annex ii – feasibility study · annex ii – feasibility study green climate fund funding...

Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL

I

Technical Feasibility Report

Building Resilient Communities and Ecosystems through Restoration of

Wetlands and Associated Catchments

Directorate of Environmental Affairs Ministry of Water and Environment

Republic of Uganda.

A report prepared by the Government of Uganda, with technical support from the United Nations Development Programme


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IForward

The Republic of Uganda is a country highly vulnerable to climate change, due in large part to itsdependence on natural resources and agriculture.Aswithmany countries around theworld, it hasexperienced the impact of rising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns, often associated withdroughtsandfloods.Inresponse,Ugandahasplayedanactiveroleineffortstobothrespondtoandmitigatetheimpactsofclimatechange.TheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangewasratifiedbyUgandain1993,andactionwastakentoratifytheKyotoProtocolin2002.Thecountryhasfurthermoreformulated national policies, strategic plans and strategies, including the development of IntendedNationallyDeterminedContributions(INDCs)in2015.RecentlyUgandahasreceivedalimitedamountofadaptationfinancefromexistingglobalverticalfunds,includingtheLeastDevelopedCountryFund(LDCF).

AlargeproportionofUgandansaredependentonlivelihoodsconnectedtoagriculture,andwetlandsaffectthelivesofmanyUganda’scitizens,includingthosethatdependonwetlandsforfoodandcleanwater,forbuildingmaterialsandfuels,forgrazinglivestock,medicines,andforregulatingtheflowofwater.InthiswaywetlandsprovidemanyresourcesrequiredforUganda’sdevelopment,withwetlandservicesandproductsdirectlycontributingtothenationaleconomy.ThegovernmenthasacknowledgedthecriticalimportanceofUganda’swetlands,andUgandaisrecognizedfortakingtheleadonwetlandmanagementandpolicieswithinAfrica.Recentlythegovernmenthasinvestedinbuildinginformationdatabases to support efforts to protect and sustainably use wetlands. This National WetlandsInformationSysteminventories13primaryusesofwetlandsin30districtsaroundthecountry,aswellasrecordingimpactsandchangesinwetlandenvironments.

Itisclearfromthisreportandotherstudiesthatwetlandsareanintegralcomponentineffortstoreducepoverty, while at the same time sustaining ecosystems, and the services they deliver. This reportidentifiesrecentandongoingefforts,andsuggestsactivities,whichcanbeexpandedinordertounlockthepotentialforimprovingwetlandmanagementpolicyandpro‐pooroutcomesinUganda.Ittakesanholistic approach, identifying activities that can be undertaken to improve the health, function andenvironmentwithin wetlands, including the ability to copewith the anticipated impacts of climatechange.Italsorecognizesthatengineeringsolutionsalonewillnotalleviatethepressureonwetlandsfrombothclimatechangeandhumanactivities. It thereforerecommendsmeasures to improvehowcommunities utilize wetland resources (including climate smart agricultural practices) and reducerelianceonwetlandservicesbydevelopingalternativelivelihoods.Itfurtherrecognizesthatrespondingto floods and droughts, which affect water and agricultural management, requires information,warningsandadvisoriesaheadoftime,andthusrecommendsactivitiesthatwillhelpcommunitiesandwetlandmanagersplanandpreparefortheseclimate‐inducedimpacts.

TheMinistryofWaterandEnvironmentpreparedthisassessment,withtechnicalsupportprovidedbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.Therecommendationsformulatedbythisstudywillbeused to identify and inform concrete activities for implementation to strengthen the resilience andadaptive capacity ofwetlands and associated communities in Uganda.We look forward toworkingtogetherwiththeconcernednationalandinternationalinstitutions,UNDPandtheGreenClimateFundto implement these activities. It is expected that the experiences gained through implementation oftheserecommendationswillresultinpolicyimpactsandstrategicframeworksthatcanbereplicatedinotherwetlandsanddistrictsinUgandaandbeyond.

PaulMafabiDirectorofEnvironmentalAffairs,MinistryofWaterandEnvironment.


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ITableofContents

Forward ........................................................................................................................................ ii

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ iii

List of tables ................................................................................................................................. 5

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... v

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................ vi

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... viii

Chapter 1: Wetlands in Uganda and associated vulnerabilities and risks due to climate change 1 1.1 Wetlands in Uganda and links to the distribution of poverty ...................................................... 2 1.2 Changes in land use .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Change in seasonal distribution of rainfalls ................................................................................ 4 1.4 Increase in frequency of intense rainfalls ................................................................................... 7 1.5 Increase in temperatures ........................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Vulnerability to floods, droughts, heat waves ............................................................................ 9 1.7 Water quality deterioration due to excessive sedimentation and non‐native species invasion . 11 1.8 Exploitation of wetland resources ............................................................................................ 12 1.9 Impact of wetland losses on GDP ............................................................................................. 12 1.10 Key risks from climate change and the mitigating benefits of wetlands in Uganda ................... 13

Chapter 2: Project target areas and their environmental characteristics ................................. 16 2.1 Demography and land use ........................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Administrative Boundaries ....................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Wetland coverage in each target area ...................................................................................... 19 2.4 Quality and quantity of waters in the wetlands of both regions ............................................... 21 2.5 South western Uganda ............................................................................................................. 22 2.5.1 River Rwizi .................................................................................................................................22 2.5.2 Kyanamira‐Buhara micro‐catchment .......................................................................................22

2.6 Eastern Uganda ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.6.1 River Manafwa/Mpologoma river system ................................................................................23

2.7 Historical climate and projected climate change in the project area ......................................... 24 2.7.1 Observed climate variability and change .................................................................................24 2.7.2 Projected climate change .........................................................................................................26

2.8 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................ 27 2.9 Weather and climate information available for management of wetlands and agriculture ....... 27

Chapter 3: Current status of wetland management, agricultural livelihoods and use of weather/climate information ..................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Degraded wetland areas in eastern and southwestern Uganda and current restoration efforts 31 3.2 Developing agricultural livelihoods, including wetland areas .................................................... 36 3.2.1 Cropping systems .....................................................................................................................36 3.2.2 Livestock farming ......................................................................................................................37 3.2.3 Climate smart agriculture .........................................................................................................38 3.2.4 Micro credit and the input supply chain ..................................................................................38 3.2.5 Socio‐economic benefits through improved livelihood practices ............................................38

3.3 Current status of climate monitoring, hydrological, weather and seasonal forecasting ............. 39


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I3.3.1 Current status of observing systems in the project target areas .............................................39 3.3.2 Available weather and hydrological stations, procedures for data capture, communications and archiving. ...........................................................................................................................................40 3.3.3 Weather forecasts, equipment, data sources and procedures ................................................41

3.4 Disaster management preparedness and response .................................................................. 43 3.4.1 Village and district civil protection committees .......................................................................43 3.4.2 Communication of warnings.....................................................................................................43

3.5 Description of existing capacities of relevant government departments ................................... 43 3.5.1 Wetlands Management Department .......................................................................................43 3.5.2 Directorate of Water Resources Management ........................................................................44 3.5.3 Uganda National Meteorological Authority .............................................................................44 3.5.4 Department of Farm Development ..........................................................................................45

3.6 Key projects informing approaches to wetland management, agricultural management and early warning ...................................................................................................................................... 45

Chapter 4: Required equipment, strengthened processes and institutional capacity to sustainably utilize wetland services and build resilient livelihoods ............................................. 48 4.1 Current gaps and needs for wetland and catchment restoration .............................................. 49 4.1.1 Erosion and runoff control for enhanced ecosystem functioning ............................................49 4.1.2 Improving inlet streams and agricultural practices to increase water delivery .......................50 4.1.3 Restoring wetland degraded areas ...........................................................................................50 4.1.4 Increasing the effectiveness of wetlands management practices ...........................................51

4.2 Current gaps and needs for developing climate‐resilient agricultural livelihoods ...................... 51 4.2.1 Diversifying crops and resilient agricultural best practices ......................................................51 4.2.2 Economically viable and sustainable livelihoods and income generation ...............................52 4.2.3 Use of micro credit schemes, revolving funds and insurance ..................................................54

4.3 Current gaps and needs for collection, analysis and dissemination of weather and climate information to support wetland and farm management activities ....................................................... 55 4.3.1 Climate and environmental monitoring and weather forecasting ...........................................55 4.3.2 Capacity to access and utilize weather/climate and environmental information for wetland and farm management .............................................................................................................................56

4.4 Key lessons and best practices for implementing wetland restoration and management ......... 57 4.4.1 Involving community structures in wetland restoration and catchment management ..........57 4.4.2 Communication of climate information and flood warnings ...................................................58 4.4.3 Using local labour to undertake restoration ............................................................................58 4.4.4 Setting up a national committee to coordinate the Wetland and catchment restoration ......58

Chapter 5: Recommendations for future work given gaps, current efforts and need to build climate resilience in Ugandan wetlands ..................................................................................... 59 5.1 Scope of the proposed project ................................................................................................. 59 5.1.1 Restoring and rehabilitating wetlands to improve water supply and reduce flood and drought risk 59 5.1.2 Improved Agricultural Practices and Alternative Livelihood Options in the Wetlands ............65 5.1.3 Strengthening access to climate and early warning information for farmers and other target communities .............................................................................................................................................68

5.2 Potential numbers of beneficiaries ........................................................................................... 73 5.3 Community engagement .......................................................................................................... 73 5.4 Constraints and assumptions ................................................................................................... 75 5.5 Governance, Sustainability and Exit strategy ............................................................................ 76 5.5.1 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Plan ................................................................................77

5.6 Project Management, Coordination and Administration (including Communication and M&E) 79 5.6.1 Project Management & Coordination ......................................................................................79


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I5.6.2 Communication ........................................................................................................................79 5.6.3 Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................................................................80

Chapter 6: References ............................................................................................................. 82

Annex 1: Services provided by inland wetlands. Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Finlayson et al. 2005). ............................................................................................................... 86

Annex 2: Observing stations maintained by UNMA and DWRM ................................................. 87 ListoftablesTable 1: Significant weather events in Uganda during the last two decades ..................................................11 Table 2: Economicvalueofwetlandfunctions.Source:IUCN,2004 ...........................................................13 Table 3: Value of wetlands for livestock. Source,L.EmertonandMuramiraE,1999 ...................................13 Table 4 Wetland coverage by drainage basin between 1994 and 2008 ..........................................................16 Table 5: Wetland to land ratio for the eastern region of Uganda ....................................................................18 Table 6: Wetland to land ratio for the south‐western region ..........................................................................19 Table 7: Distribution of wetlands in eastern Uganda. Wetland loss in the proposed project area of Eastern

Uganda (Wetland mapping 2008) ............................................................................................................20 Table 8: Distribution of wetlands in southwestern Uganda. Change in wetland coverage in South – Western

Uganda ......................................................................................................................................................21 Table 9: Water quality parameters of the Kyanamira‐Buhara micro‐catchment ............................................23 Table 10: Mean (+) STD of water quality parameters along Mpologoma river wetland (September 2011 ‐

August 2012) .............................................................................................................................................23 Table 11: Summary statistics of MAM and SON rainfall amount in the selected zones ..................................26 Table 12: Projected change in Temperature and rainfall in the target districts RCP 4.5 .................................26 Table 13: Projected change in temperature and rainfall in the target districts RCP 8.5 ..................................27 Table 14: Summary of total economic contribution of wetlands in three agro‐ecological zones of Uganda.

From Kakuru, Willy, Nelson Turyahabwe, and Johnny Mugisha, Total Economic Value of Wetlands Products and Services in Uganda, The Scientific World Journal, Volume 2013 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/192656 .................................................................................................30

Table 15: Restored Wetlands in the Project area (source, Field data) .............................................................36 Table 16: Status of existing hydrological stations under the DWRM. Source; DWRM ....................................40 Table 17: Status of existing meteorological stations under UNMA (see Annex 2 for location and operation

status of existing stations in the zones covering the eastern and southwestern wetland regions). Source; UNMA ..........................................................................................................................................40

Table 18: Location of available synoptic stations .............................................................................................40 Table 19: Sources of Early Warning advisories/messages in Uganda (number of households). Source SCIEWS

project impact survey (2015). ..................................................................................................................57 Table 18: Wetland and catchment areas to be rehabilitated by district in western Uganda ..........................62 Table 19: Wetland and catchment areas to be rehabilitated by district in eastern Uganda. Note that Eastern

Uganda is mainly a flat area with limited catchment. Most degradation is in wetlands. ........................62 Table 22: Community engagement activities throughout the project cycle. ...................................................74 Table 23: Estimated O&M costs per year of project and sources of funding. Years 9 onwards will be funded

at same rates as for year 8. ......................................................................................................................79 ListofFigures


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IFigure 1: Distribution of permanent and seasonal wetlands in Uganda (left). Number of hectares of wetland

per capita (right). Source WRI (2009). ........................................................................................................ 2 Figure 2: Poverty rate; percentage of population below the povery line (left); and areas where Beekeeping

takes place (blue dots) and does not take place (orange dots) (right). Source WRI (2009) ...................... 3 Figure 3: Ways through which wetlands contribute directly to household food security in areas adjacent to

wetlands in Uganda (Turyahabwe, 2013) ................................................................................................... 4 Figure 4: The number of rainy days at Namulonge Station in Uganda from 1950 to 2008 ............................... 6 Figure 5: Uganda crop calendar (FAO, 2015) ..................................................................................................... 6 Figure 6: Minimum (left) and maximum (right) annual average temperature observed and projected for six

individual stations. Source USAID (2013) ................................................................................................... 8 Figure 7: Occurrence of droughts in Uganda (GoU, 2007) ...............................................................................10 Figure 8: Uganda vulnerability to floods. Source: Map produced by Wilber (2008) .......................................10 Figure 9: Land‐use and cover of the eastern region .........................................................................................17 Figure 10: Land cover in the proposed project districts of southwestern Uganda. .........................................18 Figure 11: Distribution of wetlands in eastern Uganda ....................................................................................20 Figure 12: Distribution of wetlands in southwestern Uganda .........................................................................21 Figure 13: Predicted and observed discharge, Manafwa river (1965‐2005) ....................................................24 Figure 14: Climatologically Homogenous rainfall zones of Uganda (Basalirwa, 1995) ....................................25 Figure 15: Map showing Current Regular Reporting Stations (2014). Key: Dar/Red‐Synoptic(12); Green‐

Agro(8); Blue‐Hydro(8); Red‐Rainfall(16) .................................................................................................28 Figure 16: Map showing the 8 major drainage basins (purple) and 4 water management zones (brown) .....29 Figure 17: Intact and degraded wetland areas in southwest Uganda. Degraded areas as a priority for

restoration are in orange. .........................................................................................................................32 Figure 18: Degraded areas of wetland per district in southwest Uganda ........................................................33 Figure 19: Intact and degraded wetland areas in Eastern Uganda. Degraded areas as a priority for

restoration are in orange. .........................................................................................................................34 Figure 20: Degraded areas (km2) of wetland per district in Eastern Uganda. ..................................................35 Figure 21: Installed AWS stations and those proposed to be installed by different donors. ..........................42 Figure 22: Areas where Fishing takes place (blue dots) and does not take place (orange dots) (left); areas

where cultivation of food and fiber takes place (blue dots) and does not take place (orange dots) (right). Source WRI (2009). ......................................................................................................................53

Figure 23: Frequency of main wetland uses documented in the NWIS (1997‐2001). Source WRI (2009). .....53 ListofAbbreviationsandAcronymsCBOs CommunityBasedOrganisations

CCA ClimateChangeAdaptation

COBWEB CommunityBasedConservationofWetlandsBiodiversity

CSOs CivilSocietyOrganisations

CV CoefficientofVariation

DDMC DistrictDisasterManagementCommittee

DO DissolvedOxygen

UNMA UgandaNationalMeteorologicalAuthority

DRDPM DepartmentofRelief,DisasterPreparednessandManagement

DWRM DepartmentofWaterResourceMonitoring

EC ElectricalConductivity


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IEWS EarlyWarningSystem

GCF GreenClimateFund

GOU GovernmentofUganda

ICT InformationCommunicationTechnology

Km Kilometre

M&E MonitoringandEvaluation

MAM March,April,May

Max Maximum

Min Minimum

MWE MinistryofWaterandEnvironment

NGOs Non‐GovernmentOrganisations

NWIS NationalWetlandInformationSystem

PMP PerformanceMonitoringPlan

Pop. Population

PPDA PublicProcurementandDisposalofAssets

RCP RepresentativeConcentrationPathway

SCIEWS StrengtheningClimateInformationandEarlyWarningSystems

SLF SustainableLivelihoodFramework

SMS ShortMessageService

SON September,October,November

SOPs StandardOperatingProcedures

TSS TotalSuspendedSolids

TV Television

UBOS UgandaBureauofStatistics

UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram

UNMA UgandaNationalMeteorologyAuthority


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IExecutiveSummary

Thistechnicalfeasibilityreportassessesthepotentialscopeandstructureofaprojecttobeundertakenin10districtsinsouthwestern,and10districtsineasternUganda,focusingonwetlandrehabilitation,agricultural livelihoods, and the use of climate information for adaptation planning. The proposedprojectspansanareaof19,471.6km2(approximately9%ofUganda),encompassingthewetlandsofthesouthwesterndistrictsdrainingintoLakeVictoria,andthoseoftheeasternregionthatdrainmainlyintotheRiverNilethroughLakeKyoga.Thetotalpopulationinthesetwoareasisover5.6million,comprisedofslightlymorefemales(52%and53%ineasternandsouthwesternUgandarespectively).Populationdensitiesaregenerallyhigherintheeasterndistrictscomparedtothesouthwesterndistricts,withthetwomost densely populated districts in eastern Uganda each having over 500 persons per squarekilometer,while in the southwestern region all the districts have less than400personsper squarekilometer.

Unplannedhumanactivitiesincludingcropcultivation,settlements,industrialestatedevelopmentandoverexploitationofresourceshavegreatlyimpactedwetlandresourcesintheregionandhaveledtoserious degradation, especially of vegetation and hydrological resources, leading to soil erosion,leachingofnutrientsandreducingtheamountandqualityofwateravailableforecosystemfunctioning,agricultureanddomesticconsumption.Inturnthesefactorshavereducedthecapacityofwetlandstoprovideecosystemservices,inturnreducingtheresilienceofboththeecosystemandthelivelihoodsofadjacentcommunities.Consequentreductionsinsoilfertilitywithinthesecatchmentshaveresultedindeclining crop and pasture yields. This is a serious impediment to sustainable growth given thatsubsistenceagriculture(includingrice,cassava,millet,sorghum,maize,groundnuts,beans,peas,sweetpotatoes, cotton, sunflower, soybeans and bananas) and animal husbandry (including cattle, goats,sheep,poultryandpigs)arethetwomajoreconomicactivitiesinalldistrictsthatsupportcommunitylivelihoodsandthat80%ofthepopulationdependsonfarmingtoearnaliving.Otheralternativeland‐usepractices,whichcansustainlivelihoods,includefishfarmingandbeekeeping,bothofwhichdependonawell‐functioningecosystem.

Theabovebaselinesituationisexacerbatedbyclimatechange,withrisingtemperatures(estimatedtobe between 1.2 and 1.4C by 2030) expected throughout this century, leading to increases inevaporationandreducingtheavailabilityofmoistureinthesoilforfarming,especiallyduringthedryseason.Trendsinrainfallalsocontributetoaworseningclimateregime,withobservedreductionsinthenumberofrainydaysanderraticonsetsduringthefirstrainyseason(March‐May).Thesechangesinclimatemakeitdifficulttogrowcropsandleadtodrought,duringwhichtimethereisamigrationofruralpopulationsandfarmerstowardswetlandareasinsearchofwaterandlandforagriculture.Inturnthisleadstofurtherdegradationofland,soilsandwaterquantity/quality,reducingecosystemservicesandleadingtofurtherimpacts.

Vulnerable communities living in and around wetlands in the proposed project area derive theirlivelihoodsfromwetlandsandtheassociatedcatchments,relyingontheseecosystemstoprotectthemagainsttheimpactsofclimatechangebyprovidingbasicrequirementssuchascleanwaterandfood.However the rate at which wetland degradation is taking place reduces the resilience of both theecosystemsandcommunitylivelihoodstoclimatechange‐inducedimpacts.Theproposedprojectwilladdresskeychallengesrelatedtothemanagementofwetlandsandassociatedcatchmentdegradation,inordertostrengthentheresilienceofwetlandsystems,toimpactswhichareexacerbatedbyclimatechange.Measurestoincreasetheresilienceofwetlandsinclude:thechannelingofwetlandstoincrease


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Ithespreadand levelsof inundation; increasingtreecoverage topromotemoisterhabitats(reducingevaporation and retaining more moisture); planting herbaceous vegetation to reduce erosion; andreducing siltation of canals and erosion to enhance water flows through the wetlands. Sustainablewetlandandcatchmentmanagementpracticeswillbepromoted,includingtherestorationofdegradedwetlandareasandcatchmentsthroughtheparticipationofcommunities.Thisprojectalsorecognizesthatwithoutaddressingthelivelihoodsofcommunities,whichsurroundthesewetlands,itisunlikelythatwetlandscanbesustainablymanagedinthefuture.Itthereforerecommendsasuiteofactivitiesthatpromotealternativelivelihoods,includingbeekeeping,fishingandtourism,aswellaspromotingassociated skills in marketing and business development. Recognising that there is a paucity ofinformationwithwhichtomonitorlong‐termchangeandtoplanforweatherandclimateimpactsaheadof time (including flood control/managementwithinwetlands and climate riskmanagementwithinagriculture),theproposedprojectwillcollectanddisseminateclimate‐relatedinformationandtailoredproducts for decision making to targeted stakeholders (including regional and national watermanagementauthoritiesandagriculturalcommunities).

Evenwithstrongpoliticalbackingatthenationalandlocallevelsregardingtherestorationofdegradedwetlandsandassociatedcatchments,therearestillchallengestoimplementingthisintervention,givencapacity and resource constraints. The GCF funds would be used to address these challenges, byreplicatingandscalingupstrategies,whichhaveproventobesuccessfulandeffectivethroughrecentlyimplemented pilot projects, namely the COBWEB and theNationalWetlandsManagement Projects.Whileexistingpoliciesdemonstratestrongcommitmentbythegovernmentandapoliticalframeworktomoveforwardwiththeapproachsetforthinthisproposal,fundswillbeneededtohelpimplementnationalpoliciesbyscalingupandreplicatingexistingstrategies.Ugandaisunabletodotheseusingexistingresourcesorthroughexistingcommercialavenues,giventhelimitedcapacityandresourcesoftargetbeneficiaries,whoarethemostvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechange.

This feasibilityreportassessesthedifferentoptionsavailabletobuildtheresilienceofwetlandsandassociated communities in a holistic and targeted manner, recognizing that the ecological state ofwetlands is intricately linked to the surrounding communities and the ecological services thatcommunitiesderivefromthesewetlandsystems.Thestudyshowsthatthesustainableuseofwetlandsin Uganda (including increased resilience to the impacts of climate change) can be achieved byaddressingwetland degradation through improvedwetland and associated catchmentmanagementpractices,aswellas throughclimatesmartagriculture,erosionandrunoffcontrolandpromotionofeconomicallyviableandsustainableenterprises,allinformedbyandabletobenefitfromclimateriskmanagementpracticesandinformation.Inordertoachievethesolutionssuggestedabove,thereisastrongneedtopreparethecommunitieslivinginthewetlandstobecomelessdependentonwetlandswithoutrecedingintopoverty


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IChapter1: WetlandsinUgandaandassociatedvulnerabilitiesandrisks

duetoclimatechange

WetlandsinUgandaareusedforfarming,fishing,andlivestockgrazing.Theysupplycommunitieswithneedssuchaswater,constructionmaterial,andfuel.Wetlandsadditonallyplayacrucialrolebyfilteringpollutants and regulatingwater flows (influencing groundwater recharge, flood impacts, andwateravailabilityduringthedryseason).Itisfurtherestimatedthatwetlandsprovide320,000workerswithdirectemploymentandsubsistenceemploymentforover2.4millionpeople1.Additonally,theeconomicbenefitsofwetlandsincludingservicesprovidedbytheecosystem(e.g.groundwaterrecharge,waterpurification etc) often outweigh the short‐term benefits of converting the land for agriculture. Forexample,conservativeeconomicvaluationsputthedirectannualproductivevalueofwetlandsatUS$300‐600perhectare1,whereaseconomicvaluationsthatincludeabroadersetofnon‐marketregulatingservices,suchaswaterpurificationandcarbonsequestration,suggestaperhectare‐valueashighasUS$10,000. Unfortunately, despite their high economic value, wetlands are not yet managed asenvironmentalcapital,worthyofprotectionandinvestment.Currently,mostwetlandsinsouthwesternandeasternUgandaareinvariousstagesofdegradation,withwetlandareasreducingatarateof805km2peryear,implyingthatover8000km2ofwetlandswillbelostin10years’time.Thesewetlandsareexposedtoexcessivesedimentation,waterqualityproblems,andnon‐nativespeciesinvasionsaswellassubstantialreductionsinwaterquality.Besides direct human impacts on wetlands and their environment, climate change is expected toincrease stressesand risks in these fragileenvironments.This isespecially true inAfricawhere theAfricancontinent isexpectedtosuffer theeffectsofglobalwarmingmorequicklyandseverelythanotherpartsoftheworld(Niangetal.,2014).WarmingprojectionsoftheIPCC5thAssessmentReportunder medium emission scenarios indicate that, relative to the late 20th century, mean annualtemperaturesofextensiveareasofAfricawillincreaseby2°Cbythelast2decadesofthiscentury(Niangetal.,2014).TheIPCCalsopredictschangesinthecontinent'sprecipitation,bothinquantityandinthenatureofevents(Niangetal.,2014).InEasternAfrica,includingUganda,thereismediumconfidencethat reduced precipitation and/or increased evapotranspiration will intensify droughts and watershortagesduringthedryseasoninthe21stcentury(Niangetal.,2014).Theseprofoundchangesintheclimatewillproducesignificantimpactsinwetlandsecosystems(highconfidence,Niangetal.,2014)whichhavealreadysufferedseverelyfromhumanactivity(Erwin,2009;Mitchell,2013;Rwakakamba,2009).Wetlandshave,forexample,largelybeenoccupiedforintensiveurbanandagriculturallanduse,totheextentthatmanyarefunctionallydisconnectedfromtheirrivers(Niangetal.,2014).Climatechangeisnowpredictedtofurtheralterwetland'sthermal,precipitationandflowregimes(Niangetal.,2014)and,giventhatwetlandsarehighlyvulnerabletochangesinthequantity andquality of theirwater supply (Erwin, 2009, Jin et al., 2009), climate changewill likelysubstantiallyalterecologicallyimportantattributesofwetlandsandexacerbateimpactsfromhumanactivity.Furthermore,lossofwetlandswillexacerbatetheimpactofclimatechange,asthefundamentalservices that theycontribute to themitigationof climate impacts (e.g. through regulating flowsandprovidingwaterduringthedryseason),arelost.Ugandahasalonghistoryofworkingtoconservewetlandsandisrecognizedforitseffortswhichareregionally and globally important for migratory bird species and biodiversity (Ramsar, 2006).Nevertheless,mostwetlands lie outside national protected areas (Figure 1) and establishing a solidinformationbaseonwetlandresources,howtheyareused,andtheircurrentconditionisessentialtobeabletoidentifywetlandmanagementapproachesforthefuture.

1MINISTRYOFFINANCE,PLANNINGANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENT(MFPED).2004.PovertyEradicationActionPlan(2004/5‐2007/8).Kampala,Uganda:GovernmentofUganda.


