolarized”.

E

We can produce polarized light from unpolarized light!!

Polaroid sheet

allows light pass through inly if the E-field vector is in a specific direction.

For unpolarized light, a polaroid sheet reduces its intensity to half (sunglasses).