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Figure 1: Distribution of permanent and seasonal wetlands in Uganda (left). Number of hectares of wetland per capita (right). Source WRI (2009). 1.1 WetlandsinUgandaandlinkstothedistributionofpovertyApproximately75%ofUgandanwetlandsareseasonalandnotpermanentlyflooded(seeFigure 1).Mostpermanentwetlandsareconnectedtopermanentsourcesofwatersuchaslargelakese.gKyogainthenorth and Victoria in the south. Whether it is seasonal or permanent affects characteristics of thewetlandssuchasvegetation,moistureavailability, landcovertypesandusebyhumans.Thelatterisfurtherinfluencedbythedevelopmentandpovertylevelsofnearbyhumansettlements,withpoorercommunitiesrelyingmoreonthefree‘publicservices’providedbywetlands,includingaccesstowater,fuelandlandforagriculture.Inareaswheretherearefewerhectaresofwetlandpercapita(ignoringwheretherearefewwetlands),thepressureonwetlandsystems(demandforservices)isgreater.AsFigure 1 demonstrates this is particularly true for areas in Eastern Uganda, close to Mbale, andsouthwesternUgandaclosetoMbarara.


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Figure2:Povertyrate;percentageofpopulationbelowthepoveryline(left);andareaswhereBeekeepingtakesplace(bluedots)anddoesnottakeplace(orangedots)(right).SourceWRI(2009)

Figure 2showsthepercentageofthepopulationlivingbelowthepovertyline,indicatingthatthepoorestmembersoftheUgandanpopulationliveinthenorthernandeasternregions.Thisdistributionispartlytheresultofpopulationdensities, soilsandaccess to resources (fertile landandwater)butalso theresultofconflicts,especiallyinthenorthernareas.Towardsthesouthwestincomelevelsaregenerallybetter,thoughasFigure 1demonstrateswetlandareasabletoprovideservicespercapitaarelow.Figure 2alsogivesanexampleofanalternativelivelihood(beekeeping),whichrelieslessontheextractiveuseofwetlandsandwhichcouldbeexpandedtootherareas;currentlyitisprimarilyconcentratedinthecentralandnorthernareas,withlittleuseinthesouthernandeasternregions.1.2 Changesinlanduse

Wetlands performnatural functions that are essential for thewetland regions and for the naturalsustainabilityoftheseareas.Thesefunctionsincludewaterqualityimprovement,floodwaterstorage,fishandwildlifehabitat,aesthetics,andbiologicalproductivity(EPA,2001).However,asthestudyledbyTuryahabwe(2013)onhouseholdfoodsecurityreveals,otherthanitsecologicalfunctionswetlandsalsoservealargerangeofpurposesthatsustainhumanactivity.Figure 3belowshowsasanexamplethewaysinwhichwetlandsdirectlycontributetohouseholdfoodsecurity.Fromthetableitcanbeseen that given the fertility of wetland soils, wetlands are often used for growing crops (mostcommonlyvegetables,sugarcane,cocoyamsandpaddyrice).


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Figure3:WaysthroughwhichwetlandscontributedirectlytohouseholdfoodsecurityinareasadjacenttowetlandsinUganda(Turyahabwe,2013)

Theuseofwetlandsforagriculturepurposesisoneofmajorthreatstothesenaturalenvironments.Inaddition to the incentives for farmers that wetlands' soil fertility and better growing conditionsrepresent,theexpansionofagriculturalcultivationintowetlandareashasalsobeenpromotedthroughpublic policy. A relevant example is the “UgandaNational RiceDevelopment Strategy”, an initiativesupportedbyUganda'sformervice‐President’s(USAID,2013).USAID(2013)estimatesthattodayatleast55%ofthericeproductionofUgandaiscultivatedinwetlandareas(2%inirrigatedwetlandsand53%inrain‐fedwetlands).Wetlandsusedforagriculturalpurposesarefrequentlydrainedandover‐exploited (Bakagira et al., 2004;GoU, 2007;Rwankakamba, 2009;Panaos, 2010).As a consequencelands,whichhaveforcenturiesprovideddrainageandpreventedfloodingduringtherainyseason,havenowbeendestroyed(Okella,2010).Forexample,Rwankakamba(2009)arguesthatinJinjadistrict,intheEasternregionofUganda(inwhichplannedprojectactivitieswilltakeplace–seesectionChapter2:),almost80%ofthewetlandshavebeenmodified.IntheKabaledistrict(westernregion)between1990and1992,7.3%ofthewetlandswereconvertedintofarmland(Rwankakamba,2009).Panaos,aBritishorganization,hasalsodocumentedtheexpansionofricecultureinEasternUganda,particularlyinthedistrictofMbalewhereplannedprojectactivitieswilltakeplace(Panaos,2010).

ClimatechangehasalsopotentiallycontributedtotheexpansionofagriculturalpracticesintoUganda'swetlands.Uganda'sNAPArecognisesanationaltendencyofencroachmentofwetlandareasduetothefragmentation and decreasing availability of arable lands per household (GoU, 2007). As will bediscussedlater,extremeweathereventspotentiallycausedorexacerbatedbyclimatechangealsoplayan important role in themovement of people towetland areas (i.e. duringdroughts,when rain‐fedagriculturehasfailed).Duetounpredictableweatherconditionssmall‐scalefarmersprefertorelyonlow‐cost surface water irrigation methods (facilitated in wetland areas), which is one of the mainreasonsfortheuncontrolledagriculturalintrusionintowetlandenvironments(USAID,2013).

Inadditiontobeingconvertedtoagriculturalareas,wetlandshavealsosufferedfromtheconstructionof upstream developments. The construction of upstream development, especially water allocationinfrastructuresforirrigation,energy,industrialanddomesticuses,havecauseddamagesonwetlandsbecausetheyhaveleftinsufficientflows,ormadeinsufficientinvestmentstomaintainthefunctioningofnaturalecosystems(L.Emerton,2005).

1.3 ChangeinseasonaldistributionofrainfallsIncreasedvariability in theamountof rainfallandtheonset/withdrawaldatespotentiallycausedorexacerbatedbyclimatechange2mayaffectwetlandenvironmentsofUganda.Uganda'sNAPAobserves

2Notallchangesinseasonaldistributionofrainscanbelinkedtoclimatechange.EastAfrica’sclimateisnaturallydynamic


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Idifferencesinthedistributionofrainfallsinthecountry,indicatingthat"recentyearshavewitnessederraticonsetandcessationofrainfallseasons"(GoU,2007).AlthoughtheNAPAdoesnotofferempiricalevidencetobackitsstatement,otherscientificstudiesprovidedatatosupportthatrainfallacrossthecountry,andspecificallyintheproject'sproposedregions,iscurrentlyunreliableandhighlyvariableintermsofitsonset,cessation,amountanddistribution.Atanationallevel,theanalysisofMubiruetal.(2012)ofhistoricaldatasetsofdailyrainfallshowedthatthatwhilethereappearstobehighvariabilityinrainfallonsetdatesacrossUganda,withdrawaldatesappeartosufferlessvariability,thusmakingthedurationofthefirstrainyseasondependentontherainfallonset.Ugandahasabimodalrainfallpattern(exceptfortheKaramojaregionwhichisunimodal),withthefirstseasonnormallyoccurringfromMarchtoMay,whilstthesecondrainyseasonoccursfromOctobertoDecember(Mubiruetal.,2012)3.Mubiruetal.(2012)foundthattheonsetofrainsfortheMarch–May4seasonwashighlyvariablefromyeartoyearandthatonmanyoccasionstheonsetofrainsin theMarch–Mayseasonwasdelayed forasmanyas30days, starting inmid‐April insteadofmid‐March.Theauthors found that rainfall cessationappeared tohave remainedmoreor less thesame,regardlessoftheonsetofrainfall.Consequently,whenrainsstartedlate,withdrawalwasusuallytimely,whichthenmakesthefirstrainyseasonshorter. Inadditiontothechanges intheonsetdatesoftheseason,onamonthlyscaleMubiruetal.(2012)alsofoundthatthereisadecreasingtrendinthenumberofrainydaysduringintheMarch–Mayseason,particularlythemonthsofAprilandMay.ThisdecreasingtrendcanbeobservedinFigure 4below(d,e),whichshowsthedatagatheredbytheauthorsfromtheNamulongeStation(CentralUganda).Aswillbediscussedmoreindetail later,shorterrainyseasonshavenegativeeffectsforbothnaturalwetlandecosystemsandcropsgrownintheregion.

withhightemporalandspatialrainfallvariability,someofwhichcanbeexplainedbylargescaleoscillationsinatmosphericandoceancirculation(includingEl‐NinoSouthernOscillation).Thereforethereiswidespreadacademicdiscussionontheleveltowhichchangeintheseasonaldistributionofrainfallcanbeattributedtoclimatechange(Namaalwaet.al,2013,Osbahretal.,2011,Mubiru,2012)3Othersourcesindicaterainyseasonoccursduringdifferentmonths.Uganda'sNAPA(GoU,2007)forexamplestatesthatthefirstrainseasonisfromMarchtoJune,whilethesecondseasonisfromAugusttoNovemberClimate4Theauthors'analysisofthesecondrainyseason(October–December)showedthatchangesontheonsetandcessationtrendsarenotapparent.Forthisreason,resultsonthesecondseasonarenotdiscussedindetail.


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Figure4:ThenumberofrainydaysatNamulongeStationinUgandafrom1950to2008

AprilandMayarepreciselythecriticalmonthsofcropgrowth,ascanbeobservedintheCropCalendarinFigure 5.

Figure5:Ugandacropcalendar(FAO,2015)

Forthisreason,changesintheseasonalpatternsandtheamountofrainsproducestrongimpactsintheagriculture of Uganda and, as a consequence, on itswetland regions. For example, Namaalwa et al.(2013)determinedthatrainfallvariabilitystronglyinfluencesthefarmingpatternsofcommunitiesof


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ItheNamatalawetland(EastUganda).Farmersareforcedtoabandonthedryuplandplotswhenraincomeslate(if itcomes)andthentheysettleinthewetlandinsearchforreliablemoisturetosustaintheircrops.Achangeinthedistributionofrainfallscontributesinthiswaytothetendencyofwetlandencroachment outlined in the previous section (GoU, 2007). Furthermore, in‐season dry spells orintense rainfall events during a crop flowering period or before harvest can significantly reduce afamer'sproducedcropyield(Osbahretal.,2011),havingdirectimpactsontheirlivelihoods.Qualitativeresearchfromnon‐governmentalorganizationsworkingintheregion’stargetedbytheGCFfinancedactivitiesalsoreportthatfarmersthemselvesrecognizeanincreasinglyerraticrainfallpatterninthefirstMarchtoMayrainyseason(Oxfam,2008).Farmershavestatedthaterraticrainpatternshave caused drought and crop failure, but alsomore intense rainfall, especially in the second rainstowardstheendoftheyear,causingfloodinganderosion.InOxfam's(2008)report,afarmerexpresses:

We’vestoppedevenadoptingseasonalplanting,becauseit’ssouseless.Nowwejusttryallthetime.WeusedtoplantinMarchandthat’dbeit.Nowweplantandplantagain.Wewastealotofseedsthatway,andourtimeandenergy.Weregretitsooften,whyweplanted.Thenwehavetoplantoacquireotherseeds,andtheseedshereareverycostly.

Farmers'impressionsareconfirmedbyMubiruetal.(2012)whostatesthatadecreaseintheamountnumberofrainydaysandofrainfallhasbeencommonlymanifestedbyunseasonableperiodswithnorain,whicharebecomingausualoccurrencelastingfromabout3to4weeksinterspersedwithintherainyseason.Forexample,FAOreportsthatinbi‐modalareasduringplantingofthe2015firstseason,cropshadtobecompletedwithsomeweeksofdelay(aroundmid‐April)duetolowsoilmoistureandhightemperatures(FAO,2015).FAOalsofoundthat"afteralatestartattheendofMarch,seasonalrainswereerratic,withwellabove‐averageamountsinmostcentralandnorthernareasandsignificantdryspellsinsouthernareas"(FAO,2015).1.4 IncreaseinfrequencyofintenserainfallsUganda'sNAPAobservesthat"rainfalleventsareheavierandmoreviolentthanbefore"(GoU,2007)5.ThisobservationisconsistentwithIPCCfindingsfromtheassessmentof12CMIP3GCMsovereasternAfricathatsuggeststhatbytheendofthe21stcenturytheregionwillhaveawetterclimatewithamoreintensewetseason(Niangetal.,2014).TakingintoaccountIPCC'sprojections,theNAPAexpectsthatanincreaseofheavyrainswillespeciallyaffectthewettestdistricts,whichincludetheEasternregionanddistricts(includingMbale).6TheIPCC’sSpecialReportonManagingtheRisksofExtremeEventsandDisasterstoAdvanceClimateChangeAdaptation(IPPC,2012)also indicatesthat therewill likelybemoreheavyrainfalloverEastAfricawithhighcertaintyandmoreextremelywetdaysbythemid‐21stcentury.

Wetlandsystemsarevulnerableandparticularlysusceptibletochangesinquantityandqualityofwatersupply(BurkettandKusler,2000;STRP,2002;IPCC,2001).Thereforeclimatechangewilllikelyhavesignificantimpactsonwetlandstructureandfunction,primarilythroughalterationsinhydrologyandespecially by altering the water‐table level (IPCC, 2001) and the nature and variability of thehydrological period (Erwin, 2009). Heavier rains can increase soil erosion and vegetation damagethroughrunoff,whichaffectswetlandecosystems,agricultureandsustainablelivelihoods(Hisalietal.,2011).Rainsexcessiveinbothintensityanddurationcanalsoleadtowaterlogging.Thenegativeeffectsof increased rains could be accompanied by increased incidences of intense lightning andthunderstorms, hailstorms andwindstorms, often related to flood‐level rains (Kaggwa et al., 2009).Wetlandfloraandfaunaalsorespondverydynamicallytosmallchanges inwater‐table levels(IPCC, 5TheNAPAreachesthisconclusionoutoftheanalysisofsurveys,focusgroupsandPRAsconductedaspartoftheNAPAprocess.Twelvedistricts(includingtheproject's targetedareas)wereselectedforthecollectionofdata/information.Theselectioncriteriontookintoaccountthefiveecosystemsand,wherepossible,geographicalbalance(GoU,2007).6GivenUganda'sNAPAwascreatedin2010,thedocumentusesIPCC2007asreference.ThisinformationhasbeenupdatedusingthelatestIPCCassessments(2014),whichisconsistentwithpreviousfindings.


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I2001).Asexplainedbelow,wetlandsalreadydrainedbecauseofagriculturalactivityarenotable toabsorbthewaterfromheavyrains,whichthenincreasethechancesofdevastatingfloods(Oxfam,2008).

1.5 Increaseintemperatures A large amount of scientific evidence points towards a likely increase in temperatures in Uganda.According to data based on the RCP8.5 scenario,which represents the less optimistic scenario andavailablethroughtheWorldBank'sClimateChangeKnowledgePortal,Ugandawillexperienceageneralincreaseintemperaturesthroughouttheyearbytheendofthiscentury(WorldBank,2015).USAID(2013)alsoreportssimilarfindingsinits“Ugandaclimatechangevulnerabilityassessmentreport”.Theagencyexpectsanaverageincreaseinthemaximumtemperaturesof1.2‐1.4°Cby2030,aswellasanaverageincreaseof0.8‐0.9°Cforminimumtemperatures(RCP4.5emissionscenario).Asfortheannualaverage,theincreaseintemperaturescouldexceed2°CunderhigheremissionscenariossuchastheRCP8.5scenario(USAID,2013).USAID(2013)alsooffersanoverviewofexpectedchangesintemperaturesinUgandausingdatafrom6differentstationsofthecountry.FourofthesestationsarelocatedinareastargetedbytheproposedGCFfundedproject:twostationsinSouthwesternUganda(MbaraandKasese)andtwoothersinEasternUganda(TororoandSoroti).Theprojectionsobtainedforeachstationarealignedwiththepreviouslydiscussedexpectednationaltrendsbypredictinganincreaseintemperatures(Figure 6).ThisconfirmsthatthetargetedregionsofSouthwesternandEasternforGCFinvestmentareexpectedtoexperiencean increase in temperatures, resulting in a number of adverse impacts onwetlands as documentedabove.

Figure6:Minimum(left)andmaximum(right)annualaveragetemperatureobservedandprojectedforsixindividualstations.SourceUSAID(2013)

Increases of temperatures can strongly influence the main functions of wetlands. For example, anincreaseintemperaturescanextendtherangeandactivityofsomepestanddiseasevectors(K.Erwin,2008). For instance, in Uganda it is highly likely thatLantana camarais— an invasive species that


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Idisplacespasturesingrasslandwildlifeareasanddevelopingespeciallyinhotandhumidenvironment—will expand its rangeunder future climate scenariosdue to the increase in temperature (USAID,2014).Inadditiontobeingoneoftheworstinvasivespecies,reducingbiodiversity,crowdingoutnativespecies(Quentinetal.,1995)andslowingdowntheregenerationofforestsbypreventingthegrowthofnewtrees(ISSG,2006),thetoxicityofthisspeciescanbedangerousforpeopleandlivestock.Changes experienced in Uganda's wetlands ecosystems has also been related to increasing risks ofMalariabyUganda'sNAPA(GoU,2007).Themodificationofwetlands,forinstancethroughthedrainageof wetlands, creates micro‐climatic changes with increased temperatures. This situation has beenreportedinthedistrictofKabale,inWesternUganda,anditisassumedtobethecauseofhighrateofmalariacasesinthedistrict(Barakagira,etal.,2004).Uganda'sNAPAalsoassertsthattemperatureriseisbelievedtohavecausedthatthehighlands,previouslymalaria‐free,arenowinvadedbymalaria(GoU,2007).AccordingtotheMalariaControlProgramme(2002,citedinUganda'sNAPA:GoU,2007)malariacausesmoreillnessanddeathinUgandathananyothersingledisease.Thereportstatesthisillnessisresponsibleformorethan15%oflifeyearslostduetoprematuredeath.Itaccountsforabout15‐40%of patient attendances at health care facilities and about 9‐14% of deaths of inpatients. Furtherdisruptionofwetlandecosystemscausedbyclimatechange,inadditiontootheranthropogenicimpacts,mayposeinthiswayaseverethreattoUganda'shealththroughthepotentialincreaseinvector‐andwater‐basedillnesses.1.6 Vulnerabilitytofloods,droughts,heatwavesAccording to IPCC, extreme precipitation changes over Eastern Africa such as droughts and heavyrainfallhavebeenexperiencedmorefrequentlyduringthelast30‐60years(Niangetal.,2014).IPCC(2014)alsofindsthatthecontinuedwarmingintheIndianOceanhasbeenshowntocontributetomorefrequent East African spring and summer droughts over the past 30 years7 (Niang et al., 2014). Inaddition,theIPCC’sSpecialReportonManagingtheRisksofExtremeEventsandDisasterstoAdvanceClimateChangeAdaptation(IPCC,2012)indicatesthatwhileasdiscussedintheprevioussectionsanincrease in extreme rainfall is expected, East Africa will also likely experience an increase in thefrequencyofhotdaysinthefuture(highconfidence).8

Uganda'sNAPA (GoU, 2007), claims thatdroughts thatperiodically affect the countryarebecomingmore frequent (see Figure 7), with seven droughts logged between 1991 and 2000.9 Furthermore,observed and projected increases in temperatures will contribute to increases in potentialevapotranspiration,whichwillincreasewaterlossesandtheintensityofdroughts.

7ItisnotclearforIPCCwhetherthesechangesareduetoanthropogenicinfluenceortonaturalclimaticvariability(Niangetal.,2014).8Althoughadecreasingdrynesstrendoverlargeareasisalsoprojected(IPPCmediumconfidence,Niangetal.,2014).9Some information provided by NAPA should be handled with care as in some cases like this one there is insufficientinformationpresentedinthedocumenttoallowjudgmentonthequalityofthedata,nor is thesourcerevealed.Hepworth(2008)forexampleargueslongtimeseriesrainfalldataarelackinginUgandaorcontaingapsformanylocations.Thereforethegraphcouldreflectaskewedavailabilityofdataorrecallbias.Thisparticulargraphicdoesnotaddresseitherquestionsofthecriteriausedtodescribedrought;thegeographicalextentaffectedandduration;andifwhetherdataisbasedonverbalreportsormeteorologicalobservation.


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Figure7:OccurrenceofdroughtsinUganda(GoU,2007)

InFigure 8belowdarkredillustratestheareaswithveryhighriskofflooding.ItispossibletoobserveonthismapthehighvulnerabilityofEasternUganda.ThevulnerabilityoftheEasternregiontofloodsisconfirmedintheRiskmappingforUgandafromGroen&Jacobs(2012),whichshowsthatfloodingoccursmostlyincentralandEasternUganda.

Figure8:Ugandavulnerabilitytofloods.Source:MapproducedbyWilber(2008)

Asithasbeenmentionedbefore,theecologicalconsequencesofclimatechangesonwetlandsdependlargely on changes in hydrological regime and water quality (Jin et al., 2009; Erwin, 2009). Morefrequentorintenseextremeweathereventsenhancethehydrologicdisturbanceofwetlands(Batesetal.,2008)andthereforehavepronouncednegativeeffectsontheseecosystems.Forexample,duringdroughts,inlandwetlandsarewateredlessoften.Areductioninthefrequencyandmagnitudeofhighflowsoftheriversthatinundatethefloodplain,causedbylowerprecipitationandpotentialincreasesindiversionofwaterforagriculture,tendtodryoutfloodplainwetlands(Batesetal.,2008)affectingbothcropsandspecies'naturalenvironments.

Extremeweathereventsoccurringduring the last twentyyearscanbeexpected inthiswaytohave


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Ialreadyaffectedthecountry'swetlandsecosystems.Someofthemostsignificantweathereventsthecountryhasexperiencedlatelyarerecordedbelow:

Table1:SignificantweathereventsinUgandaduringthelasttwodecades

1997/1998

The1997/1998ElNiño,themostsevereweatherphenomenoninUgandanhistory,resultedinoneof theworstwidespread recorded floodswitnessed by the country in over 50 years. The floodsseverelyhittheeasternpartofthecountry,whereseveralpeopledied,transportinfrastructurewasdamaged, crops andhomeswere destroyed, and thousands of peoplewere displaced from theirhomes.TherewereseverelandslidesexperiencedinthemountainousareasofEastUganda(UNDPproject target area),wheremany people and homeswere buried andmuch property destroyed(Kaggwaetal.,2009).

DuringtherainsthelevelofLakeKyogaroseanddislodgedthepapyrusbed,floatingsudsandwaterhyacinthmats.TheweedsaccumulatedintotheoutletofLakeKyogaandfullyblockedit.Withinoneyear,thewaterlevelroseovertwometresinthelake.Thisimpactednegativelyonthelakeshorewetlandsandthebreedinggroundsforfishshrunk.Thefloodedareaaltogetherwassome580km2.The floodsdisplacedpopulations,destroyed infrastructure, causeddiseaseandsomedeaths, andparalysedthesocio‐economicactivitiesoftheregion.TodatetheoutletofLakeKyogaisstillpartlyblockedbythepapyrusandhyacinth(ILM,2004).InNakasongoladistrict,theElNinohasadditionaleffects.Forexample,thepeopledisplacedbythefloodslostabout13percentoftheirannualrevenue,threeroadsweredestroyed,1390housesweredestroyed,300hectaresofcropsand7000hectaresoffarmlandwerefloodedanddestroyedand5493peopleweredisplaced(NEMA,2007).

1999/2000

The prolonged and severe drought of 1999/2000 in the Cattle Corridor caused severe watershortage,leadingtolossofanimals,lowproductionofmilk,foodinsecurity,increasedfoodpricesandgenerallynegativeeffectsontheeconomy(GoU,2007).

2002

TheElNiñoof2002,whichalsoresultedinmoderatefloods,alsoaffectedtheeastofthecountry.Ontheotherhand,duringthe1998/1999LaNiña,severedroughtwasexperienced,especiallyinthesoutheast of the country. Thereweremassive crop failures inmany parts of the country,whichresulted in widespread famine. The Government and relief agencies carried out the necessaryinterventionstoavertthehumansufferingcausedbythisdrought.Thedroughtmostlyaffectedthe‘cattlecorridor’(partofwhichisanUNDPprojecttargetarea),whichcovers18districts,wheretherewasacompletelackofpastureandwaterforlivestock(Hepworth2008).

2007

Duringtheyear2007floodsheavilyaffectedtheeasternpartsofthecountry.Thesefloodsdestroyedinfrastructure, notably roads, bridges and buildings, killed human beings, destroyed crops andthreatenedsecurityinthearea.ThedistrictofAmuria(Easternregion)wasoneofthehardesthitbytherain,theheaviestin35years,whichalsodestroyed18bridges.(Kaggwaetal.,2009).Theinabilityofdrainedwetlandstoabsorbthewaterfromheavyrainshasbeenpointedoutasoneofthecausesforthedevastatingfloodsinthisregion(Oxfam,2008).

AccordingtotheScientificandTechnicalReviewPaneloftheRamsarConventiononWetlands(STRP,2002)asthefrequencyofextremeclimateeventsincreasefortheworldandforAfrica,thefollowingimpactsonwetlandscanalsobeexpected:changesinbaseflows;alteredhydrology(depthandhydro‐period);increasedheatstressinwildlife;extendedrangeandactivityofsomepestanddiseasevectors;increasedflooding,landslide,avalanche,andmudslidedamage;increasedsoilerosion;increasedfloods.

1.7 Waterqualitydeteriorationduetoexcessivesedimentationandnon‐nativespecies

invasion

Ashasbeenevidencedinprevioussections,WetlandsinUgandaarebeingdegradedduetotheirover‐exploitationandtotheconversionoftheirlands–inparticularbyfarmingandtheimplementationofupstreamdevelopment.Wetlandsperformvitallyimportanthydrologicalfunctions,particularlyintheir


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Iroleinregulatingsurfacewaterqualityandvolume(Uluocha&Okoke,2004).Farmingandupstreamdevelopment has neverthelessmade insufficient investments tomaintain the functioning of naturalecosystems(Emerton,2005),whichhasproducedadirecteffectonthequalityofwater(UNDP‐UNEP,2009).

Thenegativeeffectsofhumanactivity inthewaterqualityofwetlandsaredemonstratedbyastudyconductedintheUpperRwizi,acatchmentinSouthwestUganda.Rykenetal.(2015)monitoredsevensub‐catchments (358‐2120 km2) with different degrees of wetland encroachment. The studydemonstratedthesuperiorefficiencyofintactwetlands–papyruswetlandsinthiscase–comparedtowetlandsencroachedforgrazingandbananacropping.Theresultsobtainedindicatethat,duetotheirstrongbufferingcapacity,papyruswetlandshaveafirst‐ordercontrolonrunoffandsedimentdischarge.Sub‐catchments with intact wetlands have a slower rainfall‐runoff response, smaller peak runoffdischarges,lowerrainfall‐runoffratios–enablingaslowreleaseofrainwaterintoassociatedsurfacewaterresources–andsignificantlysmallersuspendedsedimentconcentrations(N.Rykenetal.,2015).Furthermorelandusechangeinwatercatchmentscausedbytheintroductionofnon‐nativespeciescanalsoleadtoincreasedsedimentation.Thisaffectsthefoodandwatersecurityforalltheusersofthewater,leadingtoincreasedrisksofsiltingupdownstreamresourcessuchasdams,farmland,riversandlakes(MinistryofNaturalResourcesofUganda,1995).

TheeffectsofwatersheddegradationonwaterqualityarealsohighlightedintheStateofenvironmentreport for Uganda (GoU, 2008). This report mentions the role of water quality protection andpurificationofthewetlands,ofdrinkingwatersupplyandstorage,erosionandsedimentcontrolandwastewater treatment of wetlands. With the deterioration of wetlands, these functions cannot befulfilled, andwaterqualitydiminishes.Forexample, thestateofenvironment report for2000/2001reportedthattheMt.Elgonregion(Easternregion)had85percentoftotalareaexposedtosoilerosion(NEMA2001),leadingtoadecreaseinagriculturalproductionandwaterquality.

1.8 ExploitationofwetlandresourcesIn1964,thetotalareaofwetlandswasestimatedat32,000km2butby1999,ithaddecreasedto30,000km2,orabout13percentofthetotalareaofUganda.PreliminarydatafromtheNationalBiomassStudyUnitoftheNationalForestryAuthority(NFA,2008)suggestthatUganda’swetlandscover,asestimatedin2005,hasnowbeenreducedto26,308km2,or11%oftotallandarea.Thekeyunderlyingcausesofthisdeclineistheinsatiabledesireforthepopulationboththerichandthepoortoderivelivelihoodsfromthewetlandssuchasreclamationforagriculture(riceinEasternUgandaandVegetablesandteagrowing in South Western) and other industrial and commercial purposes (Central region); overharvesting of water for domestic and commercial use; over harvesting of materials mainly forconstructionandhandicraftandover fishing.Pooruseofwetlandcatchments leading to siltationofwetlandsandriversandalsopeopleareforcedtocultivatethenowfertilewetlands.Thisisexacerbatedbythehighannualpopulationgrowthrateof3.2%(UBOS2014)Article237(2)(b)oftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofUgandafurtherprovidesthatGovernmentoralocalgovernmentshallhold intrustforthepeopleandprotectnatural lakes,rivers,wetlands, forestreserves,gamereservesnationalparksandanylandtobereservedforecologicalandtouristicpurposesforthecommongoodofallcitizens.SubsequentlytheNationalEnvironmentAct(NES)prohibitsthefollowing: (a) reclamation or drainage of wetlands; (b) erection, construction, placement of anystructure,etc.onthewetland;(c)disturbanceofawetlandbydrillingortunnelinginamannerthatislikelytohaveadverseeffectsonthewetland;(d)depositingin,onorunderanywetlandanysubstanceinamannerthatislikelytohaveadverseeffectsonthewetland.1.9 ImpactofwetlandlossesonGDP

AlthoughtherehasnocomprehensivestudyonthecontributionofwetlandstoGDPrecentstudieshave


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Ideterminedtheeconomicvalueofwetlandresourcesandtheircontributiontofoodsecurityinthethreeagro‐ecologicalzonesofUganda.Thevaluesofwetlandresourceswereestimatedusingprimaryandsecondarydata.Marketprice,Productivity,andContingentvaluationmethodswereusedtoestimatethevalueofwetlandresources(seeTable 2).ThepercapitavalueoffishwasapproximatelyUS$0.49perperson.FishspawningwasvaluedatapproximatelyUS$363,815peryear,livestockpasturesatUS$4.24millionperyear,domesticwateruseatUS$34millionperyear,andthegrossannualvalueaddedbywetlandstomilkproductionatUS$1.22millionperyear.Throughprovisionofgrassformulching,wetlands were estimated to contribute US$ 8.65 million annually. Thus, resource investment forwetlandsconservationcontributestocontinuedbenefitsfromtheseecosystemservices.

Wetlandsarealsoimportanttosocioeconomicdevelopmentinthefisheriessector,whosecontributionin 2009 was estimated at about 2.8% of Uganda’s national GDP. Loss of wetlands therefore has asignificant impact on the livelihoods of local communities and will have a negative impact on theavailability of fish. Benefits from fish harvest to local communities can serve as incentives forinvolvementintheconservationofwetlandsindifferentareasandshouldthereforebeenhanced.

Wetlandfunction Economic

valueinUS$/ha/yearEquivalentinUSh*

Micro‐climateregulation 265,000 461,100Floodcontrol 7,240,000 12,597,600Waterregulation/recharge 30,000 52,200Habitat/refugia 439.00 763,860Recreation/aesthetic 491.00 854,340Cultural 1,761.00 3,064,140Total 10,226,000 17,793,240

Table2:Economicvalueofwetlandfunctions.Source:IUCN,2004

Naturalvegetationinwetlandsandfloodplainsalsoprovideanimportantsourceofdryseasongrazingfor livestock. Assuming that 10% of off‐farm pasture, fodder and forage intake is accounted for bywetlandsvegetation7,dry‐seasongrazingmayhaveatotalvalueinexcessofUSh18billionayearintermsofcontributiontolivestockproduction.

Region Livestockpopulation

Totalvalueofproduction(Ush.million

Valueofwetlands(Ushmillions)

Central 1,090,510 74,043 1,747Eastern 940,837 55,509 2,206Northern 1,185,889 65,922 5,619Western 2,087,854 169,925 8,542Total 5,305,090 365,399 18,114

Table3:Valueofwetlandsforlivestock.Source,L.EmertonandMuramiraE,1999

1.10 KeyrisksfromclimatechangeandthemitigatingbenefitsofwetlandsinUgandaThetablebelowsummarizesthekeyrisksfacedbywetlandsandtheirlocalenvironmentsinUganda,aswellashowwetlandscontributetomitigatingthoserisks.Thesummaryisbasedonsourcesmentionedabove,includingUganda'sNAPAanddevelopmentagencyassessments(e.g.USAID,WorldBank),aswell


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IasIPCC'slatestassessmentreport(Niangetal.,2014)whichassessespresentandfutureclimatechange‐relatedrisksforAfrica.Thepotentialcontributionofwetlandstomitigatetheserisksisassessedbasedonthedescriptionofwetlandservicesfoundinthecitedliterature.Givenwetlandisanumbrellatermtorefertoabroadrangeofecosystems,Appendix1providesmorespecificinformationonhowdifferenttypesofwetlandscouldcontributeaccordingtotheservicestheyprovide.

KeyRiskPotentialcontributionofwetlandstomitigatetherisk

Examplesofcorresponding servicesprovidedbyUganda'sWetlands

Present and projectedincreaseintemperatures(GoU,2007;Niangetal.,2014; USAID, 2013;WorldBank,2015)

Wetlands are critical tomitigate globalwarming because of their ability tocapture and store carbon, whichcontributes to reduceandmanageGHGemissions (Ramsar, 2006, 2012). Theyalso reduce temperature increases(through evaporative cooling) in theirlocalenvironmentbymaintaininghighermoisturelevelsinsoils.

‐ Carbonaccumulationwas estimated at480g‐Cm2year1 forahighlyproductiveCyperuspapyruswetlandlocatednearJinja(ontheNorthernshoreofLakeVictoria)(Saundersetal.2007)‐Economicvaluationstudiesthatincludeabroadersetofnon‐marketed regulating services, such as waterpurification and carbon sequestration, suggest aperhectare‐valueofwetlandsashighas15millionUgandaShillings(US$10,000)(MFPED,2004)

Present and projectedincreaseinthefrequencyof extreme weatherevents, including hotdays and droughts andheavyrainfallandfloods(GoU,2007;IPCC,2012).

Wetlandsprovideimportantservicesforpreventingandmitigating theeffectsofnatural hazards. They provideprotection against storms (Ramsar,2006) and flood control by absorbingexcesswaterfromheavyrains(Ramsar,1997, 2006, Oxfam, 2008)10. They alsopreventbankslumpingandlanderosion(Ramsar, 2006). By capturing andstoring carbon (Ramsar, 2006, 2012),wetlands can also help reduce theexcessive GHG emissions that arebelievedtobethecauseofmorefrequentextremeweatherevents(Ramsar,2006).They help to keep water in the localenvironmentduringtimesofdrought.

‐DegradationofwetlandsineasternUgandahaveled to their failure to perform their ecologicalfunction of storage and systematically regulatingwater release to the environment, which hascausedincidencesofmassivefloodsintheregion(Kaggwa et al., 2009). The heavy rains betweenJulyandOctober2007,forexample,ledtoflooding,landslidesandwaterloggingin22districts11andhavebeenassociatedtotheinabilityoftheregion'sdrainedwetlandstoabsorbwater(Oxfam,2007).

Extremeweathereventsdisrupt transportsystem, infrastructure,public services (water,education, health,sanitation), especially ininformalareas(Niangetal.,2014)

Compound stress onwater resources facingsignificant strains asconsequence ofoverexplotation anddegradation andpotentially exarcebatedbydrought(Niangetal.,2014)

Wetlands are essential for maintainingfreshwaterresourcesinfaceofclimatechange. They perform key roles inregulating water cycles: they facilitateboth groundwater recharge (themovement of water from the wetlanddown into theundergroundaquifer) asgroundwater discharge (the movementof water upward to become surfacewater in a wetland) (Ramsar, 1997) .They also protect surface and groundwaterfromsaltwaterintrusion(Ramsar,2006) and perform water purificationservices(Ramsar,1997).

‐ TheNakivuboSwampinKampalafilterssewageand industrial effluents. The cost of a treatmentplanttoperformthisservicewouldbe$2millionperyear(CBD,2015).‐Approximately5millionpeopleinruralareasgettheirdaily freshwatersupply fromwetlands.Theeconomic value of this service alone has beenestimated at US$ 25 million per year in Uganda(UN‐WWAPandDWD,2005).‐ Water quality in the discharge area of InnerMurchison Bay of Lake Victoria has steadilydeterioratedleadingtohighertreatmentcostsforKampala’sdrinkingwaterpumpedfromthisarea(WMDetal.,2009).

Changesintheincidenceand geographic rangesome pest vector andwater‐borne diseases(e.g.LantanacamaraisorMalaria) (Barakagira, etal., 2004, K. Erwin,2008,GoU, 2007) due totemperature andweather variability

Healthywetlandscanperformimportantbiological regulation functions tomitigate thehigher incidenceofvector‐and water‐borne diseases. They canprevent species invasions, regulateinteractions between different trophiclevelsandpreserve functionaldiversityand interaction (Ramsar,2006).On thecontrary, altered wetland ecosystemscan support theproliferationofvector‐

Changes experienced in Uganda's wetlandsecosystems has also been related to increasingrisks ofMalaria by Uganda's NAPA (GoU, 2007).Themodificationofwetlands,forinstancethroughthe drainage of wetlands, creates micro‐climaticchanges with increased temperatures. Thissituation has been reported in the district ofKabale,inWesternUganda,anditisassumedtobethe cause of high rate of malaria cases in thedistrict(Barakagira,etal.,2004).

10Acreman(2013)concludesneverthelessthatdependingonthecharacteristicsandtypewetlands,itcaninfluencethepeakflows,timing,volumeanddurationoffloodsineitherpositiveornegativeways.11ThisnumberincludesdistrictsforbothNorthandEastUganda


Page15

I(Niangetal.,2014) andwater‐bornediseases.

Reduced cropproductivity associatedwith 1) unreliable andhighly variable rains interms of its onset,cessation, amount anddistribution (GoU,2007;Namaalwa et al., 2013Mubiruetal.,2012;FAO,2015) 2) heat anddrought stress and 3)pest and diseases havestrongadverseeffectsonregional, national andhousehold livelihood(Niang et al., 2014;Osbahr et al., 2011;Oxfam's,2008).

Wetlands have crucial roles in foodsecurity that can be key for mitigatingfutures risks of food scarcity.Wetlandsproduce fish (over two thirds of theworld’s fish harvest is linked to thehealth of wetland areas), fruits, grains,andmanyothers (Ramsar, 2006).Theyare also critical to agriculture becausethey perform key activities for theformation of fertile soil by conductingsediment retention and creating theconditions for the accumulation oforganic matter (Ramsar, 2006).Wetlands also store key genes forresistance to pathogens, ornamentalspecies, etc (Ramsar, 2012) and theyperformimportantbiologicalregulationfunctions.Wetlands are essential for agriculturalirrigation: they maintain water tables(Ramsar,1997)andasstatedbeforetheyregulatewatercyclesnecessaryforcropgrowth. They also provide crucialbuffering capacity that can supportagricultureandlivestockduringdroughtspells (IPCC, 2007, Ramsar, 2006). Theuse of wetlands for agriculture hasnevertheless to be balanced given thatchangeoflanduseforagricultureisoneof the main causes of wetlanddestruction(Okonyaetal.,2014;Zsuffaetal.,2014;Niangetal.,2014).

‐ Over 70 percent of all wetlands in Uganda arelocally used for three simultaneous purposes:water collection and use (80 percent), livestockgrazing(72percent),andnatural treeharvesting(73percent).(WMDetal.,2009).‐ It is estimated that wetlands provide about320,000 workers with direct employment andprovidesubsistenceemploymentforover2.4million(MFPED,2004)‐ Grasslands in Uganda are primarily used forlivestockgrazing. If theyhave the right soils andwater regime, they are also very desirable forgrowingcrops.Woodlandandpapyruswetlands,providerawmaterials,theformerforconstructionand fuel, and the latter for crafts andmats.Bothwoodland and papyrus wetlands are veryvulnerable to over‐harvesting of these products(WMDetal.,2009).‐ In Nakivubo wetland (Kampala, West Uganda)farmersgrowcocoyamandsugarcane.AbouteightpercentoftheresidentsaroundNakivubowetland,which includesahighnumberofurbanpoor,areengaged in subsistence or commercial activitiesrelated to the wetland (Emerton et al., 1999 inWMDetal.,2009).‐AnoverwhelmingmajorityofpapyrusharvestersintheLakeBunyonyiwetlandssellrawpapyrus or crafts made from papyrus to bridgeincomeshortfallsforperiodichighexpensessuchasschoolfeesorend‐of‐the‐yearfestivities(Macleanetal.,2003).

Adverse effects onlivestock linked totemperature rise andprecipitation changesand the related impactson pastoral livelihoodsandruralpoverty(Niangetal.,2014)Undernutritionresultingfrom changes in cropyield, extreme weatheranditspotentialforlife‐long impacts on healthanddevelopmentanditsassociated increase invulnerability to malariaand diarrheal disease(Niangetal.,2014)

Shifts in biomedistribution,andimpactsof wildlife due todiseases and speciesextension (Niang et al.,2014).

Wetlandsareparticularly importantforwildlife survival to climate change:wetlands provide habitats, support foranimalmigrationsandhostvaluablefishand other wildlife nurseries (AusAid,2008). Wetlands also support wildlifesurvival by functioning as filters forpollutants from both point and non‐pointsources(IPCC,2007).

‐WetlandsinUgandaarecoveredbyavarietyofvegetationtypesandoccurinallofUganda’smainlandcoverclasses:tropicalhighforest,woodland,bushland, grassland, papyrus (including othersedges, reeds, and fl oating plants) (WMD et al.,2009).‐ Uganda's wetlands are home of globallyendangered species including birds such as theShoebill (Balaeniceps rex) and Fox’s weaver(Ploceus spekeoides), and fish species of theCichlidae family.Manyof thecountry's wetlandsareanimportantstopoverforlargecongregationsofmigratorywaterbirds(WMDetal.,2009)


IChapter2: ProjecttargetareasandtheirenvironmentalcharacteristicsAs noted in the previous section, the ability ofwetlands all over Uganda to provide their standardecologicalserviceshasbeendegradingovertimeduetohumanactivitiesandclimate‐relatedstresses.This is particularly true for regions inEastern and SouthwesternUganda: 80%ofwetlands in Jinjadistrict,inEasternUgandahavebeenmodified;and7.3%ofwetlandsinKabaledistrict(southwesternregion)wereconvertedtofarmlandina3‐yearperiodalone.PlannedexpansionofriceintheMbaledistrictwillonlyservetoincreaseenvironmentalstressesintheseregions.TheseregionswerethereforechosenassuitableforplannedGCFinvestmentsbasedonanumberofcriteriaincluding:

theyhavesufferedhighlevelsofdegradationduetohumanactivities; fertilityofagriculturalareasandlandhasbeendecliningduetopooragriculturalpractices; theincreasingfrequencyofdroughtsandadverseclimaticconditionsisexpectedtocontinue

andprovideadditionalrisksinthefuture.Additionally,accordingtotheWetlandMappingreport(2008),therehasbeenamassivedrainageofwetlandswithinthebasinsofLakesKyogaandVictoria,asindicatedinTable 4below:Table4Wetlandcoveragebydrainagebasinbetween1994and2008

No. Drainage basin 1994(%) 2008(%) %loss

1 Albert Nile 6.21 4.71 1.5

2 Aswa 10.83 8.24 2.59

3 Kidepo 0.6 0.74 0.14

4 Lake Albert 10.15 9.20 0.90

5 Lake Edward 5.97 4.16 1.80

6 Lake Kyoga 53.67 41.92 11.75

7 Lake Victoria 25.63 12.58 13.05

8 Victoria Nile 20.69 18.35 2.34

Forthereasonsgivenaboveitwasdecidedtotargetwetlandareaswithinthetwobasins;southwesternUgandaintheLakeVictoriabasinandEasternUgandaintheLakeKyogabasin.Therehasbeenmassivedegradationinbothareasthathasledtothelossoftheecologicalfunctionsandecosystemservicesonwhichcommunitiesderivetheirlivelihoodandprotectionagainstclimatechangeimpacts.InEasternUganda,especiallyinthetargeteddistricts(seesection2.2below),therehasbeenanincreaseinfloodsand food insecurity while in the southwest prolonged drought periods have become evident. Theproposed GCF interventions have been designed to enhance the ability of the ecosystem andcommunitiesintheseareastobecomemoreresilienttoclimatechangeinducedimpacts.2.1 Demographyandlanduse

Accordingtotheprovisionalfiguresofthe2014NationalHousingandPopulationcensus(UBOS,2014),thedistrictscomprisingtheproposedprojecttargetareasconsistofover5.6millionpeoplealltogether.Intheeasterndistricts,malesmakeup48%ofthetotalpopulationcomparedto52%whicharewomen.In thesouthwesterndistricts, thesituation is similarwith the femalepopulationat53%of the totalpopulation.All together, thesedistrictsmakeup8%of thenationalpopulation.While thepeople insouthwesternUgandaareveryhomogeneousethnically,thesituationineasternUgandaissomewhatdifferent, with two large ethnic groupings i.e. the Bantu and Hamites (Teso) living side by side inneighbouringdistricts.

ThemostdenselypopulateddistrictsareMbaleandBudakaineasternUgandaaswellasKisoroand


IMitoomainsouthwesternUganda(UBOS2014).Populationdensitiesaregenerallyhigherintheeasterndistrictscomparedtothesouthwesterndistricts.ThetwomostdenselypopulateddistrictsineasternUganda each have over 500 persons per square kilometerwhile in the southwestern region all thedistricts are less than 400 persons per square kilometer. Subsistence crop agriculture and animalhusbandryarethetwomajoreconomicactivitiesinallthetendistricts.Otherformsoflanduseincludefishfarmingandbeekeeping.Themajorcropsincluderice,cassava,millet,sorghum,maize,groundnuts,beans,peas,sweetpotatoes,cottonsunflower,soybeansandbananas.Cattle,goats,sheep,poultryandpigsaresomeoftheanimalsraisedinthesedistricts.

Landusereferstoaseriesofactivitiesoroperationsonland,carriedoutbyhumans,withtheintentionto obtain products and/or benefits through using land resources. In many of the districts in theproposed target areas, there has been a serious affray on the vegetation resources leading to soilerosion and leaching of nutrients. Soil fertility decline is observable in declining crop andpastureyields. The main activity in the proposed project districts is agriculture, with over 80% of thepopulationdependingonfarmingtoearnaliving.IneasternUganda,thelandcoverisdominatedbycropland andwetlands (Figure 9). Land use and cover is equally dominated by cropland in southwesternUganda,exceptthatinthisregion,thereishighercoverageofwoodlandandforest(Figure 10).

Figure9:Land‐useandcoveroftheeasternregion


I

Figure10:LandcoverintheproposedprojectdistrictsofsouthwesternUganda.

2.2 AdministrativeBoundariesThe proposed project area spans a wide geographical area and many administrative boundaries,comprising 10 districts in south western Uganda, including Buhweju, Bushenyi, Kabale, Kanungu,Kisoro, Mitooma, Ntungamo, Rubirizi, Rukungiri and Sheema. The districts of Buhweju, Bushenyi,Mitooma, Rubirizi and Sheema form the Greater Bushenyi. The total project area is 19,471.6 km2comprisedoftwodistinctblocks,oneintheeasternpartofthecountry,whichis7,815.6km2whilethesouthwesternblockis11,656.1km2.Theeasternregionislocatedonaplateau,whichistraversedbynumerousswampsandspringsthatdraintoLakeKyoga,whilethesouthwesterndistrictsarelocatedonahigheraltitudeplateauwithundulatinghillstraversedbyfewerswampsandriverswhichdrainintoLakeVictoria.Theupperreachesofthewetlandsinbothareashavebeenimpactedbyagriculturalactivitiesanddroughts.Table5:WetlandtolandratiofortheeasternregionofUganda

District Areacoverage(km2)

Pop.Density(people/km2)

Wetlandarea(km2)

Wetland/totallandratio(%)

Adjustedpopdensity(people/Km2)


IBudaka 410.2 541.98 206.89 50.43 1093.5

Butaleja 655.12 375.31 304.13 46.42 700.51

Pallisa 1095.05 352.56 636.72 58.15 842.34

Ngora 721.01 197.62 397.02 55.06 439.79

Bukedea 1049.14 180.07 458.3 43.68 319.75

Mbale 518.61 920.17 101.77 19.62 1144.83

Kaliro 869.14 272.6 713.17 82.05 1519.06

Namutumba 813.75 291.28 280.65 34.49 444.62

Kibuku 489.9 413.62 407.61 83.2 2462.42

Tororo 1193.67 452.75 349.51 29.28 640.2

Table6:Wetlandtolandratioforthesouth‐westernregion

District Areacoverage(km2)

Pop.density(people/km2)

Wetlandarea(km2)

Wetlandtolandratio(%)

Adjustedpopdensity(people/km2)

Kabale 1734.88 350.75 55.42 3.19 362.32

Kisoro 729.52 393.65 4.55 0.62 396.12

Kanungu 1329.21 213.22 21.78 1.64 216.77

Ntungamo 2027.13 305.06 21.78 1.07 308.37

Bushenyi 845.39 353.4 23.88 2.82 363.67

Buhweju 750.08 165.37 6.8 0.91 166.88

Mitooma 543.9 377.07 11.16 2.05 384.97

Rubirizi 1472.26 100.32 419.45 28.49 140.29

Sheema 700.08 335.08 114.7 16.38 400.74

Rukungiri 1523.6 236.78 23.45 1.54 240.48

2.3 Wetlandcoverageineachtargetarea

Intheeasternregionwetlandcoveragerangesbetween19.62%(Mbale)and83.20%(Kibuku)(Table5). In the southwestern region, wetland coverage ranges between 0.62% (Kisoro) and 28.49%(Rubirizi)(Table6).Thelowestadjustedpopulationdensitywasestimatedtobe319.75peoplekm‐2(Bukedea)withthehighestbeingKaliro(2462.42peoplekm‐2).ThedistributionofwetlandsineachregionisdepictedinFigure 11andFigure 12.


I

Figure11:DistributionofwetlandsineasternUganda

Table7:DistributionofwetlandsineasternUganda.WetlandlossintheproposedprojectareaofEasternUganda(Wetlandmapping2008)

NAMEOFDISTRICT

Wetlandcoverage(km2)

1994

Wetlandcoverage(km2)2008

CHANGEINAREA %CHANGE(LOSS)

Butaleja 290.553 257.293 ‐33.260 ‐11.447

Kaliro 298.808 238.862 ‐59.946 ‐20.062

Mbale 90.613 79.439 ‐11.174 ‐12.332

Namutumba 279.346 249.756 ‐29.589 ‐10.592

Pallisa 642.463 510.267 ‐132.196 ‐20.576

Tororo 347.116 287.698 ‐59.418 ‐17.118

Budaka 124.116 88.646 ‐35.470 ‐28.578

Kibuku 426.5 329.140 ‐97.360 ‐15.20

Ngora 82 72.5 ‐9.5 ‐8.20

Bukedea 452.674 289.123 ‐163.551 ‐36.13


I

Figure12:DistributionofwetlandsinsouthwesternUganda

Table8:DistributionofwetlandsinsouthwesternUganda.ChangeinwetlandcoverageinSouth–WesternUganda

NAMEOFDISTRICT

Wetlandcoverage(sqkm)1994

Wetlandcoverage(sqkm)2008 CHANGEINAREA %CHANGE

Bushenyi 292.315 117.331 ‐174.984 ‐59.86

Kabale 89.868 129.083 39.215 43.636

Kanungu 71.211 81.397 10.186 14.304

Kisoro 25.662 6.824 ‐18.838 ‐73.41

Ntungamo 140.520 78.097 ‐62.423 ‐44.42

Rukungiri 72.585 77.105 4.520 6.22792.4 Qualityandquantityofwatersinthewetlandsofbothregions

Uganda’swaterresourceshaveregisteredageneraldecline inquantityandqualityover theyears.Waterqualityisanintegratedindicationofenvironmentalchangeandlocalorregionalenvironmentalpollutionimpacts.DeterioratingwaterqualitythreatenstoreversethenationalgainsinachievingtheNationalDevelopmentPlans aswell as International commitments. Global projectionsputUgandaamongthecountriesthatwillexperiencewaterstressby2020andwaterscarcityby2030.Climate


Ichangeandvariabilityanditsimpact,beitfloodsordroughtsortemperaturerisehasdirecteffectsonwaterquality.Theabovechallenges, risksand threats imposedbyclimatechangecreatesastrongimperativeforsustainablewaterandenvironmentalmanagementinthewetlands.

AccordingtotheNationalWaterResourcesAssessmentreport(2013),thereisevidenceofincreasedsedimentconcentrationinsurfacewatersandsiltationofreservoirs,weirsandrivers.Wetlandsarebuffer zones forwater bodies andprovide specialist support inholdingback floods fromenteringwatercourses,filteringandpurifyingwater,recharginggroundwaterandsustainingnaturalhabitatsthathelpconservewater.Waterqualityandquantityinthetwoprojectareashasbeenassessed,basedonthreeriversystemsi.e.RiversRwiziandManafwaaswellasKyanamira‐Buharamicro‐catchment.

2.5 SouthwesternUganda

2.5.1 RiverRwizi

TheriverRwizioriginatesfromtheBuhwejuhills,withsometributariesoriginatingfromotherpartsofAnkoleregionandpoursitswatersintoLakeVictoriaviatheKookilakes(Mburo,Kachera,Nakivale,Kijanebarola,e.t.c.)system.ItisthemajorinflowofLakeMburoandotherlakesinthesystem.Likeotherurbanriversandstreams,itfacessimilarthreatsofpollution.Understandingitswaterqualitydynamicsasanurbanriverisanimportantaspect.Nutrientuptakeandtransformationisacentralecosystemfunctionofstreams(Payneetal.,2005,Woodetal.,2005),andalthoughmanystudiesmayhavebeendoneonthewaterqualityofR.Rwizibyvariousresearchers,moreneedstobeknownaboutitswaterqualitydynamicsandvariationsintermsofbacterialloadandchemicalcontamination.Tracemetalssuchasmercury,copper,seleniumandzincareessentialforthebodyinlowconcentrations.However,becauseoftheirabilitytoaccumulateinthefoodchains,theybecomeathreattolifewhentheyappearbeyondlimitsintheenvironment.

ItisnoticeablethatthewaterresourcesintheR.Rwizihavedeclinedoverthepast10years.Thiscanbeattributedtoincreaseddegradationduetoincreasedagricultureinthecatchment,usingpoorlandandsoilmanagementsystems, includingovergrazing, all leading to increasedsoilerosion.Anotherreason is the recent increase of prolonged droughts in the area,that lead to reduced rainfall andincreasedevaporation.StudiesonwaterqualityofR.Rwizishowthatthereisincreasingheavymetal(lead, cadmium, zinc and cu) loading fromMbarara town into the river system (Egor,2012). Egor(2012)observedthattheconcentrationoflead(Pb)andcadmium(Cd)wereabovetheWorldHealthOrganisation (WHO) standard. He also observed an increasing loading of total phosphorous andnitrogenfromwatersources.Decliningtrendsinrainfallinthecatchmentservetoconcentrateheavymetalsfurther.

Recently the involvement of the private sector, under Public private Partnership (PPP), has beentargeted.ForexampletheDirectorateofWaterResourcesManagement(DWRM)throughthVictoriaWaterManagementZonehassecuredfundsfromGermanyDevelopmentCorporation(GIZ)andCoca‐Cola bottling Company in Uganda for management of River Rwizi Catchment; (Restoration of theNyakambuWetlandlocatedinSheemaandBuhwejudistricts)

2.5.2 Kyanamira‐Buharamicro‐catchment

Thiscoversanareaof123km2andislocatedmidstreamofthesub‐catchment,butdownstreamoftheconfluencebetweenthe2majorstreamsfrombothnorthandsouthoftheMazibasub‐catchment.Highervolumesofstreamflowthereforecharacterizeit.PartofitdrainsthroughKabaleMunicipality.Watersamplesforqualityassessmentsweretakenat4differentpointsinthismicro‐catchmentand


IresultspresentedinTable 9. Village Parish Sub‐county EC

(µS/cm)pH DO

(mg/l)

Temp(°C)

TSS(105°Cmg/l)

TSS(500°Cmg/l)

Northernward Rwakaraba Kabaletown 218 7 9 18.2 78 57Centralward Kigonji Kabaletown 227 6.9 7.1 18.3 71 52

Rwakihirwa Buhara Buhara 117 6.6 13.6 17.9 120 98 KyanamiraTC Kyanamira 157 6.8 6.2 18.8 289 246

Table9:WaterqualityparametersoftheKyanamira‐Buharamicro‐catchment

Theresultswerenormalformostparameters,exceptTSS,whichwashighatBuhara(120mg/lat105°C)andKyanamiraTownCouncil(289mg/lat105°Cand246mg/lat500°C);withsoilmakingup82%oftheinorganicmatterintheTSSatBuharaand85%atKyanamira.Duetonewagronomicalpractices of tea growing in the region, the use of agricultural inputs and chemicals (herbicides,pesticides, fertilizers, acaricides)may lead to the contaminationof thewater sourcesusedby thecommunitiesdownstream.

2.6 EasternUganda

TwomajorriversystemsintheeasternregiondrainintoLakeKyoga,namelytheMpologomariversystemthatdrainswaterfromtheManafwaregionandtheAwojariversystemthatdrainspartoftheElgonandKaramojaregions.TheMpologomariverbringsapproximately610millionm3yr‐1intoLakeKyoga.Themaximumrecordedwaterdepthis5mwithanaverageof4mannually.

Waterqualityparameters Budumba Mazuba Kapyani Nsango

DO(mg/l) 1.35+1.03 1.98+1.26 1.58+0.87 0.96+0.76Temp(°C) 23.75+1.72 24.53+0.81 25.35+1.31 24.18+1.49

Conductivity(microS)

OPO43‐(mg/l)

152+32.10.28+0.26

161+35.20.27+0.23

218+53.10.13+0.12

351+55.40.14+0.34

TP(mg/l) 0.67+0.44 0.62+0.39 0.29+0.27 0.23+0.19

Waterdepth(m)duringdryseason 0.52+0.27 0.45+0.14 0.30+0.15 0.35+0.14

Table10:Mean(+)STDofwaterqualityparametersalongMpologomariverwetland(September2011‐August2012)

2.6.1 RiverManafwa/MpologomariversystemTheobserveddischargeofR.Manafwa(1960‐2005)whenenteringthewetlandsinthefloodplainsofButalejadistrict,rangesbetween3m3s‐1(baseflow)and25m3s‐1(peakflow);withanannualaverageof7.7m3s‐1(Figure 13).Thesimulateddischargerangefrom3m3s‐1to28m3s‐1,withanaverageof10m3s‐1(Figure 13).Thesimulatedaverageconcentrationofsedimentis160g/lequivalentto260ton/day.RunoffandsoillosshotspotsfromManafwacatchmentshowthatrunoffsourceareasarenotnecessarilythesedimentsourceareas.Tenkm2(about0.1%ofthecatchment)contributes30%oftherunoffinthe


Icatchment.Mostoftherunoffcontributingareas(moderatetohighyield)arelocatedinthewesternpartofthecatchment.Sedimentsourceareasarelocatedinthesouth‐easternpartofthecatchment.Twentypercentofthecatchmentgenerates70%ofthesedimentsinthecatchment.

Figure13:Predictedandobserveddischarge,Manafwariver(1965‐2005)

Theaverageannualsedimentyieldsfromdifferenthydrologicalresponseunitsrangefrom5.7to241Mgkm‐2 yr‐1 (averageof 45Mgkm‐2 yr‐1)which is relativelyhigh compared toother catchments inUganda(Majaliwaetal.,2004),thoughcomparabletopublishedvaluesforotherundisturbedtropicalcatchments (e.g. Dunne, 1979 and El‐Swaify, 1990). If the 241Mg/km2 yr‐1 generated by themostproductive10km2isexcluded,theaverageannualsedimentyieldfallsto18Mg/km2yr‐1whichisclosertoothersedimentyieldsinUgandan’catchments.The10km2wascurrentlycoveredbymostlysandysoilandislocatedtowardstheoutletofthecatchment.Theaveragesoillossandrunofflossesfromthecatchmentaremoderateandaverages43tha‐1yr‐1forsedimentsand135m3ha‐1yr‐1.ThissuggeststhatsedimentsfoundinsuspensioninriverManafwaarenotfrominterillandrillerosiononly,butcouldalsocomefromgullies,riverbankerosionandlandslideareas.Manafwacatchmentrecordsthehighestnumber of landslide scares among Uganda’s catchments. From 98 recent landslides mapped, it isestimated that about 11 million m3 of slope material have been displaced in Manjiya county(Breugelmans,2003;Knapen,2003;andKnapenetal.,2006).

ManjiyaCounty,withinBududadistrictandsituatedonthesouth‐westernfootslopesofMountElgon,isthemostsensitiveareaforlandslidesinUganda(Claessensetal.,2010).Massmovementsassociatedwith intense rain‐stormsare reported tohaveoccurredperiodically inManjiya since theearly20thcenturybuttheincreaseinfatalitiesandlossesasaconsequenceoftheenormouspopulationgrowthdrawsattentiontothephenomenon(Knapenetal.,2006).2.7 Historicalclimateandprojectedclimatechangeintheprojectarea

2.7.1 Observedclimatevariabilityandchange

30

25

20

15

10 Observed

5

0

Year


IHistorical climate and projected climate change in the proposed project districts have beencharacterizedbyBasalirwa(1995)andveryrecentlyMajaliwaetal.(inpress).Theprojectareacoverssixhomogenousrainfallzonesintotal(Figure3).Insouth‐westernUganda,therainfallzonesincludeCW(KabaleandKisoro),ME(NtungamoandBushenyi)andMW(Kanungu,RukungiriandKasese);whileineasternUganda,thezonescompriseofD(Tororo,Pallisa,NamutumbaandButaleja,Budaka,Bukedea,Kibuku);zoneE(Ngora)andF(Mbale).

CW (Kisoro, Kabale): Average annual rainfall ranged from 795.7 and 1102 mm with a standarddeviationof89.6mm.Thezoneexperiencestworainfallseasons,MarchtoMaywithapeakinApriland August to November. Solar radiation varied between 16.4 and 18.51 while average annualtemperaturevariedbetween18.8Cand20.5C.ME(NtungamoandBushenyi):Theaverageannualrainfallrangedbetween800to1223mm.ZoneD(Tororo,Pallisa,NamutumbaandButaleja,Budaka,Bukedea,Kibuku):Theaveragerainfallrangesfrom1215to1328mm.therearetworainyseasonsinthesouthernpartofthezone,withthemainseasonoccurringinMarchtoMaywithpeakinAprilandthe second seasonoccurring inAugust toNovemberwithapeak inOctober/November.ZoneMW(KanunguandRukungiri):Theaverageannualrainfall884.5mm.Annualrainfallamountreachesover1500mmtowardstheRwenzoriMountain.

ZoneF(Mbale):Theaveragerainfallinthiszoneisintherangeof1215mm‐1328mm,withtworainyseasonsinthesouthernpartofthezonewherethemainrainseasonrunsfromMarchtoMaywithapeak in April. The second rain season runs from August to November with a peak inOctober/November

ZoneE:Annualrainfallaverageof1250mm,withtworainyseasons.Themainrainfallseasonoccursin March to May with the peak in April. The second rainy season has a moderate peak inOctober/November.

Figure14:ClimatologicallyHomogenousrainfallzonesofUganda(Basalirwa,1995)

SeasonalMAMandSONaveragerainfallamount,maximumandminimum,standarddeviationandcoefficientofvariationareshowninTable2forallthezonesintheproposedprojectarea.Theaveragerainfallamountvariedbetween237mm(MW)and536.8mm(F)forMAMand426.9mm(MW)forSON.ArelativelylowerMAMmaximumrainfallamount(428mm)hasbeenrecordedinZoneMEandthehighest(864.2mm)inzoneF.ZoneMWrecordedtherelativelylowestminimum(88.4mm)forMAM.TherelativelylowestSONmaximumrainfallamountwasrecordedthelowest(426.9)inzone


IMW.TheminimumamountofrainfallunderSONwasobservedunderzoneD(83.1mm).Thestandarddeviationvariedbetween69.8mm(ME)and148.4mm(F)forMAMand80.7mm(MW)and155.9mm(D)forSON.Thecoefficientofvariation(CV)variedbetween22.07%(H)and34.7%(D)forMAMand21.5%(E)and42.8%(D). Zones MAM SON

Mean(30years)

Max(Min) � CV Mean(30years)

Max(Min) � CV

E 472.8 753 121.9 25.8 358.0 463.8 76.8 21.5

D 372.8 636.6(137 9)

129.4 34.7 364.2 780.3(83 1)

155.9 42.8

F 536.8 864.2 148.4 27.6 316.3 481.2 71.7 22.6

MW 237.0 460.5 81.7 34.4 274.4 426.9 80.7 29.4

ME 292.9 428.0 69.8 23.8 384.1 596.2 92.8 24.2

H 402.4 705.4 88.8 22.1 334.9 531 95.0 28.4

Table11:SummarystatisticsofMAMandSONrainfallamountintheselectedzones

2.7.2 Projectedclimatechange

Projected climate change is depicted in Table 12 and Table 13, for representative concentrationpathways 4.5 and 8.5 and for mid‐century and end‐century. Generally rainfall amounts andtemperatureare,onaverage,projectedtoincreasewithincreasingRCPforbothperiods.Avariationof 1.4 to 1.5C is projected formaximum temperaturewhile 1.7‐1.8C is predicted forminimumtemperature formid‐century.An incrementof1.7 to2.8°C isexpected formaximumtemperaturewhile 1.8 to2.3°C forminimum temperature for end century.Relative changes in rainfall are, onaverage,projected tovarybetween6.8%and17.5%formid‐centuryand9.8%to17.9%forend‐Century.A similar trend is expected forRCP8.5with relatively higher changes than forRCP4.5.Generally,districtsintheeasternregionareexpectedtoexperiencerelativelyhigherrainfallamountscomparedtothoseinthesouthwesternregionforbothmid‐andend‐century.Itshouldbenotedthatprojectionsofrainfallareuncertaininthenearfuture,withIPCCsuggestingthattherewillbelittlechangebymid‐century(withsomemodelssuggestingbothincreasesanddecreasesinrainfall),butwithstrongeragreementbetweenmodelsonan increaseinrainfallbytheendofthe21stcentury(Niangetal.,2014).

Mid‐Century End‐Century

∆Tmax ∆Tmin Rainfall(%) ∆Tmax ∆Tmin Rainfall(%)oC % oC %

CE 1.46 1.74 8.76 2.15 1.84 13.13

E 1.41 1.63 17.25 1.76 2.04 23.14

CW 1.5 1.8 7.6 1.9 2.3 9.8

ME 1.5 1.8 6.8 1.9 2.3 11.9

F 1.4 1.7 17.5 2.0 2.3 17.9

Table12:ProjectedchangeinTemperatureandrainfallinthetargetdistrictsRCP4.5

Mid‐Century End‐Century

∆Tmax ∆Tmin Rainfall ∆Tmax ∆Tmin Rainfall


IoC % oC %

CE 2.13 2.48 9.90 3.61 4.21 22.00

E 1.98 2.27 17.32 3.43 3.90 36.36

CW 2.2 2.4 9.8 3.9 4.3 23.6

ME 2.1 2.4 8.3 3.8 4.3 20.1

F 1.7 2.1 23.5 3.4 4.0 37.4

Table13:ProjectedchangeintemperatureandrainfallinthetargetdistrictsRCP8.5

2.8 HydrologyAll thedistrictsof theproposedstudyareasexperienceseveralspillovereffects fromneighboringlocations,whichinfluencelocallivelihoodandenvironmentalcircumstances.HeavyrunofffromMt.Elgon,forexample,resultsinsiltationandfloodinginlow‐lyingareasofBukedeadistrict(KolirandMalera),ButalejaandKibukudistricts.Duetologisticalandtimeconstraints,theprocessesthatresultinvariousspillovereffectsareonlydiscussedinthisreportbasedonsecondarysourcesinordertoenhance understanding of their linkages to and implicationson theproject area andneighboringregions.ParticulartargetsitesfortheprojectwereconfirmedbyfurtherconsultationswithMWEstaffandlocalgovernmentofficialsataworkshopheldinJinja,easternUganda.2.9 WeatherandclimateinformationavailableformanagementofwetlandsandagricultureTheGovernmentofUganda(GoU)hasalwaysrecognizednaturalresources(includingtheweatherandclimate) as a basic factor in the country’s national development process. This is emphasized in theConstitutionoftheRepublicofUganda,1995,undertheNationalObjectivesandDirectivePrinciplesofState Policy (Objective XIII) as follows: “The State shall protect important natural resources,includingland,water,wetlands,minerals,oil,faunaandfloraonbehalfofthepeopleofUganda.”Thedaytodaymanagementandharnessingofallnaturalresourcesarelargelydependentonthestateoftheenvironment,weatherandclimate.Itisimportanttonotethattheproductivityoftheagricultureandwatersectorswillbesignificantlyunderminedbyclimatechangeimpactsintheabsenceofaccurateweatherandclimatedataandinformation.Weatherandclimateistherefore,animportantfactorinthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryasithasmajorinfluencesonthedevelopmentsofallothersectorsoftheeconomy.One way to support effective adaptation planning, in particular for an increase in intensity andfrequencyofdroughts,floodsinwetlandareas,istoimproveclimatemonitoringandforecasting,whichcan supportplanning activities related tomanagingwetlands (e.g.preparing for flooding,managingwaterextractionsduringdroughtperiodsetc)andagriculture(e.g.planningseedvarietiesandfertiliseraheadofaseasonordecidingwhentopreparelandforsowing)..Currently,someofthebasiccomponentsofafunctioningweather,climateandhydrologicalmonitoringsysteminthecountryhavenotbeenupdatedwithappropriateautomatedequipmentandhaveoftenbeenpoorlymaintainedoverthelast20‐30years.WhilstworkisongoingtostrengthenthecapacityoftheUgandaNationalMeteorologicalAgency(UNMA)todeliverinformationandservicesthroughtheproject“StrengtheningClimateInformationandEarlyWarningSystems”(SCIEWS),therearestillonlyafewmonitoringstationsinthetargetwetlandareas.Todateonly44weatherstations(12synopticstations,8hydro‐climaticstations,8agro‐climaticand16rainfallstations)arereportingregularlyasper the World Meteorological Standards, and the remaining 158 weather stations are reportingirregularly,varyingfromthreemonthstooneyear.Oftheseonly10ofweatherstationsarelocatedintheprojectareas.Hencedroughtconditions(rainfall)arenotmonitoredformanyagriculturalareas,intense rainfall is not monitored in areas that are prone to landslides and flooding (especially in


Imountainous or elevated catchments), and rapid rises in rivers are not identified as a precursor tofloodinginthewetlandareas.Mostoperationalstationsaremanuallyoperatedandthereforedonotreportdatawithsufficientfrequencyandtimelinesstoprovideadequateleadtimestorespondtofastonsethazardssuchasfloodsinwetlandareas.Thecurrentmonitoringinfrastructureisthereforelimitedforeffectiveearlywarningprovisionandplanningresponsestohazardsfacedinthesewetlandareas.The on‐going SCIEWS Project, with financing from the LDCF is trying to address this situation, byprocuring and installing up to 30 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) within the UNMA nationalnetwork.ThisisalsobeingsupplementedbyprojectsfundedbyGiZ/USAIDandtheGlobalResiliencePartnership12, all of which are aiming at increasing the density of weather stations in the country.Additionalworkisongoing,throughboththeGiZ/USAIDprojectsandSCIEWSprojects,todigitizeoldweather/climateandhydrologicalrecordsheldinpaperformats.TheSCIEWSprojectistacklingthisfor4districtsintheMtElgonregion,whichwillprovideusefulhistoricaldata,whichcanpotentiallybeusedfordeveloping,togetherwithsatellite‐basedestimates,improvedprojectionsandmonitoringofrainfall.

Figure15:MapshowingCurrentRegularReportingStations(2014).Key:Dar/Red‐Synoptic(12);Green‐Agro(8);Blue‐Hydro(8);Red‐Rainfall(16)

12http://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/teams/meteorological‐early‐warning/


I

Figure16:Mapshowingthe8majordrainagebasins(purple)and4watermanagementzones(brown)

Intermsofafunctionalearlywarningsystem,theMinistryofWaterandEnvironment,particularlytheUganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) and the Directorate of Water ResourcesManagement(DWRM)coordinateswithotherMinistries(MinistryofAgriculture,AnimalIndustriesandFisheries(MAAIF)andtheDepartmentofRelief,DisasterPreparednessandManagement(DRDPM)intheOfficeofthePrimeMinistertodisseminateweatherandhydrologicalinformationtothepublic.Intermsofprovidinginformation,whichcanbeusedforwetlandmanagementorassociatedagriculturalactivities,oneofthemainchallengesisthatthereisaweakcoordinationamongthesepartnerswithregardstoweather/climatemonitoring,sharingofinformationanddisseminatingittothoseinvolvedin water management and agriculture in wetland areas. Similarly there is weak inter‐sectoralcoordination in terms of sharing other sources of agricultural and environmental data, as well asdevelopingtailoredproducts,packaginganddisseminationtousers.Thisisalsoduetolimitedprotocols,agreements and standard operating procedures on official processes for sharing weather/climateinformation and issuingwarnings among stakeholders inwetland areas. These processes (betweenUNMA,DWRM,MAAIFandDRDPM)willneedtobedevelopedandstrengthenedinordertobeabletodeliver informationandproducts at the required timeframeand ina format thatwillbeuseablebydifferent stakeholders. Additionally there will need to capacity building of communities and thoseinvolvedinmanagingwaterandagricultureinthewetlandareastounderstand,interpretandutilizethisinformation.


I

Chapter3: Currentstatusofwetlandmanagement,agriculturallivelihoodsanduseofweather/climateinformation

ThedegradationofwetlandsandtheirassociatedecosystemservicesinUgandaisnegativelyaffectingthe livelihoods of the people living in and around thewetlands – around 4,000,000 people. This isparticularly highlighted in that over 80% of the people living adjacent towetland areas in Ugandadirectlyusewetlandresourcesfortheirhouseholdfoodandwatersecurityneeds.13Furthermoretheeconomic benefits ofwetlands, both in termsof providing food security and services, outweigh thecosts13(Table 14).Howevertherearethreatspresentedbyclimatechangeincluding:increasedintensityinrainfalleventsleadingtomorefrequentlifethreateningfloodsandlandslidesaswellasdamagetowetlandecosystemsthrougherosionandsiltation;lessreliablerainfallandprolongeddroughtsleadingtoreducedaccesstocleandrinkingwaterandthreatstoagriculturalandlivestockproduction;climatechangerelatedstressesleadingtounsustainableuseofwetlandsandwetlandcatchments;andclimatechangeinducedreductionsinwetlandresilienceandproductionofecosystemservices.

Table14:Summaryoftotaleconomiccontributionofwetlandsinthreeagro‐ecologicalzonesofUganda.FromKakuru,Willy,NelsonTuryahabwe,andJohnnyMugisha,TotalEconomicValueofWetlandsProductsand Services in Uganda, The Scientific World Journal, Volume 2013 (2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/192656

Resourcecontribution(US$) Southwesternfarmlands LakeVictoriacrescent KyogaplainsAvailability Fishbreeding/spawning 134,119 673,956 283,369Fishproduction 464,295 372,300 365,000Cropfarming 417,536 3,310,200 25,090,560Livestockgrazing/pastures 2,411,46 837,814 994,443Livestock watering 19,291,68

16,702,510 7,955,540

Valueaddedthroughmilk production 7,717 2,681 3,182Wetlandgrassformulching

AccessibilityPapyrus

4,202,000

864,484

4,456,000

1,660,080

8,658,000

2,054,080Papyruscrafts

Services/function2,288,340 3,984,19

25,006,820

Domesticwatersupply 4,333,947 6,865,838 2,724,610Nonusevalues 298,139,030 1,402,240,250 704,898,632

Totaleconomicvaluetofoodavailability 26,928,808 16,355,461 43,350,09Totaleconomicvaluetofoodaccessibility 3,152,82 5,644,272 7,060,90

0Totaleconomicvaluethroughservicesandfunctions 302,472,977 1,409,106,088 707,623,242Total economic valueofwetlands to food security 332,554,609 1,431,105,821 758,034,236Costsofmanagementandmaintenanceofwetlands

Managementcosts 19,040 14,200 15,428Opportunitycosts 1,404,266 6,614,910 3,325,280Totaleconomiccosttomaintainthewetlands 1,423,306 6,629,110 3,340,708Neteconomic value ofwetlands for food security 331,131,303 1,424,476,711 754,693,52

8Netbenefitsperhectareperyear (US$) 11,358 10,388 10,948

13Kakuru,Willy,NelsonTuryahabwe,andJohnnyMugisha,TotalEconomicValueofWetlandsProductsandServicesinUganda,TheScientificWorldJournal,Volume2013(2013).http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/192656.


IIn both Eastern and South Western Uganda there are three critical barriers that are preventingcommunitiesfromadaptingtoclimatechangeinducedimpactsandtheyinclude:thelimitedtechnicalknowledge on the agro‐ecological and hydrological systems of the wetlands, insufficient extensionservicesforresilientagricultureandlivelihoods;extensionstaffatdifferentlevelsincludingdistrict,subcountiesandvillagelevelsarenotequippedwithskillsthatenablesthemtoguidefarmersonclimatesmartagricultureincludinggrowingofearlymaturingcrops,aswellasinadequateclimateinformationandtailoredadvisoriestohelpmanagewaterandprepareforfloods.Thishindersaccesstoinformationbyfarmersonclimateandweatherandpropercommunicationmechanisms.

For example,mostwetlands in the proposed project areas are believed to have good potential forexpansionofagriculturetomeetthefooddemandsoftheincreasingpopulations.However,thisbeliefisnotbeingguidedwithscientificfindingstoinformfarmersonwhattogrowinwetlandswhenandwhere.Thedepartmentofwetlandsmanagementhowever isresponsibleforrestorationofwetlandguidancebytheKampalamatrix.Thedepartmentinthelastfinancialyear2014/2015restored525hectares of wetland sections in both east and southwestern Uganda. Restoration activities areundertakenwith the participation ofwetland user communities. Small‐scale agriculture in criticalwetlands can be zoned into three areas, namely; the core zone where no activity is allowed, theconservationzonewhereharvestingofnaturalproductsisallowedandtheuserzonewhereregulatedactivities are acceptable. This process is already being piloted under the National WetlandsManagementProjectfundedbyJICA.Underthisapproach,therestorationprocesstakesanaturalpathand it takes 2‐3 years for awetland to regain its hydrological integrity. An alternative approach isthroughmanipulationusingmachinery(bulldozers)tocreateembankments,dykes,damsandblockingdrainage channels. Original wetland vegetation should be planted to enhance regeneration. ThisapproachwaspilotedonNakaibawetland,Masakadistrictandtheprocesstook3‐4years.Thisactivitycanbe implementedwith a number of partners including local governments, communities and theprivatesectordependingontheircapacityandexperiencetoundertaketheseactivities.

3.1 DegradedwetlandareasineasternandsouthwesternUgandaandcurrentrestorationefforts

The Lake Victoria wetland catchment and Lake Kyoga catchment are among to the most criticalecosystemsinUganda.ThewetlandcatchmentareasaroundLakeVictoriaalonehaveshrunkbymorethanhalf its size in20years from7,167.6km2 in1994 to3,310km2 in2008,whereas thewetlandcatchmentofLakeKyogahasalsoreducedinsizefrom15,008.3km2in1994to11,028.5km2in2008.TheGlobalWaterPartnershipinEastAfricastatesthatUgandalosesapproximately15%ofitsGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)duetothedestructionofitsnaturalresources,includingwetlands.

In areaswherepopulationshave increased tremendously, suchas theDistricts ofKabale,Rukingiri,Kisoro and Bushenyi, wetlands became the first targets. Rich and "progressive" farmers acquiredwetlands and commenced the programme of draining them to convert them into dairy farms. Thescramblefortheseareashasbeencontinuinguntilrecentlywhengovernmentintervenedtointroduceanewpolicy(seesection1.8)andapproachtotheuseofthisresource.IneasternUgandamostespeciallyinthedistrictsofKibuku,MbaleandBudakawetlandsaredrainedforbothsmall‐scaleandlarge‐scalericegrowing.


I

Figure17: Intactanddegradedwetlandareas in southwestUganda.Degradedareasasapriority forrestorationareinorange.


I

Figure18:DegradedareasofwetlandperdistrictinsouthwestUganda

Figure 17andFigure 18showtheamountofdegradedwetlandareasinsouthwesternUganda,whichareinneedofrestorationactivitiesandimprovedwetlandmanagement,includingtheneedtoimprovethelivelihoods of communities in their immediate vicinity. Most of the degraded areas are found inKanungu,KabaleandRukungiri,withpriorityareas(seeChapter2:)forrestorationtowardsthesouth,eastandnorth.LikewiseFigure 19andFigure 20showtheamountofdegradedwetlandareasineasternUganda,whichare inneedof restorationactivitiesand improvedwetlandmanagement.Mostof thedegraded areas are found in Tororo, Bukedea and Pallisa, with priority areas (see Chapter 2:) forrestorationtowardsthecentralandwesternareas.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Area Degrad

ed (Ha)

District


I

Figure 19: Intact and degradedwetland areas in Eastern Uganda. Degraded areas as a priority forrestorationareinorange.


I

Figure20:Degradedareas(km2)ofwetlandperdistrictinEasternUganda.

Despite previously mentioned challenges, Uganda’s wetlands have not become wastelands, as theGovernmentofUgandahasputinplacemechanismsforconservationandmanagementofwetlandsinboththesuggestedtargetareasandnationally:i. TwelveWetlands of international importance such as the Lake Georgewetlands,Mabamba,

Bisina,Opeta,Nabugabo,Lutembe,MurchisonfallNationalPark,Nakivale,LakeMburo,etchavebeendesignatedasRamsarSitesaspartof theobligationofUgandabeingasignatory to theRamsarConvention.

ii. TheGovernmentofUgandathroughtheNationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority(NEMA),WetlandsManagementDepartment(WMD)andDistrictLocalGovernmentshastakenstepstostop the degradation of wetlands through sensitization on wise use of wetlands andenforcementsofthenationallaws.

iii. WMD in collaboration with the District and Communities has been piloting the use of the“EcosystemsApproach”intherestorationandManagementoffragileareasincludingwetlands,riverbanksandlakeshores.ThisapproachisbeingpilotedinthedistrictsofNtungamo,KabaleandBushenyiinsouthwesternUgandaandMbaleinEasternUganda.

iv. TheWetlandsManagementDepartmenthasalsopublishedwetlandsresourcesuseGuidelinesto provide guidance to thosewho intends to carry our activities inwetlands. These includeGuidelinesforWetlandsEdgeGardening,GuidelinesforSmallholderPaddyRicecultivationinSeasonalWetlands,GuidelinesforsandandclaymininginwetlandsandfortherehabilitationofSandandClayminingareas,GuidelinesforFishFarminginSeasonalWetlandsandmanyothers.AllthesehavebeenprovidedtolocalGovernmentsinprojectareas.

v. Government through the Wetlands Management Department in the Ministry of Water andEnvironment has been assisting communities in the development of Community WetlandsManagementPlansrefertotablebelow

vi. Restoration of wetlands: In the financial year 2014/15,Wetlands Management Departmentrestored525haofMporogomawetlandsystemineasternandRwizicatchmentwetlandsystemsinsouthwesternUganda.Theprocessofphysicalrestorationofcriticalwetlandsinthecountryworkingwasasaresultofworkingcloselywiththelocalleadersandcommunities;someofthewetlandsrestoredasaresultofsucheffortsareindicatedinthetablebelow.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000


I

No WetlandName Location Importance1. Orusindura Sheema Waterforproduction(humanand

LivestockandproposedWatersupply forSheemaandBushenyiDistricts

2. Kandekye Bushenyi Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

3. Nyaruzinga Bushenyi WatertreatmentforIshaka‐BushenyiMunicipalityandsurroundingareas

4. Rushebeya‐Kanyabaha Kabale Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

5. Akadot Kumi Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

6. Limoto Kibuku Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

7. Nakuwa Kaliro Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

8. Lwala, paya,Mudakoli,KangirimaandNabuyoga

Tororo Waterforproduction(humanandLivestockandwastewatertreatment

9. Gamulunkuka Bugiri Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

10. Khalulungu,Nashangale Mbale Waterforproduction(humanandLivestock)

Table15:RestoredWetlandsintheProjectarea(source,Fielddata)

3.2 Developingagriculturallivelihoods,includingwetlandareasAgricultureisthedominantsectorintheUgandaneconomyandprovidesalivelihoodformostruralUgandanswho aremostly smallholder subsistence farmers. Almost all of them rely on rainfall andirrigationisnotwidespreadbecauseitrequiresalargecapitalinvestmentthatfewcanafford.Agriculture land use can influence, to some extent, the timing and flow of water in a catchment;deforestation,forexample,canacceleraterunoffbecausethereisnolongerenoughvegetationtoabsorbwaterandslowitsflow.Thereisthereforeastronglinkbetweenthemanagementofwetlandsandland.Poor agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of steep slopes that are unsuitable for cropproductionorovergrazing,willleadtoincreasedsurfacerunoffandsoilerosion.This,inturn,affectswaterqualityinvariousways.Thetransportofsedimentstowaterbodiesandwetlandscausessiltationandturbidity,reducinglightpenetrationandproductivity.Theshort‐termeffectsofsiltationincludetheblockageofintakesandreducethecardinalfunctionsofwetlands.Overthelongtermitwillalsoreducethestoragecapacityoflakesandwetlandsreservoirs‐thiscanoccurquiterapidlyinsmallones.Poorlanduseintheprojectareasacceleratesthedischargeofnutrientsandchemicalsresultinginpollutionandeutrophication,whiledegradedsoilstructureresults indecreased infiltrationratesandreducedgroundwaterrecharge.Thehydrologicalregimecanalsobedisruptedwithdryseasonflowsdecreasingandpeakflowsbeingmuchhigherafterheavyrains.

3.2.1 Croppingsystems

ThedistrictsinsouthwesternUgandaarehighlandareaswithinterlockingandheavilycultivatedhillsinterspersedwithspectaculardeepvalleys.Theyaretraversedbyanumberofwetlands,whichfeedintostreamsandriversflowingthroughthedistrictsandacrossborders.


IWetlands are considered prime areas and individuals own much of the land, especially wealthierindividuals.Somelandlordshaveprocessedtitlesonthesewetlandsbutthemajorityofwetlandusersarethepoorwhorentthoseareasfromtherichlandlords.Theproposedinterventionismainlytargetingvulnerablecommunitiesthathavesmallpiecesoflandthatareadjacenttowetlands.Richlandownerswhoownbigpiecesoflandwillnotbeincludedintheproject.Therearealsocooperatives,whichownwetlands,especiallyinthedistrictsofKabale,Kisoro,Buwheju,RukungiriandKanungu,andrentouttheseareastofarmerstocarryoutcultivation.Otherinstitutions,especiallychurches,ownlargeareasofland,includingwetlands.

Poorfarmingpracticesalonghillslopeshavereducedtheproductivityoftheseareasandfarmershaveresortedtofarminginwetlandsastheonlyoptionleft tothem.Growingof Irishpotatoes isamajoractivityinthesedistrictsandfarmersclaimtheygrowbetterinwetlands.Teagrowing,whichusedtobeahighlandactivityhasalsobeenadoptedasamajoractivityinwetlands.Associatedfarmingpracticesinsuchareasinvolvediggingtrenchesthatdrainawaythewaterandcropsaregrownonmoundsofearth.Vegetationinthesewetlandshasbeenclearedleavingthestreamsandriversunprotectedleadingtohighlevelsofsiltation.

TheSoilConservationSectionofMAAIFrankedtheKabaleDistrictasthemostseverelyerodedinthecountry (Annual report 1993) with erosion being reported from more than 80% of the district.Accelerated erosion in the district is having an adverse effect on water supplies from springs asincreased surface runoff has reduced infiltration. Further reductions in soil cover and reducedinfiltrationcapacitycausedbypoorsoilstructurewillaggravatethesituationfurther.Anotherimpactof soil erosion is siltationand increased turbidity andalthough some lakes, suchasLakeBunyonyi,remainlargelyunaffected(becauseofitsgreatdepth),siltationisevidentinshallowerlakes.

InEasternUganda,thesituationonandaroundMt.ElgonappearstobelessseriousthaninKabaleastheperennialcropsgrownthereprovidebettergroundcover.Also,thesoilsinthisareaoriginatefromvolcanicmaterials,whichhavearelativelyhighhydraulicconductivityandlowerodibility.Ontheotherhand,factorsthatincreasetheleveloferosion,suchashighpopulationdensitiesandrapidrunofffromthemanyriversthatariseonthemountainareriskfactorsthatcouldincreaseerosion.Almostallofthearea,apartfromTheNationalPark,iscultivatedwithplantains,oftenintercroppedwithcoffee,beingthemaincroponthemountainslopes,alongwithmaizeandbeans.Inthedrierlowlandsmillet,sweetpotatoes,cassavaandcottonaregrownandinthelowlandareasisricegrowing.Cattlearecommon,buttheirnumberisusuallylimitedtooneortwoanimalsperhouseholdandsincetheytendbefedoncropresiduesanddonotgraze,theircontributiontosoilerosionisinsignificant.Bycontrast,cultivationonandclosetotheriverbanksiscontributingsignificantlytothesedimentloadoriginatingfromthelower parts of the area. Because of its high rainfall (1500 ‐ 2000mm/year)many perennial riversoriginate onMt. Elgon, draining on the Ugandan side to Lakes Opeta and Kyoga. Flood waters arecharacterisedbyhighsedimentloads,whichmayaffecttheoperationofsmallhydropowerplantsanddownstream irrigation schemes. The accelerated deposition of sediments in the large swamp areasbetweenLakeOpetaandLakeKyogamayalsoaffectthefunctionallyofthewetlandsandreducetheircapacitytobufferseasonalfloods.(DWRM2013)

3.2.2 Livestockfarming Thelivestocksectorisanimportantcomponentofthenationaleconomymakingupabout15%oftheagriculturaleconomyandabout5%ofthenationalGDP.Uganda’snaturalenvironmentprovidesgoodgrazinggroundsforcattle,goats,andsheepwithextensivegrasslandsinthenortheastandsouthwestofthecountry.Thesegrazinglandsarecomplementedbyabundantseasonalwetlandsintheprojectareas,whichprovidegrazingareasduringthedryseason.HoweverinwesternUgandalivestockfarmingin the districts of Bushenyi, Kabale,Kisoro and Buwheju farming take place inwetlands. Therewasextensivedrainageofwetlandsforexoticcattlerearing.


I3.2.3 Climatesmartagriculture

Climatesmartagriculturehasbeenpilotedinseverallocationsandthelessonsfromexistingpilotsareinstructiveandprovideusefulinformationwhenscalinguptheseactivitiestootherareas.Theterminalevaluationofthe"EnhancingadoptionofClimateSmartAgriculture[CSA]practicesinUganda’sfarmingsystems”(EACSA), implementedbyMAAIFwithsupportofUNDPandCOMESA,notesseveralusefullessonsfromwhatwasashortdurationbutsuccessfulproject:

Farmerswillinglyadopttechnologies/practices thataresociallyacceptableandeconomicallyviable.

Attitudinal change always takes a long time, but since CSA technology often proves highlyprofitable,farmersandotherstakeholdersadopteditquickly.

Peer to peer exchange visits and group participatory monitoring and evaluation enhancesadoptionofnewtechnologies.

Youth/school‐pupils provided with the knowledge and skills of CSA can be used as changeagentswithinthecommunities.

Motivationofextensionworkers/ToTsisimportantinthesuccessoftheproject. Multi‐ministerial and sectoral approach builds synergies in project implementation and

enhancesprojectsuccessrate. Using government structures in project implementation is cost effective and enhances

sustainability. CSAprovidesausefulmodelthatcanbescaledup.

It isclear,however, fromtheevaluationthatCSAtakestimetobecomepartofstandardagriculturalpracticeswithinacommunityandthatitiscriticalthataproperinputsupplychainisinplacetoallowfarmers to access the required seedlings, tools, herbicides and pesticides. It was also found thatagriculturalextensionstaffareoftenstretchedandcanonlyprovidelimitedsupportfortheseactivities.Henceitisimportanttodevelopand/orstrengthenCBOsandothercommunitystructurestopromotetheuptakeofCSA.

3.2.4 Microcreditandtheinputsupplychain

FurtherlessonsfromtheEACSAprojectareimportantforthedevelopmentoffinancingmechanismstosupportsmall‐scalefarmers.Itwasnotedthattheaccountingsystemsofdistrictsareoftenweakwhichmeansthatittakesalongtimetodisbursemicro‐grantstofarmers’groups.Atthemacro‐level,itwasnotedthattherearenoencouragingenablingpolicyframeworks.Forexample,thereisnoseedpolicyand system toensure thequalityof seeds,herbicides andpesticides,whichmeans that farmers aredependentontheethicalresponsibilityofprivatecompanies.Micro‐creditisoftenexpensive[upto48%interestrateperannum]andtherearehightaxesonsteel,whichmakeslocalmanufacturingofrippers(for low impact tillage) costly.There isnomechanismby theGoU to supportprices to farmersandpurchase of grains from smallholders and farmers are left at the mercy of traders. During farmerdiscussions,severalfarmersreportedthatthequalityofseedsprovidedbythesupplierswasverypoor,and itwill continue to pose a problemuntil the GoU establishes strong seed quality standards andmonitoringsystem,ormechanismsareinplacetovetseedsandidentifyhonestsuppliersatthelocallevel.

3.2.5 Socio‐economicbenefitsthroughimprovedlivelihoodpractices


ITheCOBWEBprojectdemonstratedseveralpositivesocio‐economicbenefits to communitieshavingrestorednearbywetlandareas.Forinstance,communitiesatMagoroCCAwereabletogenerateUS$1,200fromeco‐tourismactivitiesaloneduring2012.Duringdiscussionswithcommunities,memberscitedmany examplesof increases in their income levels. For example, at LakeNakivale CCA, itwasreportedthatduetosoilandwaterconservationmeasuresbananaproductionincreased.Whilstfarmersusedtoget10bunchesofbananaworthUGX10,000peracrepermonth,theynowgetupto40bunchesperacrepermonthworthUGX40,000.BeforeCOBWEBinterventionstheuseofunder‐sizednets(3inches) would lead to harvesting of approximately 100 small fish, which would fetch UGX 5,000.However,withtheuseofrightsizednets,thesamefishermanget10largesizefishthatfetchUGX20,000perday.ItwasreportedthatintheRukingaCCAthatparents,usingincreasedincomefromfisheries,havesponsoredatleast3studentstoattainuniversityleveleducation.AtKacheeraCCA,itwasreportedthatpriortotheproject,fishermenstartedmigratingtoLakeVictoriaandLakeMburo[70fishermenmigrated],butafter the fishcatchimprovedtheyreturned.The increased incomeandsatisfactionofcommunitieshasalsocontributedtowardsthereductionofthecrimerate.Inthepast,goatsusedtobestolenandnowitishardlythecase.Likewise,inthepast3‐4houseswerebrokenintoperweekbutnowit has been stopped altogether. Thus project interventions have contributed towards the improvedlivelihoodsofcommunities,aswellasachievingenvironmentalbenefits.

3.3 Currentstatusofclimatemonitoring,hydrological,weatherandseasonalforecastingThelivesandlivelihoodsofmostcommunities intheproposedprojectareasdependonAgriculturalproduction,whichisaffectedbyclimatevariabilityandchange.Furthermoretheavailabilityofwaterisalsodependentontheclimateandaffectsboththenaturalfunctioningofthewetlandecosystemaswellasthelivesofcommunitiesdependentonthisresource(includingforfarminganddomesticuse). Inordertobeabletomonitortheavailabilityofwaterandtoadviseonclimate‐smartagriculturalpractices(whichwillhelpsustainlivelihoodsaswellaspromoteefficientuseofwater),itisnecessarytoprovideusefulinformationonthecurrentweather,climateandforecastsofexpectedconditionsoverthecomingdaystomonths.Theabilitytodothisisrestrictedbyavailableground‐basedmonitoringequipment,whichcanbeusedtogroundtruthsatelliteobservationsaswellasdevelopmorenuancedforecasts.ItisalsorestrictedbytheabilityofUNMA,DWRMandMAAIFstafftobeabletocombinethisinformationwithotherenvironmentalandsocio‐economicinformation,inordertodevelopdecision‐relevantandusefuladvisories/warningsforfarmersandwetlandwatermanagers..

3.3.1 Currentstatusofobservingsystemsintheprojecttargetareas CurrentlyUgandaisusingboth,traditional(conventional)gaugingandautomaticweatherobservationsystems(AWOS).Conventionalsurfaceobservationnetworksprovidebenchmarkdataforclimaticandagriculturalmonitoring.Howeverinordertobeusefulinawarningandadvisorycapacityitneedstobetransmittedandmonitoredinclosetorealtime.Thisisoftendifficultfrommanualobservations,whichrelyonobserversusingradiostocallindata,whichinsomecasesareonlyreceivedattheendofthemonth. Additional delays are caused by the time it then takes to manually key data into shareddatabases, leading to the impractical use of manually observed data for monitoring and advisoryservices. In addition some of this equipment, especially in remote regions away from towns in theproposedprojectareaisoldandmayrequirereplacing.TheproblemoftimelinesscanbeaddressedbyAWOS that collect data continuously and sends the data to a central server/repository at intervalsdeterminedbytheoperator(whocancontrolthesystemremotely)..Thedataloggeratthestationcanbeprogrammedtoprovidedailysummariesinadditiontoregularacquisition.Givenaccesstodataandsuitablequalitycontrolprocedures(theseareundertakenthroughtheClimsoftsoftwareatUNMA),thereisafurtherneedtoprovidethesedataineitherrawformats,orprocessedintomore suitable formats to both MAAIF (for dissemination through extension services) and DWRM,includingmakingthemavailabletotheNationalWetlandInformationSystem(NWIS).Currentlythisis


Inotundertaken.

3.3.2 Availableweatherandhydrologicalstations,proceduresfordatacapture,communicationsandarchiving.

Therearefourmaintypesofmeteorologicalstationsinthehydro‐climaticnetworkofUgandanamely:synoptic stations, climatological stations, agro‐meteorological stations, and hydro meteorologicalstations(WRAP,2001).Asa resultof thedevelopingtechnology, themethodsandtechniquesof theobservationshavealsobeendevelopedandthemeteorologicalparameters,whichcanbeobserved,haveincreasedsignificantly.Whilstithasbecomepossibletoobserve,tomeasure,tocalculate,torecord,toreport,totransmitandtoevaluatefollowingmeteorologicalparameters.Intheproposedprojectareatheavailableequipmentisnotuptodate(besidesthoseshowninFigure 15)tocapturetheincreasednumberofdatarequirements.

Stationtype Existing FullyoperationalSurfacehydrometricstations(riversandlakes)

80ofwhich16intheKyogaWMZhavebeenupgradedtotelemetricstatus.

35

AutomaticWeatherStations(AWSs) 10 5AcousticDopplerProfile 0 0

Table16:StatusofexistinghydrologicalstationsundertheDWRM.Source;DWRM

Stationtype Existing FullyoperationalSynoptic 12 0Agro‐meteorological 17 7Hydro‐meteorological 15 5Rainfallstations 150 60AutomaticWeatherStations 33 1Radar 1 0UpperAir 0 0PilotSounding 0 0Satellitereceivingstations 1 1

Table17:StatusofexistingmeteorologicalstationsunderUNMA(seeAnnex2forlocationandoperationstatusofexistingstations in thezonescovering theeasternandsouthwesternwetlandregions).Source;UNMA

There are 12 operational synoptic stations in Uganda. The table below shows the locations of available synoptic stations. Mostoftheabovestationsareunautomatedandusemanualobservinginstruments.

AruaMet.StationS2 HUGU GuluMet.StationS3 HULI LiraS4 HUMI MasindiS5 HUSO SorotiS6 HUKS KaseseS7 HUEN EntebbeInternationalAirportS8 HUJI JinjaS9 HUTO TororoS10 HUMA MbararaS11 HUKB KabaleS12 HUKA Kampala‐Makerere

Table18:Locationofavailablesynopticstations


I

3.3.3 Weatherforecasts,equipment,datasourcesandproceduresStatusofequipment:ThefollowingmajorstationsacrossthecountryarefairlywellequippedandreportregularlytoUNMA:

11SynopticstationfeedingintoandtransmittedthroughtheGTS 20agrometeorologicalstations(NARO) 18Hydro‐metstations 300rainfallonlystations 1UpperairstationatEntebbeairport

The status of all meteorological stations in the eastern and southwestern wetland regions is given in Annex 2. Furthermore, Figure 21 below shows the locations of currently installed AWS across the country and those proposed to be install by other donors including GIZ, FAO and WFP14. Most of these AWS are located in central regions and, besides immediately in the vicinity of Lake Kyoga, away from the wetland regions in eastern and southwestern Uganda.

KEY :

14MajuguA.W.(2015)ASSESSMENTOFTHECURRENTSTATUSANDTHEPOTENTIALOPTIMALNATIONALWEATHERMONITORINGNETWORKANDIT’SSUSTENANCE.Finalreport.UNDP,Kampala.Pp70.


IFAO(22) GIZ_stns(23)

WFP(8) Synoptic Stns(12)

Figure21:InstalledAWSstationsandthoseproposedtobeinstalledbydifferentdonors.

Weatherforecasting:

GlobalTelecommunicationSystem(GTS).InformationonglobalobservationsandthosefromneighbouringcountriesisreceivedviatheGTS

EUMETSATsatellitedatareceivingstation.UpgradedfromPUMAtoAMESDstation.Thisisfullyinstalledandoperationalsincemid‐December2010.

Trainedstaffinoperationsandmaintenanceofthesystem WRFnumericalweatherpredictionmodelforshortrangeforecasting,thiswasinstalled

throughNOAAundertheUSgovernmentsupporttoSevereWeatherForecastDemonstrationProject(SWFDP)indevelopingcountries.TheoutputsofSWFDPareavailablethroughtheEUMETSATsystemandviaawebsite

SatelliteAviationdataDistributionSystem(SADIS),fullyoperationinthePilotBriefingoffice.Asbackup,theDepartmentisaregistereduserandwhenevertheradioisdownthedataserverintheUKisaccessedviainternet.

Nocomputingfacilitiesforrunningmodels(yetmodelproductguidanceiscriticalforforecasting).Theavailable low performing computers are used for visualization of global models products, surfacepressurechartsandsatelliteimagery.The introduction of the Automatic Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) has replaced the many ofmannedweatherstations.Withtheadvancementofinformationtechnologyandelectronics,andalsothe growing demand formeteorological information, it becomesmore essential to disseminate themeteorologicalinformation,throughnationalandregionalnetworks,totheusercommunity.Agro meteorological forecasts:

Agro‐meteorologicalstationsatwhichadditionalphenologicalparametersincludingsoiltemperature;cropdevelopmentstage,soilmoistureandinfiltrationareobservedtoaugmentthemeteorologicaldata.Suchadditiveparametersarebeneficialtoagriculture.Thereareonly14Agro‐meteorologicalstationsinUgandaandmostofthemareundertheNationalAgriculturalResearchOrganization(NARO).Rainfallobservationsaremadeeverydayat0600GMT(0900EAST)byobservationalexpertswhorecordtheobservationsonrainfallcards,andsendthecardstothemeteorologicaldepartmentattheendofthemonth.ThevariousdataonrespectivemeteorologicalparametersissenttotheNationalMeteorologicalAuthorityandthenenteredintoCLICOMsoftware.However,thedataheldontheCLICOMdatabaseisnot easily accessible and cannot be read directly by other software packages. Therefore UNMA iscurrentlymovingovertotheClimsoftdatabase.

Additionallyforecastsarecurrentlynottailoredforusebytheagriculturesectorandadvisoriesone.g.onsetoftherains,raindayfrequency,aswellastheintensityofrainfallarestillunderdevelopment.Whilsttheadditionofnewmonitoringequipment,whichisabletotransmitdatainnearrealtime,willhelptoimprovetheseadvisories,thiswillnotdirectlyaffectthequalityofforecastsinthenearfuture.WeatherforecastsusingtheWRFnumericalweatherprediction(NWP)modelareunderdevelopmentbutrequireextensivetestingandskillassessments.Aquickerandmoretractablesolutioninthenear‐termistodevelopModelOutputStatistics(MOS),whichcanservetocalibrateorcorrectbiasesinthenumericaloutputsfromglobalmodels(GFSandECMWF)whicharecurrentlybeingaccessedthroughtheEUMETSATsystemandassociatedwebsites.


I3.4 Disastermanagementpreparednessandresponse

Whilstthisprojectdoesnottargetdisasterresponseitwillprovideinformationrelatedtofloodingandhigh intensity rainfall in the project target areas. Such information would be useful to disastermanagementandparticularlytocommunitylevelauthorities.AlthoughfloodinginUgandaisprimarilycausedbyextremerainfall it isoccasionallyexacerbatedbyother factorssuchasback‐watereffects,blocked drainage channels, wetland degradation, deforestation and urbanization. The level of LakeKyoga, for example, rose substantially after the 1997/1998ElNiñobecause its outletwas partiallyblocked by water weeds which had been swept into the lake because of exceptional floods in itscatchment.TheUgandaNationalMetrologicalauthority(UNMA)undertheMinistryofEnvironment,theDepartmentofGeologicalSurveyandMinesandtheNationalEnvironmentManagementAuthorityareresponsibleformonitoringofthesepotentialhazards.

The process of disaster management involves all government ministries in collaboration withhumanitariananddevelopmentpartners,theprivatesector,localgovernmentsandthecommunity.TheMinistryresponsibleforDisasterPreparednessandRefugeesintheOfficeofthePrimeMinisteristheleadagencyincoordinatingallstakeholdersondisasterpreparednessandmanagementinthecountry.

3.4.1 Villageanddistrictcivilprotectioncommittees IntheprojectareasofbotheastandwesternUganda,thereareDistrictDisasterManagementTechnicalCommittees.TheDistrictDisasterManagementTechnicalCommittee(DDMTC)inthedistrictischairedbytheChiefAdministrativeOfficerandcomprisesofdistrictheadsofdepartment,theDistrictPoliceCommander,thearmyrepresentativeandrepresentativesofotherrelevantgovernmentagenciesandPartners.The functionsandrolesof thecommitteearearticulated in theUgandaNationalPolicy forDisasterPreparednessandManagement(2010).

3.4.2 Communicationofwarnings Currentlyaccesstoreliableclimateanddisasterinformationislimitedintheprojectareas,howevertheongoing SCIEWS project supported by the UNDP, will complement the GCF resources throughrehabilitating climate/hydrological stations, the development of forecasting capacity at UNMA andderivingforecastproducts..However,inordertocommunicateandprovideinformationtobeusedinthemanagementofwetlandsandtosupportagriculturallivelihoodsintheprojecttargetareasitwillbenecessary to develop new communication channels and links to existing networks in the targetedwetlandareas.This includes linkingtotheNWIS,aswellasdevelopingagrometeorologicalproductswhichcanbedisseminatedtofarmers.

3.5 DescriptionofexistingcapacitiesofrelevantgovernmentdepartmentsThekeygovernmentinstitutioninthisproposedprojectinclude

1. TheWetlandsManagementDepartment2. DirectorateofWaterResourcesManagement3. UgandaNationalMeteorologicalAuthority4. DepartmentsofFarmDevelopment

Adetaileddescriptionofeachoftheseinstitutionsisindicatedbelow

3.5.1 WetlandsManagementDepartment


IWetlandsManagementDepartment(WMD)ismandatedtomanagewetlandresourcesanditsgoalistosustain the ecological and socio‐economic values of thewetlands in Uganda for present and futuregenerations. WMD has over the years built the capacity of Local Governments NGOs and otherstakeholderstoassesswetlandresourcesplanandimplementactivitiesfortheirpropermanagement.In1993,theNationalWetlandsProgramme(nowtheWetlandsManagementDepartment)togetherwiththe Local governments successfully carried out an inventory of wetlands in the country. ThisinformationformedthebasisfordevelopmentofDistrictWetlandActionplansthatfeedintoDistrictDevelopmentPlans.ThedatacollectedthroughthisexerciseiscurrentlystoredintheNationalWetlandsInformationSystem(NWIS)attheWetlandManagementDepartment.WetlandManagementinUgandais decentralized to local government implying with the central government providing technicalbackstoppingthroughtrainingandmonitoring.

In addition, WMD has established Regional Technical Support Units (RTSUs) headed by RegionalWetlandCoordinatorstowhoworkhandinhandwithlocalgovernmentinvariousactivitiesincludingimplementation,planning,reportingandbudgeting.Howeverthesearenotfullyfacilitatedtoexecutetheirscheduleofdutiesintermsofofficeequipment.TheannualbudgetfortheWMDisabout1.5millionUSDwithabout0.5millionUSDgoingtolocalgovernments.

3.5.2 DirectorateofWaterResourcesManagement The Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) is responsible for developing andmaintaining national water laws, policies and regulations; managing, monitoring and regulation ofwaterresourcesthroughissuingwateruse,abstractionandwastewaterdischargepermits;IntegratedWater Resources Management (IWRM) activities; coordinating Uganda's participation in jointmanagement of transboundarywaters resources and peaceful cooperationwithNile Basin ripariancountries. The directorate comprises three departments namely Water Resources Monitoring andAssessments,WaterResourcesRegulationandWaterQualityManagement.ThedirectorateofWaterResourcesManagement operates a surface‐monitoringnetworkof 120hydrometric stations and10automatedweather stations. The network has been re‐designed tomake itmore comprehensive. Anumber of the water resources management functions have been decongested to the four watermanagement zones namely Kyoga, Victoria, Albert and upper Nile. The proposed project areas arelocated in the Kyoga and Victoria management zones. In each catchment, a stakeholder’s forum,catchmentmanagement committee, catchment technical committee and catchment secretariat havebeencreated.Theannualbudgetforeachmanagementzoneis1.5millionUSD

3.5.3 UgandaNationalMeteorologicalAuthority

Uganda National Meteorological Authority UNMA (formerly Department of Meteorology) underMinistry ofWater and Environment is a semiautonomous Government Institution forWeather andClimateservicesestablishedbyanActofParliament(UNMAACT2012).TheOverallGoalis“toimprovetechnicalandinstitutionalcapacityforprovidingweatherandclimateinformation,predictionproductsandservices,earlywarningsystem,andrelatedservicesforsustainabledevelopmentinUganda”.UNMAastheGovernment’sauthoritativevoiceonweatherandclimate ismandatedto installandmaintainweather observations and monitoring equipment, monitor weather and climate, exchangemeteorologicaldata,informationandmeteorologicalproductsandissueweatherandclimateadvisoriestoallsectorsoftheeconomyinparticularandtotheinternationalpartnersingeneral.

Asperitsmandate,UNMAprovidescriticalservicestodifferentsectorsoftheeconomyincludingtheaviation industry, air defense, environmentalmonitoring,water resourcesmanagement, agriculture,and transport and communication aswell as tourismanddisastermanagement amongothers. Thismandatehasbecomeincreasinglypivotalatthistimewhenhumankind is facedwiththe increasingnegativeimpactsofclimatechangewherethepooramongourcommunitiesareexpectedtobeaffected


Imost.UNMAnormallyissuestimelyseasonalclimateforecastsjustbeforethebeginningofeachrainfallseason in Uganda. The seasons are March, April and May (MAM), June, July and August (JJA) andSeptember,October,NovemberandDecember(SOND).Theclimateforecastineveryseasonprovidesindicationsoftheexpectedperformanceofseasonalrainsincludingtheonsetandcessationwindowsand proposed advisories for the different sectors of the economy. The expected impacts from theforecastarealsohighlightedforthepurposesofadvancingappropriatesafeguardingplanningstrategiesanddecisionmakingforvarioussectors.

UNMAismadeupoffour(4)directoratesandadirectorheadseachdivision.Theseinclude;stationsnetworks, forecasting, data processing and appliedmeteorology training and research; The StationNetwork directorate is responsible for the design of optimal network system, implementation andmonitoringofthenetworks;TheTrainingandResearchdirectorateisresponsibleforthedevelopmentof training and research programmes in collaboration with other regional centers and WMO; TheForecastingdirectorateisresponsibleforcollectionanddistributionofrealtimedataandproducingdaily public and aviation forecasts; TheDataProcessing andApplieddirectorate is responsible forcollectionandprocessingofallthedataobservedinUganda.CurrentlyUNMAisfundedbygovernmenttoatune1millionandcomplementedbyotherdevelopmentpartnersspecificallyUNDPandGIZ.

3.5.4 DepartmentofFarmDevelopment

TheDepartmentofFarmDevelopmentwasbornfromtheformerDepartmentofLandResourcesandDevelopmentin1998asaresultofrestructuringoftheMinistryofAgriculture,AnimalIndustryandFisheries.TheDepartmenthas16establishedstaffatheadquarters,inEntebbe.Inaddition,thereareestablished staffs atMubuku Irrigation Scheme, DohoRice Scheme, andVegetableOilDevelopmentProject(VODP).Inadditionthedepartmentworkswiththedistrictlocalgovernmentsandeachdistricthasextensionstaffatthedistrictandsub‐countylevelswhoworkcloselywithfarmers

Thedepartment’smandateistosupport,promoteandguidetheadoptionofappropriatetechnologiesinthedevelopmentandutilizationofFarmmachinery,Soils,landandWaterResourcesforsustainablecommercialAgricultureandclimatechangeadaptationinUganda.ThedepartmentisalsorequiredtopromoteanddevelopIrrigation,DrainageandWaterManagementtechniquesforAgricultureincludingWater Harvesting for enhanced resilience to climate change induced impacts, which is in linewithoutput2oftheproposal,focusedonagriculturallivelihoods.

3.6 Keyprojectsinformingapproachestowetlandmanagement,agriculturalmanagementandearlywarning

Some of the key lessons learnt from ongoing and recently completed projects that can inform thisplannedGCF‐financedproject,comefromthefollowingprojects:

TheSustainableLandManagement(SLM)projectsupportedlocalgovernmentandcommunitiestoovercomelanddegradationinthecattlecorridorofUganda,helpingthemtodeveloppoliciesandpracticesthatensuregoodandsustainableuseoftheirland.Thishelpedthemtomitigatebothdegradationandtheimpactsofclimatechange,whileatthesametimesupportingeconomicactivities that improvedtheir lives.Thisprojectwas fundedbyGEF(US$1,830,730)withco‐financingfromtheUNDPDrylandsDevelopmentCentre(US$2,200,000)andGovernmentofUganda(U$100,000).TheSLMprojectwasimplementedinthetwocattlecorridordistrictsofNakasongolaandKamuli,withthelatterfallinginthesamewatermanagementzoneinEasternUgandawheretheproposedGCFprojectwillbeimplemented.Onekeysuccessoftheprojectwasthatover5000pastoralistsandcultivatorsweretrainedinsustainablelandmanagementpracticesandareabletoplantheirlanduse,ensuringtoprotectitfromsoilerosionandoveruse.At least800haofparticularlydegraded landswererehabilitated in the2pilotdistricts,


Imuchofitthroughtreeplanting.

TheStrengtheningSustainableEnvironment,NaturalResourcesManagement,ClimatechangeAdaptationandMitigation(SENRMCAM)projectfocusesonsupportingtheeffortsandcapacitiesof local governments, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and communities to sustainablymanage andutilize natural resources, integrate climate change adaptation andmitigation intheir activities, so as to build climate change resilient societies. Thishas beendone throughdeveloping,pilotingandimplementinginitiativesinbiodiversityandecosystemmanagement,sustainablelandmanagement,efficientenergytechnologiesandreductioninGreenHouseGasemissions.ThisUS$4,500,000project spreadover fouryears,was funded fromUNDPTRACresources, and implemented in 11 districts (Abim,Kotido,Moroto, Bududa,Manafa,Wakiso,Masindi,Kasese,Rubirizi,MitoomaandIsingiro)acrossthecountry,includingthosewithinthewetlandareasbeingtargetedforrestorationintheproposedGCF‐financedproject.Themainlessons learnt from the four year project are being used to inform policy and strengthendecentralizedgovernancemechanismsandpracticesthatempowerlocalgovernmentsandCSOsinENRMandClimatechangeadaptationandmitigation;

The Ecosystem‐Based Adaptation (EBA) project which was an approach that helped thecommunitiesinElgonareatoadapttotheadverseimpactsofclimatechange,usingbiodiversityandecosystemservicesaspartofanoveralladaptationstrategy.Thisproject,wasfundedbytheGermanGovernmentthroughtheInternationalClimateInitiativeoftheFederalMinistry.TheprojectlastedfouryearsandendedinDecember2015,havingfocusedonsupportingcountriesand communities to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change through improvedbiodiversityandecosystemsintheMountElgonarea,whereflashfloodsdrainintotheswampsinEasternUganda‐thetargetareafortheproposedGCF‐financedproject.EBAusessustainablemanagement, conservation and restoration of ecosystems, taking into account anticipatedclimate change impact trends, to reduce the vulnerability of communities and improve theresilienceofecosystemsandpeopletoclimatechangeimpacts;

The"StrengtheningClimateInformationandEarlyWarningSystems(SCIEWS)projectisbeingimplementedacross thecountry, including28districtswithin theKyogaWaterManagementzoneinEasternUgandaasthepilottestdistrictsformeasuringtheimpactoftheproject.ThisscopingalsointersectswiththeEasternRegionwetlandsbeingtargetedfortheGCF‐financedproject.TheSCIEWSprojectwillbe implementedup toDecember2017,withUS$4,000,000fundingfromtheLDCF,complementedbycontributionsbyGovernmentandotherdevelopmentpartnerssuchasGIZ/USAID.Theprojectaimsatimprovingthecountry’scapabilitytoprovidetimely weather information and early warning systems to minimize the impact of climate‐relateddisasters.Thiswillprovidethecountrywiththeopportunitytobettermanageclimatehazards,foodsecurityandagriculturalproduction,scarceanddwindlingwaterresourcesandensureitssocioeconomicdevelopmentprocessesarelessvulnerabletoclimate‐relatedrisks.

TheGovernmentofUgandathroughtheMinistryofAgriculture,AnimalIndustryandFisheries[MAAIF]withsupportfromtheCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica[COMESA]andUnited Nations Development Programme [UNDP] is implementing the project, "EnhancingadoptionofClimateSmartAgriculture[CSA]practicesinUganda’s farmingsystems”(EACSA)whichisspecificallyfocusedtowardsfivedistricts,namelyBugiri,Busia,Budaka,NamutumbaandBuyende. This project is part ofUgandaGovernment’s Strategic Investment Framework[SIF] on Sustainable LandManagement [SLM]. The SLM SIF is within the framework of theAgricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan [DSIP]. The SIF identifiedClimateSmartAgriculture[CSA]practicessuchasConservationAgriculture[CA]asrelevant,andunderscoredtheneedtoaddressclimateadaptationandmitigationmeasuresintheagriculturalsectortoimprovefoodsecurityandminimizelanddegradation.ImplementationarrangementsalsoseektocontributetoobjectivesoftheclimatechangeNationalAdaptationPlanofAction[NAPA],whicharewithinAgricultureSectorDevelopmentStrategyandInvestmentPlan[DSIP].The project intends to use lessons learnt to inform policy and strengthen decentralizedgovernancemechanismsand institutionsandpractices thatempower localgovernmentsandCivilSocietyOrganizations[CSOs] inCSAandclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.This


Iprojectthusfocusesonenhancingproductivityoflandthroughsustainablelandmanagementofsoilandwaterresources,particularlyintegratingCSAasaclimatechangeadaptationstrategytobuildclimatechangeresilientsocieties.TheintentionistopromoteCSApracticesinfivetargetdistricts,puttinginplacemeasures/systemstoimproveinputsupply,developproducemarketsforeconomicsustainabilityforCSAenterprises;andsupportingresearchactivitiestogeneratebaselines, monitoring and evaluation guidelines and national recommendations on CSAtechnologiesandpractices.


I

Chapter4: Requiredequipment,strengthenedprocessesandinstitutionalcapacitytosustainablyutilizewetlandservicesandbuildresilientlivelihoods

A study commissioned byWorld Bank in 2010 to assess the technical and financial capacity of theMinistryofWaterandEnvironment,specificallytheDirectorateofEnvironmentalAffairs,toexecuteitsmandateindicatedthattherewassufficienttechnicalcapacityfortheministrytoimplementitsactivitiesprovidedfinancialresourceswereavailable.ItwasconcludedthatthelevelofservicesprovidedbythethenDepartmentofMeteorology(currentlytheUgandaNationalMeteorologyAuthority),intheareaofweatherandclimate,tostakeholders(especiallyfarmersandtheCivilAviationAuthority)wassufficientdespiteexistingfinancialconstraints.

DuringtheconsultationworkshopsinKampalaandJinjaduringthepreparationprocessforthisGCFproject,localgovernment,non‐governmentorganizationsandotherstakeholders(refertoAnnex7fora list of individuals consulted) agreed that community livelihoods were at risk due to increasedecosystemdegradation (wetlands, forests andassociated catchments) andunsustainableagriculturepractices.Attheseworkshopsitwasalsosuggestedthatrelatedproblemswith increasedecosystemdegradation, insufficient and inaccurate weather and climate information dissemination andunsustainableagriculturepracticesneedtoalsobeaddressed.Thiswasbasedon the fact that thesethreeareasarebeneficialtothepublicingeneralandvulnerablecommunitiesinparticularbecausetheyaffecttheimpactsofclimate‐relatedhazards(floodsanddroughts).Itwasalsonotedthatsomepilotactivitieshaveandarebeingundertakeninthefieldandhavethepotentialforscalinguptootherareas.Itwasagreedthat,basedontheirmandates,theMinistriesofWaterandEnvironmentinpartnershipwiththeMinistryofAgricultureshouldtaketheleadonactivitiesrelatedtowater,earlywarningandagriculturallivelihoods.

TheproposedGCF‐financedprojectshouldaddressthelackofknowledgewithinadjacentcommunitiesregardingthefunctionandservicesderivedfromwetlands,bydevelopinganddisseminatingmaterialsthatwillcreateawarenessamongstakeholdersontheagro‐ecologyofwetlands.Restorationactivitiesinkeydegradedwetlandareaswillalsobeneededtoarrestdegradationandimprovethequalityandquantityofwaterwetlandsareabletoabsorbandtransport.Additionallyitshouldpromotealternativelivelihoodsthatwillreducedependenceontheresourcesprovidedbyneighbouringwetlandse.g.theneedforlandandwater,fuelandfirewood.Intermsofclimateandhydrologicalinformation,aprotocolandanagreementshouldbeestablishedbetweentheDWRM,MAAIFandUNMAfordatacollection,dataexchange, data processing, anddata analysis to produce tailored informationwhich canbeusedbycommunitiesforfarmingandmanagingtheirwatersupplies.AnonlinewebplatformlinkedtoDWRMand UNMA’s official websites and information and management systems (including NWIS) will bedeveloped and some infrastructure to improve coverage and climate/hydrological information intargetedareasshouldbe installed.Communitiesshouldundertakesimple infrastructurerepairsandmaintenance to increase their sense of ownership and responsibility (as well as understand theinformationtheequipmentprovides).NewsystemsshouldbeintegratedintotheexistingDWRM,WMDnetworks.

Thisinformationwillenableextensionstafftogetherwithlocalcommunitiestoidentifyclimate‐smartactivities to be carried out in wetlands during seasons when there is a need to adapt agriculturallivelihoodsandwater/floodmanagementinthewetlands.Extensionstaffatdifferentlevelsincludingdistrict,subcountiesandvillagelevelswillneedtobeequippedwithskillsthatwillenablethemtoguidefarmersonclimatesmartagricultureincludinggrowingofearlymaturingcropsandadequateclimateinformation will be enhanced by UNMA, Climate Change Department (CCD) in order to widen thecommunicationmechanismsforfarmerstoaccessinformationonclimateandweather.

ThisinitiativewillimprovethelivesofsomeofthemostvulnerablepeopleinUganda,dependentonsubsistence agriculture and wetlands for their livelihoods. Improved sustainable management of


Iwetlands,increasedskillsforemployabilityandentrepreneurshipcapacitytostartnewbusinesses,aswellasaccurateandreliableclimateinformationwillhaveatransformationalimpactonpeople’slivesinthetargetedareas.4.1 Currentgapsandneedsforwetlandandcatchmentrestoration During the discussionswith the stakeholders in theworkshop and at community level, it was alsorevealedthattherearetwocriticalbarriersthatarepreventinglocalandnationalgovernmentagenciesfromsupportingcommunities toadapt toclimatechange induced impacts.These include;1) limitedtechnical knowledge on the agro‐ecological and hydrological systems of the wetlands, includingapproaches to wetland management and conservation; 2) insufficient extension services andopportunitiesfordevelopingresilientagricultureandalternativelivelihoods;and3)inadequateclimateinformationwhichcanbeusedforplanningwater‐andagriculture‐relatedactivities.Inaddition,itwasalso observed that there are limited technologies and equipment available to undertake catchmentrestoration work e.g. earthmovers and access to seedlings/grasses for developing biological‐basednaturalbarriers.Key gaps:

1. Technicalcapacityinlocalauthorities,limitedcapacityininstitutionsatlocallevelwithlimitedknowledgebaseonwetlandmanagementpracticesaswellasconserving/maintainingsomeofthekeyservicesprovidedbywetlands.

2. Coordinationandcooperationbetweeninstitutions,anddevelopmentinitiativesbyrespectiveinstitutionsareplanned independently.Lackofcoordination leadsto inefficientuseofwaterresources and a lack of resource protection, resulting in depletion of resources throughunsustainablepracticese.g.excessivewateruse,landclearancesandfuel/firewoodgathering

3. Stakeholder participation: Formal stakeholder forums are not established yet. Some watersectorcommitteessuchaswaterandsanitationadvocacycommitteesneedtobeabletoreachout to communities and advocate more widely to CBOs etc. Water sector user groups lackcapacityandinformationongoodmanagementpractices,whichcanleadtoconservingandmoreefficientuseofwater.

4.1.1 Erosionandrunoffcontrolforenhancedecosystemfunctioning

Currently,uncontrolledrunofffromuppercatchmentstolowercatchmentshascreatedgulleysintheproposedproject areas. For the last 10years, no interventionhasbeenput inplace to address thisproblem satisfactorily.Where some action has taken place, structures such as gabions, ditches andembankmentshavebeendamagedandneed tobe rehabilitated.Thereare communitymanagementplansthatweredevelopedthroughtheCOBWEBProjectthatneedtoberevisedinlightofexperiencesandscaledouttomorecommunitiesintheproposedprojecttargetareas.Successfulbeneficialactivitiesidentified through the COBWEB project include developing community nurseries, undertaking treeplanting,enforcementofby‐lawsandcontrolofcharcoalburningamongothers.Constructionofwaterstorage and detention facilities including dams, small reservoirs, micro‐dams rainwater harvestingtanksintargetedareasarealsosuccessfulinterventionsbutwillneedadetailedsurveytoguidetheirlocationandexactspecifications.Mapsofthewetlandsandpreparatoryactivitiesforpondsandwaterstoragefacilitiesforgroundwaterrecharge,livestockandirrigationarenotavailablefornewlocationsandwillthereforeneedtobepreparedaspartofprojectpreparationactivities,butcostestimateshavebeenestablishedbasedonpreviousexperience.Thereisalackofwaterstorageanddetentionfacilitiesintheselectedprojectareasthatcanenhancethecapacityofthewetlandandtheassociatedcatchmenttoprovideecosystemservices.TheGCF‐financedprojectwillneedtosupporttheconstructionofwaterstorage and retention facilities. However this will require training and raising awareness ofcommunitiesonhowtouseandmaintainfacilities.


ICommunitiesadjacenttothewetlandsystemsintheproposedprojectareasarecurrentlycarryingoutfishingactivities.However therearenorestrictionson theuseofundersize fishingnets.Supportingexistingeffortsinconductingregularlakepatrolsarerequired,aswellasregisteringlegalfishermen,designatingfishbreedinggroundsandcontrollinginvasiveweeds.Mostcommunitiesintheproposedprojectareaarenotawareaboutanddonothaveanyknowledgeonclimatechangeanditsassociatedimpacts. Therefore training water and wetland user committees in technical knowledge of climatechange impacts, on water management best practices, on conflict resolution techniques and bookkeeping,isalsoneeded.

4.1.2 Improvinginletstreamsandagriculturalpracticestoincreasewaterdelivery

Localfarmerswhocultivateuptotheriverbankshavedegradedmanystreamsandspringsdeliveringwater.Thishasresultedinreducedqualityandquantityofwaterfeedingintomanywetlands.Duringimplementation of the COBWEB project, interventions designed to prevent farmers cultivatingriverbanks,suchasincreasingtreeplantingalongtheBisinaecosystem,didnothappenduetolimitedfunding.SomeoftheseactivitiesshouldbesupportedintheLakeBisinacatchmentareasandalsoscaledup into, lowerR.Manafwa catchment andR.Doho catchment areas. During implementation of theproposedGCF‐fundedproject,activitiesshouldincludethetransferofclimate‐smartfarming/grazingtechnologies and techniques to the catchment areas, including methods to reduce disturbances oftopsoilandhencereducesiltationandagriculturaleffluent.Thisincludesusingnaturalfertilizerfromlivestock,mulching,andreducingslashandburnpractices,aswellasreducingsoiloverturning(andmoistureloss)fromusingploughs(insteadusingripperswhichdonotoverturnthesoil).Additionally,thereroutinganddammingofwaterwayscanalterhydrologicalflowsandcauseareastodryout,whichshouldbediscouragedwhereverpossible,particularlywhereitmayimpactonfishfarmingactivities15.Drought resistant cropsandshorter seasonvarietals canbe encouragedwhereverwater is in shortsupply,andagriculturalgardensandfieldsshouldberemovedfromthebanksofwaterwaystoreducesiltationandeffluentreachingthemainwatercourses16.Additionally,itisimportanttopayattentiontosoilfertility,whichmaybereducedwhenthenaturalvegetationcoverisremoved.Intercroppingandcroprotationpracticeswillhelpreducethisproblem17.Introducingthesetechnologiesandtechniqueswillrequireintensivesensitizationofthetargetedcommunities.

Amongtheinterventionsproposedinthisprojectistheconstructionofsilttraps,drainageandfloodcontrolstructures thatwillensuremaximumwaterrecuperation.Anysuchstructuresthatwillbeconstructedduringtheimplementationoftheproposedprojectwillneedgroupsorcommitteestomanage the new systems, including book keeping and conflict resolution techniques. Forsustainabilityandownership,thesegroupswillneedtobeestablished.

4.1.3 Restoringwetlanddegradedareas

Restoration of wetlands is a science that requires specialized skills in terms of technical capacity,technologies and equipment. However, many of these requirements are currently missing in theinstitutionsmandated to restoredegraded areas, though they are sometimespresent in theprivatesector. Among the key activities to be undertaken in theproposedGCF‐financedproject area is therehabilitationofdegradedcatchmentstoenhancelandproductivity.Duetoinadequateresources,mostactivities,including:replantingandprotectingindigenousgrassesandherbaceousvegetationresilient

15UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),BureauforCrisisPreventionandRecovery(BCPR).2013.SustainableWetlandManagementintheFaceofClimateRisksinNiger:TheCaseofLaMaredeTabalak.NewYork,NY:UNDPBCPR16Kaggwa,R.,Hogan,R.,andHall,B.(2009).EnhancingWetlands’ContributiontoGrowth,EmploymentandProsperity.UNDP/NEMA/UNEPPovertyEnvironmentInitiative,Uganda17McCartney,M.;Rebelo,L‐M.;SenaratnaSellamuttu,S.;deSilva,S.2010.Wetlands,agricultureandpovertyreduction.Colombo,SriLanka:InternationalWaterManagementInstitute.39p.(IWMIResearchReport137).doi:10.5337/2010.230


Itoclimatevariability;promotinginfiltration;decreasingsoiltranspiration;andplacementofgabionsinareassubjecttoexcessiveerosion,thathadbeenearmarkedforscalingupduringtheCOBWEBprojecthave not been implemented. Most wetland areas, including those along the streams feeding intowetlandshavebeenencroacheduponandthemajorreasongiven is that they lackclearboundaries.Communitymembersandextensionworkersareexpectedtospearheadsustainablelandmanagementtechniques. However this has not materialized especially in proposed project areas due to limitedengagement. Communities, with guidance from extension staffwere expected to take up successfulpilots delivered under different projects. However this has not been undertaken due to lack ofappropriatetoolsandresources.

Promoting and supporting sustainable use ofwetlands goods is among the key proposed activities.However, inorder forthis tobe implementedcommunitiesandextensionstaffwillneedtoundergotrainingonsustainablelandusetechniques.Thereareanumberofsuccessfulpilotswithinandoutsidetheproposedprojectareafromwhichcommunitiescanlearn,includingtheCOBWEBproject.However,inorderforthistooccur,therewillneedtobeanengagementinpeer‐to‐peerexchange,demonstrationvisits,andotherlearningactivitiestoshareexperiencesandscaleupsuccessfulpilots.

4.1.4 Increasingtheeffectivenessofwetlandsmanagementpractices The institutionsmandated to manage wetlands, both at national and local government levels havelimitedcapacity.These institutionsarenotequippedwithsufficientknowledge,guidelinesandtoolsthat enable them to effectivelymanage wetlands. There is an existing wetland information system(NWIS)thatneedstobestrengthenedbyutilizingittoholdinformationdevelopedthroughtheGCF‐financedprojectaswellasholdinginformationgeneratedthroughotherprojects.Additionally,itshouldbelinkedtoandhaveaccesstotheweather/climateadvisoriesforthewetlandareasaswellastodistrictandlocalgovernment.Wetlandresourcesintheproposedprojectareaarecurrentlyoverexploiteddueto lackof sufficientknowledgeon their contribution to theeconomyandadaptationagainst climatechange induced impacts.Management of wetland resources for climate change adaptation requiresspecializedskills,whicharecurrentlymissing inmost institutionsengaged inwetlandmanagement.Thisthereforerequiresbuildinginstitutionalcapacityatcentralandlocalgovernmentlevelsonwetlandmanagement and how to prepare and use wetlands tomitigate the risks posed by climate change.Implementationofwetland‐basedinterventionsrequirestoolsandespeciallymanagementtoguidetheundertaking ofwise use enterprises/activities, implying theneed for scale up of thepreparation ofcommunity wetland management plans in each targeted area. Undertaking wetland managementactivities, including restoration, requires specialized tools and equipment ranging frommaps, GPSs,water quality kits to earthmovers. However, government institutions mandated to carry out thisundertaking lack this equipment. The proposed GCF‐financed project should support restoration ofwetland‐degradedareas.Forsustainability,continuity,monitoringandownership,therewillbeaneedforestablishmentofcommunitycommitteesandgroups. 4.2 Currentgapsandneedsfordevelopingclimate‐resilientagriculturallivelihoods

4.2.1 Diversifyingcropsandresilientagriculturalbestpractices

Agriculturalextensionstaffatdistrictandsubcountylevelsareexpectedtoguidefarmerstoadapttonewpractices,andaccountforclimatechangewhereandwhenitaffectsfarmingpractices.Howeverithasbeennotedinmanyareasthatextensionstaffdonothavesufficientknowledgeandskillstoprovidethisservice.Theagriculturalextensionofficershavelimitedcapacityandknowledgerelatedtoresilientagriculturepractices(smartagriculture,conservationagriculture)andthereforewhereverpossibletheircapacitytounderstand,teachandimplementtheseactivitiesneedstobestrengthened.This should include crop diversification and other resilient agricultural techniques as an adaptivemeasure to climate change (e.g. planting drought tolerant crops, early maturing crops, adoptingmultiple cropping techniques to spread risks). Water management and irrigation strategies and


Itechniquessuchasdripirrigation,banding,soilandwaterconservationhavenotyetbeenembracedbythefarmersatsiteswithintheprojecttargetareasandthereisneedforcomprehensivetraining.The suitabilityof particular agricultural andwatermanagement techniquesat individual siteswilldependonboth theculturalacceptanceof these techniques,aswellas thecost‐benefitofdifferentapproaches(includingtheabilitytomoveandsellagriculturalproducts).

Overseeingtheadoptionanddisseminationofcropdiversification,resilientagriculturalpracticesandwatermanagement/irrigationisstillachallenge,whichrequiresscalingupofestablishedfarmerandwaterusergroupsorcollectives.Farmerslackagriculturalinputsneededtoapplyresilientpractices(e.g.newseedvarieties,herbicides, tools,etc.)andthus theneed forscalingsuchefforts tosupplyfarmerswithrequiredinputs.Communitiesalsolackresilientandimprovedseeds.Therefore,thereisneedtosupporteffortstoproduceandmanagesuchseedssoastoenhanceaccessibilityofdirectandindirect beneficiaries (set up nurseries, farmers schools etc). Sustainable management of waterdistribution and use for irrigation still poses a challenge and hence the need to support theestablishment and registration of water user groups. Project areas lack water management andirrigation infrastructure inorder toenhanceproductivityand there isneed toconstructnecessarysmall‐scale water management and irrigation infrastructure (e.g. ponds, canals, drip irrigationsystems,waterharvestingtechnologies).

4.2.2 Economicallyviableandsustainablelivelihoodsandincomegeneration Commercialofficersatdistrictandsubcountylevelsareexpectedtoguidelocalcommunitiestoengagein sustainable incomegenerating activities but theseofficers lack sufficient knowledge and skills toprovidethisservice.Whilstamarketstudyshouldbeundertakeninthetargetwetlandareastoestablishwhich alternative livelihoods and income generating interventions are likely to be fruitful, severalalternative livelihoods have already been successfully piloted in Uganda and around the proposedprojectareas(seeFigure 2andFigure 22below)including18:

Beekeeping19; Fishing; Hunting; Livestockgrazing; Naturaltreeharvesting; Brickmaking; Coffeeproduction;

Alistoflivelihoodactivitiesandtheirfrequencyofuse(between1997and2001),rankedaccordingtotheir potential impacts on wetlands is given in Figure 23. Beekeeping, tourism and fishing arelivelihoods that minimize impacts on wetlands, if implemented in a sustainable manner. It isnoteworthythatmanyoftheseactivitieshavealreadybeenshowntobeeconomicallysustainable.ForexampleacommunityassociationadjacenttoNyanzawetlandinBudakadistrictlocatedinthetargetprojectarea,havebeenengagedinfishfarmingactivitiesforthelast10years.Outof6pondstheyareable to generate USD 500 everymonthwithminimum effort. They have access tomarkets i.e. insurroundingcommunitiesandruralgrowthcentres.These6pondswereconstructedwithassistancefrom Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. [Livelihood assessment report (National WetlandManagement Project 2013 funded by JICA)]. In Kabale district the local community adjacent toKashambya–RushebeyawetlandisalreadyorganizedandhasbeenadvocatingfortheprotectionofSitatungai.e.athreatenedwaterbuckthatisendemictowetlandareas.Communitieshaveconstructedwallboardswithinthewetlandforpeopletocrossthewetland.Currentlycommunitiesareplanningto

18 ACCRA. Preparing for the future in Uganda. https://www.ciaonet.org/attachments/19585/uploads 19 https://undp.exposure.co/beehives‐for‐a‐better‐life


Iconstructanobservatorytowerfortouriststoappreciatetherichbiodiversitywithinthewetland.ThisisexpectedtoenhancetheexistingfacilitiesandincreaseincometothecommunityfromthecurrentUSD 20 per tourist to USD50 per tourist [National Wetlands Management Programme (2000),supportedbyUNDP]

Figure22:AreaswhereFishingtakesplace(bluedots)anddoesnottakeplace(orangedots)(left);areaswherecultivationoffoodandfibertakesplace(bluedots)anddoesnottakeplace(orangedots)(right).SourceWRI (2009).

Figure23:FrequencyofmainwetlandusesdocumentedintheNWIS(1997‐2001).SourceWRI(2009).


ITheviabilityofsuchproposedalternativeswillneedtobemonitoredandassessedatregularintervals,includingtakingcaretoensurethatanymarketsarenot floodedwithparticularproductsandhencesufferfromdepressedpricesetc.Themarketstructureforintroductionanddisseminationofalternativelivelihoods (participatory selection of beneficiaries, screening of skills and small and mediumenterprises)isstillweakandneedsfurtherstrengthening.Furthermore,groupsandcommitteeslackaclearunderstandingoftheproposedmarketstructures,hencethereistheneedtoundertaketraininganddevelopmentofbusinessskillsandeventuallyundertakethenecessarytrainingtoequipthemtomanage their own enterprises. Communities and officials have limited understanding on technicalaspects ofmanaging proposed livelihoods for established groups (e.g.management of plantation ofeconomically important tree species in buffer zones and farmlands, starting a business of plantnurseries,orchardmanagement,sustainablefishproductionandprocessing,biodiversitycounts,animalhusbandry,CBOformationandeco‐tourism)andthiswillrequiretraining.

Theresiliencecomponentsoflivelihoodoptionshaveoftennotyetbeenincorporatedandhencetheneedtointegrategender,foodsecurityandnutritionintosuchinterventions.Thereisalsoalackofinfrastructuretosupporttheproposedlivelihoodoptionsinthetargetareasandthisimpliesthattherewillbetheneedtoprovidenecessarysmall‐scaleinfrastructureforlivelihoodoptions(e.g.beehives,fish ponds, fruit processing plants, cold storage, renewable energy systems (pumps, biogas), dripirrigationsystems).

4.2.3 Useofmicrocreditschemes,revolvingfundsandinsurance

Localcommunitiesfinditdifficulttoaccesscreditfacilitiesforanumberofreasons,includinginterestratesandtheprioritiesthatcreditfacilitiesuseinordertochoosewhotolendto.Mostcommunitieswithinandaroundwetlandaresmall‐scalefarmerswhoseincomesareverylowandonlygrowfoodfordomestic use. Even farmers involved in small‐scale cash crop farming are not willing to get creditfacilitiesbecauseof lackofsufficient informationonaccessingandpayingbacktheborrowedfunds.Businessandentrepreneurshipamongtheexistinggroupsandnewgroups,andwithotherstakeholdersintargetareasisstillatalowlevel.Localinnovativefinancingmechanisms(e.g.microcredit,revolvingfunds,andinsuranceschemes)offerthepotentialtokickstartlocalbusinessesbutthechoiceofschemedependsonlocalavailabilityandfinancingrules/regulations.Inparticularitwasnotedinsection3.2.4thatmicrocreditschemessometimesincorporateveryhighinterestrates(upto48%annually).Onealternative,recommendedthroughtheCOBWEBproject,istheprovisionofmicro‐grants(minimumof$10,000)toCBO’sinordertoprovideloanstofarmersandotherentrepreneursthrougharevolvingfundmechanism.Thiscanhelptostimulateincome‐generatingactivities,withoutincurringthehighcostof borrowing. Whilst the GCF project will not be expected to provide micro‐grants or implementrevolvingfunds,itcanpromoteaccesstoexistingfinancingmechanismsandhelpbuildthecapacityoffarmersandCBOstoplanfinancially,aswellasthesustainableuseofexistingmechanisms,includingtheGEFsmallgrantsprogrammeinUganda20.

Itwillalsoberequiredtoidentifymicro‐financeapproachesandpartnersaswellastargetstakeholdergroups,anddesignandtestoperationalstructure includingoptionsforscalingupsuccessfuloptionsalreadyinplace.Transformationalaccesstomarketsandemployabilityisstilllimitedandthereisaneedtooffer trainingandmentoringbusiness start‐ups (i.e. small eateries, corner shopgroceries,mobilephonerepairshops,constructionequipmentbusinessetc). Itwasalsonotedinsection3.2.4thattheestablishmentofstandards(includingforseedsuppliers,fabricators,andotherinputsuppliers)doesnot exist and there is a need to continually assess the quality of supplies and inputs provided tocommunities/farmers. In the absence of a regulatory framework for this, it is recommended thattrainingisprovidedtoensurethatfarmersandCBOscanundertaketheseassessmentsandhavethecapacity to seek alternative sources for input supplies. Additionally, community’s local marketinfrastructureisoftenlackingstoragefacilities(e.g.forcoldstorageandgrainholding)andthereisthe

20https://sgp.undp.org/index.php?option=com_countrypages&view=countrypage&country=112&Itemid=204


Ineedtostrengthenandinvestinrequiredinfrastructure.Privatesectorpartnershavealsonotbeenfullyengaged in climate risk, resilient and alternative livelihoods and thepotential value of investments,hencetheneedtotrainandequipthemwithknowledgeofclimateriskbestpractices,includinghowtoavoiddamagestokeyagriculturalinfrastructureandassets. 4.3 Currentgapsandneedsforcollection,analysisanddisseminationofweatherandclimate

informationtosupportwetlandandfarmmanagementactivities

4.3.1 Climateandenvironmentalmonitoringandweatherforecasting

ItwillbenecessarytoupdatethenationalUgandaNationalMeteorologicalAuthority(UNMA)databaseandinformationmanagementsystemandlinkittoDepartmentofWaterResourceMonitoring(DWRM)watermanagementandinformationsystem.SomeofthisworkisbeingundertakenthroughtheLDCFfundedproject,butfurtherenhancementsandtailoringtothesewetlandareaswillbeneeded,includinglinkingtotheNWISinparticular.Similarly,datarescueanddigitizationprocessfromexistingarchivesofdatafortheseregionswillneedtobeprioritized,aswellasdevelopingandimplementingaprotocoland an agreement between the DWRM, MAAIF and UNMA for data collection, data exchange, dataprocessing,dataanalysisandfloodanddroughtadvisories,tailoredtothespecificneedsoffarmersandwatermanagers in the target areass. An onlineweb platform linked to DWRM andUNMA’s officialwebsites and information andmanagement systems should be developed, aswell as procuring andinstallingobservingequipmentinthetargetedareaswheretherearecurrentlygapsinobservations,undertaking repairs of existing observing equipmentwhere it is cost‐effective, and integrating newobservingsystemsintotheexistingUNMAandDWRMnetworks.

Additionalconsiderationsshouldbetakenintoaccount,namelythatakeyinformationrequirementforfarmersandwatermanagersisuptodateinformationonsoilmoisturelevelsinthetargetareas.Thisisakeyvariableforbothunderstandingwhentoplantcrops,aswellasbeingabletojudgethepotentialof flooding occurring in certain areas i.e. when soils are saturated. Soil moisture and proxies (e.g.vegetationcover)aredifficulttomonitoroverlargeareaswithweatherstationsalone,andarebetter‐monitoredusingsatelliteimagery(includingNDVImeasurementsfromtheAVHRRandMODISsensors,and soil moisture from the SMAP satellite21). It is therefore recommended that whilst someagrometeorologicalstationsshouldbedeployed(includingsoilmoistureandtemperaturesensors)instrategicareas,thesedatashouldbeusedasgroundtruthforeasilyobtainableandwidespreadsatellite‐basedmeasurements22.Thesesatellitemeasurementswillneedtobecomparedwithobservationsfromthewetlandareastounderstandanybiases,andusedtodeveloptailoredinformationproductsalongwiththeobservedandforecastedclimatedata.Forwatermanagementthiswillrequiredevelopmentofmodels or simpler impact indices to assess the likelihood of flooding occurring. For drought andagricultural advisories, such information products will need to be developed in conjunction withcommunitiesandfarmersbutcaninclude: informationonwhensoilmoisture levelsaresufficienttoplant;areasofvegetationsuitableforlivestock;targetingareaswhicharesufferingagriculturaldrought.

Inordertoprovidebetterforecaststoservicetheseneedsitwillbenecessarytotargetspecificaspectsof forecast production,which can lead to improvements in the short term. The SCIEWSproject hasfunded improvements in computer equipment, training and access to severe weather now‐castingservices provided by external service providers. However, it will be necessary either to use theseforecastsforestimatingagriculturalinformationandfloodingpotential,ortodevelopsimplestatisticaltechniques to downscale globally available forecasts, which are currently obtained through theEUMETSATsysteme.g.developmodeloutputstatisticstoprovidebetterestimatesofrainfallintensityand frequency. Given the requirements it will be necessary to estimate evapotranspiration andtechniquestodeveloptheseforecastswillalsoberequired.

21http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/22https://ismn.geo.tuwien.ac.at/


I

4.3.2 Capacitytoaccessandutilizeweather/climateandenvironmentalinformationforwetlandandfarmmanagement

There are currently insufficient institutional processes in place to ensure effective distribution of information due to ineffective links between the UNMA, MAAIF, DWRM and the District authorities. Packaginghydro‐meteorologicaldataandinformationintosuitableformatsforuser‐agenciesandlocalcommunityend‐users,includingthosespecifictowetlandareaswillrequiretrainingofforecasterstoprepareweatherandclimateforecaststhatwillbenefittheendusers.ThiswillthereforeneedthedevelopmentofearlywarningproductsandSOPsfortargetregions.Inthecurrentsituation,therearelimitedresourcestoassist trainedmeteorologists,agronomistsandhydrologists tobuild in‐house forecastingcapacityofDWRM,MAAIFandUNMA.Thisprojectshouldthereforesupportenhancedcollaborationbetweenthethree departments and mainstream the online platform and integrated data storage managementsystems.Thereisaneedtodevelopweatherandclimatealertstailoredtothetargetedwetlandareas,including colour‐coded advisories, watches and warnings for flood, drought, severe weather andagricultural stresses, utilizing other sources of data such as from satellites mentioned above. Toeffectively use these alternative information sources, other agencies and divisions will need to beengaged e.g. the Agrometeorology division within UNMA23 and the Department of Surveys andMapping24.

TheinformationcurrentlybeingcollectedbyUNMAandDWRMdoesnoteffectivelyreachthefarmersthataresupposedtouseittoplanfortheirplantingandharvestingstrategies.Amongthekeyreasonsisthatthewayitiscommunicatedtofarmersisnoteffective,especiallythelanguageused.Informationiscommunicated inEnglishandyetmostdonotunderstandthis language.Anytailoredinformationproductswillthereforeneedtobetranslatedintolocallanguages,andtherewillneedtobemeetingswithstakeholderstounderstandhowtopresentthis information,usestoriesandvisualisationsthatstakeholdersunderstand,aswellasintegratelocalknowledgewhereverpossible.

ThereislimitedinformationonthecostrecoveryarrangementbetweentheUNMA,DWRM,MAAIFandCCAtoadequatelyreflectenhancedservicesandfeestructures;governmentreimbursementlevelsformeteorological services to reflect higher levels of operating expenses and capital costs needed tomaintainandoperateautomatedandmodernizedequipmentandretainforecastingskills.Thiswillneed to be agreed and developed via SOPs between these departments, including to disseminateweather, climate and hydrological information across all levels at community‐level, local‐level,stat/province‐levelandnationallevel.

Currently, many people are not able to interpret climate and weather data hence, which requiresbuildingcommunityawarenessonclimateinformationandinterpretation/use.Thecurrentmethodofclimateandweatherinformationdisseminationisnotsystematic,nordoallusersofweather/climateinformationreceivewarningsandadvisoriesthroughthesamemechanisms.Table 19showsthenumberofhouseholds,whichreceivewarningsofdifferenthazardsviaeachformofcommunicationmedia(thissurveywastakenaspartoftheimpactmonitoringoftheSCIEWSproject).Themajorityofhouseholdsreceivingwarningsofhigh/lowrainfall,droughtandfloodingdosoviaradio(onlyinthecaseofriverineflooding are local community mechanisms used more). This calls for the development andimplementationofsector‐specificandevenregionally‐specificmarketingstrategiesandprogrammesfor improvedmeteorologicalservicesandproducts.TheproposedGCF‐financedprojectwillneedtoestablish service‐level agreements for government organizations and private companies requiringspecific customized meteorological services from UNMA/DWRM/MAAIF. This should also includeestablishing a public‐private partnershipwith an internet service provider ormobile operatorwithregardstointernetbandwidthcostsfortheUNMA,DWRMandMAAIFstationnetwork.

23https://www.unma.go.ug/index.php/agro‐meteorology‐remote‐sensing‐division24http://mlhud.go.ug/lands‐managment/department‐of‐surveys‐and‐mapping/


ITable19:SourcesofEarlyWarningadvisories/messagesinUganda(numberofhouseholds).SourceSCIEWSprojectimpactsurvey(2015).

Fromwheredidyoufirstgetthiswarning?

TEMPERATURE

HIGHLOWRAINFALL

DROUGHT

FLOODING

PESTSANDDISEASES

SEVEREWINDS

HAILSTORM

RIVERINE

FLOODING

LANDSLIDES

TOTAL

GovernmentAgency(e.g.extensionofficer,police)

8 44 8 4 13 3 1

81(7.8%)

Newspaper6 28 8 5 3 4 1 55

(5.3%)

Radio84 296 187 67 47 46 2 3 14 746

(72.2%)

TV 10 17 6 3 6 9 1 52(5%)

SMSMassage 0%Localcommunity(flags,sirensetc.)

7 23 15 8 5 5 4

67(6.5%)

NGO 3 3(0.3%)Church/Mosque/Temple

7 10 5 1 3 26(2.5%)

SocialMedia 2 1 3(0.3%)TOTAL 120 415 235 92 75 70 3 7 16 1033

(100%)

ThereisaneedtoequipandfacilitateDRDPMandDDMCtosupportdisseminationofweatherandclimateinformation,includingtheestablishmentofcallcentres/hotlinesandinternetconnectionsatDRDPMlinked to theUNMAandDWRM. Itwillalsobecritical for tailoredproductsdeveloped foragriculturetobechanneledthroughtheNationalAgriculturalAdvisoryServices(NAADS)projectandthedecentralizedstructuresitsupportse.g.DistrictFarmInstitute,DistrictAgriculturalTrainingandInformationCentresandDistrictAgriculturalDevelopmentCentres,aswellasCBOsandcommunitycentres. The proposed GCF‐financed project can scale up the SMS‐based alert system for floods,droughts,severeweatherandotherhazards.However,thereisaneedtoassesstheeffectivenessofthesechannelsindisseminatingclimateandweatherinformation.Thisprojectwillneedtosupportandenhancetheprovisionofagriculturaladvisoriesforlocalfarmersandvulnerablecommunitiesinthe targetedwetland districts, which is currently not being done. Nationally, there are no formalagreementstoaddressprivacy,access,use,pricingandliabilitytodata/information. 4.4 Keylessonsandbestpracticesforimplementingwetlandrestorationandmanagement

4.4.1 Involvingcommunitystructuresinwetlandrestorationandcatchmentmanagement

Many of the lessons indicated belowwere documented during the implementation of the COBWEBproject.During the implementationof thisproject, local communitieswere involved inwetlandandcatchmentmanagement.Theareasrestoredwerelaterupgradedintocommunityconservationareaswherecommunitieswereempoweredtomanagethem.

Thelocalcommunitiesintheseconservationareashavenowbecomemajorplayersindecision‐makingandimplementationregardingthemanagementofthewetlands.Thislevelwasachievedafteranumberofprocessesandactivitieswereconductedinaparticipatorymanner.Someoftheseprocessesinvolvedcontinuous feedbackmechanism through regularmeetings, identification and selection of the right


Iinterestgroups,developmentofacomprehensiveCommunicationStrategy,andtheuseofcontinuoustargetspecificawarenessandsensitizationprograms,reflectionandlearning,collectiveresponsibilityinidentifyingtheshortandlongtermactions,havingaclearvisionandputtinginplaceimplementationstructuresatcommunitylevelwithclearlydefinedrolesandresponsibilities.Inaddition,practicalpilotactivitieswerecarriedoutat sitesselectedbycommunitieswithguidance from the implementationteam.

4.4.2 CommunicationofclimateinformationandfloodwarningsDuringtheimplementationoftheLakeVictoriaEnvironmentManagementProjectPhase1,Weatherandclimateequipmentwere installed in selectedwetlands to specifically collectweather information indifferent localities.Thisexercisewasconducted inaparticipatoryprocesswherecommunitieswereinvolved.During theprojectcycle, selectedcommunitymemberswere trainedandgivenbicycles toroutinelycollectdataondifferentdays.Intheprocess,somecommunitymemberslearnthowtoanalyzethecollecteddataandalsostartedsensitizingtheircolleagues.Thispromotedtheownershipspiritthateven after the project had long ended communities continued collecting and using data. The lessonlearnt was that communities should be involved in project implementation and including them intechnicalworkincreasesawareness,knowledgeandacceptance/criticalthinking.Thisinturnincreasesthechancesthatscientificinformationwillbeusedindecisionmaking.Additionalinformationontheuse of different communicationmedia for disseminatingwarnings and advisories (see section 4.3.2above),alsosuggeststhatSMS‐basedmediaalonewillnotcurrentlybesufficienttoreachawiderangeofusersofanywarnings/advisories.Radioisstillthemostwidelyusedformofcommunicationmediafordisseminationofweather/climateandrelatedhazardinformation.

4.4.3 UsinglocallabourtoundertakerestorationDuringtherestorationofNakaibawetland,Masakadistrict,restorationwasundertakenusinglabourfromthesurroundingcommunities.Thistookplaceafteranumberofsensitizationmeetingshadbeenconductedwithinthecommunity.Thishelpedthecommunitytounderstandtheimportanceofrestoringthewetlandsandthebenefitsassociatedwitharestoredwetland.Thelessonlearntwasthatcommunitymembers involved in the restorationprocessuse it asanopportunityof employment. Secondly, theprocessbecomessmoothasthereislesssuspicionsincethepeoplebornintheareasimplementtheexercise.Eventuallythecommunitymembersbecomemonitorsthemselvesbasedonthebenefitstheyexpectfromarestoredecosystem.

4.4.4 SettingupanationalcommitteetocoordinatetheWetlandandcatchmentrestorationTheLessonlearntduringtheimplementationofCOBWEBprojectwasthatInstitutionalcoordinationand collaboration is desirable for effective delivery of the outputs. The COBWEB Project was acollaborativeeffortbetweentheGovernmentofUgandarepresentedbyWetlandsManagementDepart,IUCN, Nature Uganda (NU) and Uganda Wildlife Society (UWS). By design, the project was alsoimplemented in collaboration with various other mandated institutions such as the NationalEnvironment Management Authority (NEMA), Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), District LocalGovernments;andcommunitiesformedthebackboneofimplementation.Thiswiderangeandnetworkofpartnersrequiredacarefulcoordinationmechanismandsystem.UNDPdelegatedthiscoordinationresponsibilitytoIUCN.Accordingly,theprojectsecretariatatIUCNsoughttoguaranteethattheprojectiswellcoordinated,managedandadministered.Toachieveeffectivecoordination,theprojectidentifiedrelevantinstitutionsandagenciestoprovidestrategicpolicyoversightandguidance.Inadditiontothat,considerationwas taken of the individual role each institutionwould play in leveraging resources,adoptinganddeliveringtheplannedoutputs.Thisworkedwellbecauseofeffectivecommunicationandtransparency.


IChapter5: Recommendationsforfutureworkgivengaps,currentefforts

andneedtobuildclimateresilienceinUgandanwetlandsGiventhegapsandneedsinUgandanwetlands,agriculturalactivitiesanduseofclimateinformationfor decision making which were identified in the previous section, this section makesrecommendationstoaddressthesegapsandbroadlyoutlinesaprojectwhichcanstarttomeettheseneeds.Theoverallobjectiveoftheproposedprojectistoenhancetheresilienceoftargetedwetlands,associated communities and community livelihoods to the impacts of climate change. Thiswill beachievedthroughathreeprongedapproach:i)wetlandrestorationtoenablemoresustainableandefficient use of wetlands; ii) improved agricultural livelihoods to reduce dependence on servicesprovidedbywetlands;andiii)utilizingclimate,weatherandenvironmentalinformationtoimprovemanagementofwaterandagriculturalpractices.

It isexpectedthatbyaddressingthesethreeaspects inaclearandtargetedmanner theprojectwillsupportthefollowing:

Promotesustainablelivelihoodoptionsforimprovedproductivityandresilientagriculturalproductivesystems

Restoreandrehabilitatecriticalecosystemsystemsservicesforadaptationandmitigationofclimatechangeimpacts

Promoteandsupportskillsdevelopmentforvalueadditionandconservationofwetlandsandassociatedforests

Strengthentheinstitutionalframeworkforimprovedwetlandmanagementatdifferentlevels,i.enational,sub‐nationalandlocallevels.

Thesebenefitsinturnwill: Reducedencroachmentandpressureonwetlands Increasecapacityofwetlandstoprovidemultipleuseoptionsandregulatingecosystem

services Increasedresilienceofthecommunitiesandwetlandecosystemstoclimatechangeimpacts. Enablewetland‐basedenterprisestodiversifyandaddvaluetowetland‐associatedproducts.

5.1 ScopeoftheproposedprojectToincreasetheresilienceofwetlandsinUganda,threecomponentsasstatedabove,willbenecessary.Theseinclude:

Restorationandrehabilitationofwetlandhydrologyandassociatedcatchments; Improvedagriculturalpracticesandalternativelivelihoodoptionsinthewetlandcatchment; Strengtheningaccesstotailoredclimateandenvironmentalinformationbyfarmersandother

targetcommunitiestosupportwetlandandagriculturalmanagement.Herewe provide some guidance on how the different components, outputs and activities could bestructuredundersuchaproject:

5.1.1 Restoringandrehabilitatingwetlandstoimprovewatersupplyandreducefloodanddroughtrisk

It is expected that a number of activitieswould contribute to realization of this component. Suchactivitiesshouldinclude:i. Rehabilitate and construct small‐scale water storage and detention facilities in waterways


Icriticalfordeliveringwatertocommunities;

ii. Increasewaterdeliveryandstoragethroughimprovedinletstreams;iii. Rehabilitatedegradedcatchmentareasandimprovelandproductivity;iv. Strengthencapacitytomonitorandmanagewetlands.Anumberofinputsrelatetotheseactivities,including:Rehabilitateandconstructsmall‐scalewaterstorageanddetentionfacilitiesinwaterwayscriticalfordeliveringwatertocommunities

Scale up community plans designed under the COBWEB project including activitiesidentified by communities such as, community nurseries, tree planting, formulate andenforceby‐laws,controlcharcoalburningetc.

Undertakedetaileddesignforlocation,specificationsandtimelineforconstructingwaterstorage and detention facilities in targeted areas, including Environmental ImpactAssessments(theMinistryofWaterandEnvironmentthroughtheWaterforProductionDepartmenthasbeenundertakingtheseinitiativesatdifferentsites.Overtime,anumberofprotocolsandguidelines fromwhich thisprojectcanborrowhavebeendeveloped).Such facilities will include: check dams to reduce water flow velocity and counteracterosion,smallreservoirstostorewater,micro‐damsforstorageandtomanageincreasedflowsduring strong rainsand floods, rainwaterharvesting tanks.Basedon thedesign,constructthefollowingwaterstorageanddetentionfacilities:

o Smallearthdams:Totalof10;3inWesternand7inEasternUganda.Sheema,Buhweju,NyungamoandMitoomadistricts inWesternUganda.Pallisa,Kibuku,BudakaandButalejadistrictsinEasternUganda.

o Desiltingofwaterwaysandrivulets,10waterwaysdesilted;5inEasternand5inWesternUganda.Western region;Orusindura , Kitagata sub‐coutyBushenyidistrict,Kanoni,Bitsyasub‐county,Buhwejudistricy,KainuraNsiikaSubcounty,Nyaruzinga, Kahororo and Nyambabi Ruhinda sub‐county Rukundiri district.Eastern Region: Limoto, Pallisa sub‐county, Pallisa and Kibuku district,s,Namatala,Kachogasub‐county,Butalejadistrict,Nanduuse,Budakadistrict,Saala,Kirikasub‐countyKibukudistrict

Similar structures will be rehabilitated. InWestern region: Kirere in Ntungamo district,BuhanamaWater way Bwongera sub‐county Ntungamo district, Rucece Nyakayojo sub‐countyMbararadistrict, theEasternregion:OdworotoPallisasub‐county,Pallisadistrict,Kabuna,Kibukusub‐county,NakwasButalejadistrict

Preparemaps of thewetlands andpreparatory activities for ponds andwater storagefacilitiesforgroundwaterrecharge,livestockandirrigation.

Restrict use of undersize fishing nets; Conduct regular lake patrols; Register the legalfishermen;designatethefishbreedinggrounds;Controltheinvasiveweeds.

Trainwaterusercommitteesintechnicalknowledgeofclimatechangeimpacts,onwatermanagementbestpractices,onconflictresolutiontechniquesandbookkeeping.

Throughthisactivitysixcriticalwaterwaysfromeachprojectarea,connectingtotheDoho‐NamatalandRwiziwetlandsystems,willenable1200households(6000people)accesstowater:

Eastern region: Doho (180 households), Namatala (120 households) and Manafwa (200households)waterwaysinthedistrictsofButaleja,Kibuku,PallisaandBudaka.

Western region: Kanyabukanza (200 households), Buhwezu district, Kataraka (350households),BushenydistrictandRwenjojo(150households)inSheemadistrict

Increasewaterdeliveryandstoragethroughimprovedinletstreams

ScaleupcommunityplansdesignedundertheCOBWEBproject,includingincreasingtreecoverintheLakeBisinacatchmentareas(by200ha).


I Implement and scale up recommendations and best practices from the independent

terminalevaluationoftheCOBWEBproject Farming/grazing technologies in the catchment areas transferred and sensitise

communities Prepare detailed plans for silt traps, drainage, flood control and maximum water

recuperation Constructthenecessaryinfrastructure(embankments,reservoirs,ponds,etc.)identified

forincreasingwaterstorageandimprovinginletstreams:o 10inletstreamsinBuhweju,Sheema,ShenyiandNtungamodistrictsinWestern

UgandaandButaleja,BudakaandKibukuinEasternUgandao coveringtheNyakambu,ButaleNyaruznga,RufuhaandNyabihokowetlandso Embankments:IntheEasternregion5alongwaterwaysthatconnectintoRiver

Namatala. Jobusiba, Katolutu and Nakwase. In the western region 5 alongwaterways that connect into River Rwizi. 2 embankments per water way.Nyakambu,Nyaruzinga,andButale.

o Silttraps:Minimumof5perinletstreamo Floodcontrolstructures:5canals(+embankments)onriverRwiziand5Canals

inRiverNabataea. Trainbeneficiariesinwaterstoragetechnologyandmechanisms Establishgroupsorcommitteestomanagethenewsystemsincludingbookkeepingand

conflictresolutiontechniquesIt is estimated that each construction and infrastructure measure will deliver between 100,000 ‐150,000litresextrawaterperrainyseason.Thequalityofwaterwillimprovesincetheretentiontimerate forwaterwill have been increased. It is expected that the current silt load in RiverRwizi andNamatalawillbereducedby40%fromthecurrent80%(WaterqualityassessmentreportJICA2014)RehabilitatedegradedwetlandandcatchmentareasandimprovelandproductivityUnderthisactivity760km2willberehabilitated.The760km2or76,000haiscomprisedofbothwetlandandcatchmentareastoberestoredi.e.64,370haforwetlandand11,630haforcatchmentareas.ThisiscapturedintheproposallogframeanddetailedinTable 20andTable 21.TheprojectareasarelocatedaroundtheRwiziandDoho‐Namatalawetlandsystems,togetherwiththeirsurroundingcatchments.

The64,370haofwetlandsisfurtherbrokendowninto56.7km2(5,670ha)inwesternUganda,wherethereisasmallareaofdegradedwetlandsand587km2(58,700ha)inEasternUgandawherethereisthelargestareaofdegradedwetlands.The11,630haofcatchmentsisfurtherbrokendowninto30km2(3,000ha) ineasternUgandaand86.3km2(8,630ha) inwesternUganda.Thebreakdownofwetlandandcatchmentstoberestoredperdistrictareasfollowsforthetworegions:District Totaldegraded

wetlandarea(ha)

Totaldegradedcatchmentarea(ha)

TotalareatoberestoredwithGCFsupportcatchmentandwetland(ha)

WetlandareatoberestoredwithGCFsupport(ha)

CatchmentareatoberestoredwithGCFsupport(ha)

Bushenyi 5,000 1,500 3,000 2,500 500Buhweju 300 4,000 1500 300 1,000Ntungamo 1,500 1,600 750 450 500Kisoro 2,300 3,400 1,150 150 1,000Kanungu 4,500 5,000 3,500 500 3,000Mitooma 1,400 4,500 500 150 350Rukungiri 3,800 4,000 1,300 600 700Kabale 5,000 6,000 2,500 1,000 1,500


IRubirizi 200 3,000 100 20 80Total 24,000 33,000 14,300 5,670 8,630

Table20:WetlandandcatchmentareastoberehabilitatedbydistrictinwesternUganda

District Total

degradedwetlandarea(ha)

Totaldegradedcatchmentarea(ha)

TotalareaofbothwetlandandcatchmenttoberestoredwithGCFsupport(ha)

Wetlandarea(GCFsupport)

Catchmentarea(GCFsupport)

Butaleja 14,000 500 7,000 6,800 200Kaliro 5,000 1,500 2,700 2,300 400Mbale 9,000 2,500 5,000 4,500 500Namutumba 12,000 1,000 5,000 4,500 500Pallisa 16,000 500 6,000 5,900 100Tororo 28,000 1,500 13,000 12,500 500Budaka 13,000 400 6,000 5,900 100Bukedea 21,000 200 8,000 7,900 100Kibuku 13,000 500 6,000 5,600 400Ngora 3,000 400 3,000 2,800 200Total 134,000 9,000 61,700 58,700 3,000

Table21:WetlandandcatchmentareastoberehabilitatedbydistrictineasternUganda.NotethatEasternUgandaismainlyaflatareawithlimitedcatchment.Mostdegradationisinwetlands.

Specificactionswillinclude:

Undertake interventions identified in the COBWEB terminal evaluation as necessaryfollowupactivitiestorehabilitatethecatchmentsfeedingwetlandareas(e.g.replantingand protecting indigenous grasses and herbaceous vegetation resilient to climatevariability,promoteinfiltration,decreasesoiltranspiration,placementofgabionsinareassubjecttoexcessiveerosion).Thiswillbeatthefollowingscale:

o Rwizicatchment(8,630ha)andDoho‐Namatalacatchment(3,000ha)o 8,630hainWesternUgandawillbedistributedinthedistrictsasfollows:Rugongo

catchmenet, Kalungu sub‐county, Buhweju, Kyamabale catchment, Sheema,Kahiringitwa catchment, Ishaka town council, Bushenyi, Nyaruteme catchmentNyamwita sub‐county Ntungamo, Ruhinda catchment Ruhinda sub‐countyMitooma, Rubindi catchment, Rubindi sub‐county, Mbarara and Kashambya–Rushebeyacatchment,Kabale.EachwetlandindicatedintheassessmentreportissurroundedbydegradedcatchmentsandTable 20aboveprovidesthebreakdownofrestoredwetlandsandcatchmentareasperdistrict.

o 3,000hainEasternUgandawillbedistributedinthefollowingdistricts:Lwera,Kachumbala sub‐county, Bukedea district, Lumbuye catchment in Namugongosub‐county,Kalirodistrict,Naigombwe,Ivukulasub‐county,Namutumbadistrict,Kalubi catchment, Pallisa district. Table 21 above provides the breakdown ofrestoredwetlandandcatchmentareasperdistrict.

o Replantingandprotectingindigeneousgrasses:Rwizicatchment150ha,Doho‐Namatala(100ha).Butaresub‐countyBuhwejudistrict,NyakayojoandRugando,Mbarara district, Nyarzinga in Rukungiri sub‐county and Kabira in Mitoomadistrict

o Herbaceous vegetation: Rwizi catchment (200ha), Doho‐Namatala (300ha).Rwanyamahembesub‐county,andRwnkiniroinMbararaandNtungamoinWesternUganda.GoogonyoandKkibaleinPallisa,Kadama,andKamonkoliKibukuBudaka


IdistrictsandBusolweinEasternUganad

o Gabionsforprotectingagainsterosion:MountainousareasofBuhweju,Sheema,NtungamaandBushenyconnectedtoRiverRwizisystem

Boundarydemarcationandgazettementofwetlands:o 150kmofboundarieswillbecreatedtoprotecttheindigenousvegetation‐Kyanika

sub‐countyinBuhwejudistrictandRwamparainMbararadistrict.Boundarieswillbe demarcated and marked along the springs which act as water shades fordownstreamareas–ButareandKalungu sub‐counties inBuhweju,Nyakayojo inMbarara,NyabihokoinNtungamoandNyaruzingainRukungiri

Scaleupthetrainingofcommunitymembersandextensionworkersinsustainablelandmanagementtechniques

Trainingcommunitiesonthesustainableuseofwetlandsgoodslikefish(toavoidover‐exploitation)andonsustainablelandusetechniques

Raisingcommunityawarenessontheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection ManaginggrazingonwetlandareasbyworkingwiththeGoUtofence‐offsensitiveareas.

Implementextensivereforestationandlandreclamationon643km2ofdegradedwetlandareasduetograzing(this643km2i.e.64,370haisconstitutedby58,700haofwetlandineasternUgandaandapproximately5,670haofdegradedwetlandinwesternUganda).Thiswillinvolve:

o 2Earthmoverswillbeneededtoconstructsmallearthendamsandembankments;o Smallearthdams:constructed inhillyareaswherewaterwillbeharvestedto

helpcommunityincreasetheirproductivitythroughsmall‐scaleirrigation.About1500householdswillbenefitfromthisintervention.5SmallearthdamswillbeconstructedinthedistrictsofPalliisa,KibukuandBukedeainEasternUganda.3willbeconstructedinMabararaandNtungamoinwesternUganda.

Engage inpeer‐to‐peerexchange,demonstrationvisits, andother learningactivities toshareexperiencesandscaleupsuccessfulpilots

Raiseawarenessofcommunityonsustainablewetlandmanagementandtrainonspecificpractices

ItisexpectedthatthroughthisactivitylandproductivitywillbeincreasedintheRwizicatchmentandDoho‐Namatalacatchment.Inparticular:

Westernregionlandproductivitywillbeimprovedthroughanumberofwaysincluding:o Useofterracestoreduceerosionoftopsoilso Intercroppingofcropswithdifferentnutrientrequirementso Applicationanduseofanimalmanureo Promotingsmall‐scaleirrigationespeciallyforvegetablegrowing(Cabbage,carrots

andtomatoes.Animalmanurewillalsobeusedtoincreaseproductivitybecauseatleasteachhouseholdkeepsanimals.

EasternRegiono Intercroppingofcropswithdifferentnutrientrequirementso Promoting and supporting small scale irrigation especially for rice andvegetable

growingStrengthenedcapacitytomonitorandmanagewetlands

Strengtheningthenationalwetlandinformationsystem(NWIS)o Provisionofequipmenthardware:computerandplottero Dataupdates:quarterly,bi‐annual,annualo Capacitybuildingof3staff,includingtrainingonusingdata,GISandremotesensingo Purchaseoftopographicsheets,landcovermapsandsatelliteimagestobeincluded

inNWIS Building institutional capacity at central and local government levels on wetland


Imanagementbytraining(ontechnicalknowledgeabouttheimpactofclimatechangeonwetlands,environmentalmanagementandsustainablelandmanagement)andmentoring:

o 10wetlandstaffwillbetrainedinspecializedskillsincludingdatacollectionandmanagement,Wetlandrestorationskills,GISandclimatechange.

o Localgovernmentstaff‐Allfocalpointsinchargeofwetlands:15technicalstaffwillbetrainedinwetlandrestoration,datacollectionandmonitoringskills

o Over1000individualsselectedfromthecommunitiesadjacenttothewetlandsinthe two project areas will be equipped with skills ranging from enterprisedevelopment,climatesmartagriculture,activities,waterharvesting

o Atotalof100drawnfromdifferentlevelspeoplewillbenefitfromtrainingontheimpact of climate change on wetlands, environmental management andsustainablewetlandmanagement.Thetrainingwillinvolvebothtechnicalpeopleand political leadership: 15 from central government and 75 from localgovernments.

Prepareanddevelopcommunitywetlandmanagementplansineachtargetedarea.Thesewill include village and parish adaptation plans i.e. incorporating climate changeadaptationintolocalwetlandmanagementpracticeswhereneeded:

o Mostwetlandsintheprojectareahavemanagementplans.Howeverfewoftheinterventions identified in theplanshavebeen implementeddueto inadequateresources.Thefirststepwillbetoreviewalltheplansandidentifyactivitiesthatareinlinewiththeprojectobjectives.Thesewillbesupportedbytheproject.

o In the Western region 5 Management plans already exist: Rucece CommunityBasedManagementplan,Mbararadistrict(majoractivitywillbedesiltingblockedwater ways), Kandekye Management plan, Bushenyi district, (supporting thecommunitycraftcentreandstrengtheningtheexistingcommittees),KashambyaRushebeya(communityBasedManagementplan),Kabaledistrict(majoractivity,ecotourismandfishfarming),Nyabihoko(community‐basedmanagementplan),Ntungamodistrict(majoractivitiesaresoilandwaterconservation(treeplanting)andsmallscaleirrigation).

o In Eastern Uganda 3 Management plans exist: Saala (community‐basedManagement plan), Kibuku district (major activities are small scale irrigation(horticulture)andstrengtheningoftheexistingmanagementcommittee),LimotowetlandManagementplan(majoractivitiesareconstructionofwaterretentionstructuresandsupportingsmallscaleirrigationforvegetableandricegrowing),Kirika(community‐basedManagementPlan),Kibukudistrict(majoractivitiesaresmallscaleirrigationforsustainableuplandriceproductionandfishfarming).

o A second category will include wetlands that do not have management plans.These will have plans developed and implemented with the support from theproject:5planswillbedevelopedincludingactivitiessuchasfishfarming,apiaryandecotourism.

Providetoolsandtrainingtoimplementwetlandmanagementplanso Maps:TopographicsheetswillbepurchasedfromtheDepartmentofSurveyand

mappingo GPSs:20GPSforcentralandlocalgovernmentso Waterqualitykits:20Waterqualitykitsforlocalgovernments

Facilitateestablishmentofcommunitiesintocommitteesandgroupsformanagementoflocalwetlandareasandimplementationofrestorationactivities:

o Asmostwetlands in theproposedproject area havemanagement plans,whenthesemanagementplansweredevelopedcommitteeswereformedtooverseetheimplementationoftheplans.Mostofthecommitteesareavailableontheground.Duringconsultations,itwasestablishedthatover20committeesareavailableontheground.Theprojectwillthereforesupporttwoaspects:


I Operationalisation of the already existing committees. All Existing

management plans indicated above have these committees in place.WesternRegionKamurawetland,Nsiikasub‐county,Buhweezu,Rwenjojowetland, Kyamuhnga sub‐county, Sheema district, and KafunjowetlandEastern Division, Rukungiri district. Eastern region Lumbuye wetland,Namugongo sub‐county, Kaliro district and Kidongole wetlandKachumbalasub‐county,Bukedeadistrict.

Formation of new committees where management plans will bedeveloped.

5.1.2 ImprovedAgriculturalPracticesandAlternativeLivelihoodOptionsintheWetlandsUnderthiscomponentanumberofactivitiesareexpectedtocontribute,including:i. Cropdiversificationandpromotingresilientagriculturalbestpracticesii. Economically viable and sustainable livelihood and income generating interventions are

introduced,promoted,andsupportedinthewetlandandimmediatecatchmentiii. Business and entrepreneurial skills are promoted, including training for farmers and

communitiestoaccess/usemicrocreditschemesandrevolvingfunds,aswellas facilitatinglinkswithprovidersoftheseservices.

Thefollowinginputsareexpectedtooffersignificantbenefitsandcontributetoeachactivity:Cropdiversificationandresilientagriculturalbestpracticesadopted

Scale up the capacity building efforts of agricultural extension officers on resilientagriculturepractices(smartagriculture,conservationagriculture)

Trainfarmersatallprogrammesitesontheimportanceofcropdiversificationandotherresilientagriculturaltechniquesasanadaptivemeasuretoclimatechange(e.g.plantingdrought tolerant crops, earlymaturing crops, adoptingmultiple cropping techniques tospreadrisks).

o WesternandEasternregions;IntroduceshortseasonvarietiesofCassava,Sweetpotatoes (as a drought resistant crop), sorghum. Vegetables (cabbages, carrots,greenpaper,beet roots and spinach).These cut acrossall theproposedprojectareas.Mostofthesecropswillbegrownonwetlandedgesasperexistingwetlandedgegardeningguidelines.Householdswillbesupportedwithinputsofseedsandtools to responsibly undertake this according to gardening guidelines. Thiswillinvolvesettingupusergroups/cooperativeswheretheydonotyetexist,inordertofacilitatethesharingofseedsandtools.Farmersandmemberswillpayasmallfeetojointhesegroupsandthecollectedfeesusedforcleaning/repairingtoolsandthecostsofcleaningseedsetc.Implementationofthisinterventionwillbebasedon theexistingprocedureof supporting farmerswith inputs includingseedandtoolsthroughorganizedgroupssuchascooperatives.Thecurrentproceduresdonot encourage free supply of materials and inputs instead it emphases thatcommunitiesbesupportedatsubsidizedpriceswheretheyarerequiredtomakeacontributioninordertoowntheprocess.Thecurrentpracticeisthatfarmersaresubsidized seed on condition that after harvest they will surrender someproportion,which ispassedon toothermembers, andall farmersdo the same.Apart from sustainability, this approach also helps to build a seed bank. Theselectionprocessvaries fromonegroup toanotherbasedongrouprules. If theinputsareinadequate,thegroupmemberscanopteithertovoteorfirstgivethemostdisadvantaged.

o Climatesmartagriculture:ThiswillbesupportedinthehillyareasofwesternUgandaincludingBuhwezu,Bushenyi,Sheema,NtungamoandRukungiri.Thiswill


Imainly involve small‐scale irrigation using water trapped in the gulleys orharvested from a rainy season. It will also involve using natural fertilizer fromlivestock,mulchingandreducingslashandburnpractices,aswellasreducingsoiloverturning (andmoisture loss) fromusing ploughs (instead using rippers andfurrowswhichdonotoverturnthesoil).Droughtresistantcrops,waterharvesting,agroforestryandshorterseasoncropvarietalswillbeencouragedandagriculturalgardensandfieldswillberemovedfromthebanksofwaterwaystoreducesiltationand effluent reaching the main watercourses. Intercropping and crop rotationpracticeswillbeusedto improvereducedsoil fertility fromwetlandsclearedofnaturalvegetation.

o Plantingdroughttolerantcrops:Cassava,Sweetpotatoes,Irishpotatoes,fruitse.g. apples, fodder crops e.g. grass (Chloros gayana, Napier cuttings , elephantgrass).Thiswillbeundertakeninareasthatarepronetoprolongeddryperiods;WesternRegion:BuhanamaNyabihokoandKakikongorocatchments,Ntungamodistrict,RwakabengoandNyambabicatchments,Rukungiridistrict,RubindiandNyabikungu catchments, Mabarara district; Eastern Region: Nazigomera andNaigombwa catchments, Namutumba district, Limoto, catchment Palisa district,Saala catchment Kibuku distsrict.Western region: Buhanama Nyabihoko andKakikongoro catchments, Ntungamo district; Rwakabengo and Nyambabicatchments , Rukungiri district; Rubindi andNyabikungu catchments,Mabararadistrict.EasternRegion: Nazigomera andNaigombwa catchments, Namutumbadistrict;Limoto,catchmentPallisadistrict;SaalacatchmentKibukudistrict.

o Earlymaturingcrops:Vegetables(cabbages,carrots,greenpaper,beetrootsandspinach), beans andmaize.WesternUganda:Ruhinda,Mitoomadistrict, RuceceNyakayojo,Mbararadistrict,KatalimwaandNyakabirizi,Shemadistrict,NyangomaandKanoni,Buhwejudistrict.EasternRegion.NawaibaleandIrimba,Namutumbadistrict,Kaglei,Pallisadistrict,KabunaandNandusi,Kibukudistrict

o Adoptingmultiple cropping techniques to spread risks: Maize and beans,Maize,beansandsorghum,cassava,beansandMaize.Majorityofthehouseholdsinthetwoprojectareasaremainlyengaged intheproductionof theabovenamedcropsthatactasbothcashandfoodcrops.WesternRegionKatarakaandKamwita,Ntungamo district, Mpanga, Buhweju distrct, Rushebeya, Kabale district,Rwakabengo and Ikona, Rukungiri district. Eastern Region: Bumanya, Kalirodistrict,Namatalo,Butalejadistrict,Lwera,Kachumbala,Bukedeadistrict

o Beekeeping: The beehives will be located at wetland edges and forests. Thesupport will mainly be provided to organized community groups – 30 farmergroupsspreadacrosseachtargetarea.

Trainfarmersatallsitesonwatermanagementandirrigationstrategiesandtechniquessuchasdripirrigation,bunding,andsoilandwaterconservation.

Assesssuitabilityofagriculturalandwatermanagementtechniquesatsites,includingcost‐benefit analyses. This intervention will be based on the ongoing initiatives beingundertakenbyEnvironmentAlertunderthefarmerfieldschoolsprojectsupportedbyFAO.

Scale up 10 established farmer and water user groups or collectives to facilitate andoversee the adoption and dissemination of crop diversification, resilient agriculturalpracticesandwatermanagement/irrigation

o Activities to strengthen the groups will include, tailor made trainings, skillsdevelopment,andexchangevisits.

o Skillswillincluderecordkeeping,Financialmanagement,groupdynamicso Groupsaremadeupofanumberofsubgroups involved indifferententerprises

including fish farmers, livestock farmers, apiary and ecotourism. Selection oftraineesshouldbebasedontheareasandforeachgrouptrainerswithspecializedskills ineachareaare identifiedandengagedtoprovidespecialtrainingtoeachgroup


I Supply30farmersgroupswithagriculturalinputsneededtoapplyresilientpractices(e.g.

newseedvarieties,herbicidesandtools) Facilitate the production andmanagement of resilient and improved seeds within the

communities to enhance accessibility of direct and indirect beneficiaries (set up 10nurseriesand4farmersschools)

Facilitatetheestablishmentandregistrationofwaterusergroupstomanagesustainablewater distribution and use for irrigation. 4NGOs andCBOsoperating at the local levelengagedacrossthe2targetareas.Constructnecessarysmall‐scalewatermanagementandirrigationinfrastructure(e.g.ponds,canals,dripirrigationsystems):20ponds,canals,anddrip irrigation systems across the two target areas. The factors listed below wereconsidered to determine the location and type of irrigation system that will supportcommunityinitiatives:

Cropi.e.typeofcropcommunitiesarecurrentlyengagedin initialcost;willingnesstocontributetothecost laborrequirements sizeandshapeoffield watersource MaintenancecostsTheselectionofpondswasbasedon:

Terrain Typeofsoils Sourceofwater

Systematicallyshareanddisseminategoodpracticethroughfarmer‐to‐farmerexchange,

demonstrationsites,trainingoftrainersandothermethodsEconomically viable and sustainable agriculture‐based livelihood and income generatinginterventionsintroduced,promotedandsupportedinthewetlandandimmediatecatchment

Assess theviabilityofalternative livelihoodsskills in the targetwetlandareas toactasfinanciallysustainableincomestreamsthatareresilienttoclimatechange(usingtheILOmethodology),notingthatthefollowinghaveprovedeconomicalsolutionsinthepast:

o Fishfarming:Fishstocksinnaturallakesarecurrentlylowmakingdifficultforthelocalcommunitiestoaccessprotein.TheywillbereplenishedinSara,Limoto,Dohowetlands inEasternUgandaand theRwizi andRufuha,Nyaruzunga,RushebeyaKanyabahawetlandsinWesternUganda.

o Establishmentof fishponds in theRwizi andDoho‐Wetland systemswillpartlysolve this problem. In addition, individuals, households and farmer groupsinvolved in thisenterprisewillearnadditional income.Specificwetlandswherefishpondswillbelocatedas indicatedinthemanagementplans:WesternregionKashambya – Rushebeya wetland, Kabale district, Rucece wetland, Mbararadistrict,KandekyewetlandBushenyidistrict.EasternRegionKamonkoliwetlandBudakedistrict,Kirikawetland.Kibukudistrict,KatolutuwetlandBukedea

o Ecotourism can increase income to wetland users and this will specifically besupportedinKabaledistrictwherethelocalcommunityadjacenttoKashambya–Rushebeya wetland is already organized and have been advocating for theprotection of Sitatunga i.e. a threatenedwater buck that is endemic towetlandareas.

Undertaketrainingofestablishedgroupsorcommitteeso Regional farmer centres established, 1 in each target region:Western one in

Mbarara,EasternoneinMbale.Everydistricthasanassociationthatbringsfarmerstogether.Thesehavecometogethertoformregionalassociations.Existingfarmer


Icentresaredonothave facilities toundertake trainingand informationsharing.However itwillnotbeeasytobuildcenters inall thedistricts.Therefore itwasagreedduringconsultationsthatitwouldbebettertohaveregionalcentersthatwillactascentersofexcellence

Establishlocalgroups,cooperativesandcommitteestoimplementandmanagetheprocessof introducing and disseminating alternative livelihoods (participatory selection ofbeneficiaries,screeningofskillsandsmallandmediumenterprises):

o in buffer zones and farmlands; 20 groups, 10 in Eastern and 10 in WesternUganda

o startingabusinessofplantnurseries;20groupsi.e.tenperprojectarea.o orchardmanagement;5groups–HillyareasofKabaleandRukungiriandMbarao sustainable fishproductionandprocessing; 10 groups –Budaka andKibuku

districtsinNamatalawetlando biodiversitycounts;20groups‐LakeBisinacatchment,Bukedeadistricto animalhusbandry;10groups–BushenyiandMbararadistrictso CBOformation;Allexistingwetlandmanagementassociationswillbeupgraded

intoCBOsi.e.20CBOso eco‐tourism;2localgroups,oneperregion

Trainingofestablishedgroups(e.g.managementofplantationofeconomicallyimportanttreespeciesinbufferzonesandfarmlands,startingabusinessofplantnurseries,orchardmanagement, sustainable fish production and processing, biodiversity counts, animalhusbandry,CBOformationandeco‐tourism)

Provide small‐scale infrastructure for identified livelihood options (e.g. beehives, fishponds,fruitprocessingplantsandcoldstorage)

Providesmall‐scaleinfrastructuretosupportidentifiedlivelihoodoptions(e.g.renewableenergysystems(pumps,biogas),dripirrigationsystems)

o Beehives;20groupseachgiven10hives–WesternRegion;Nyabihoko,Ntungamodistrict,Kanyabukanza,Buhwejudistrict,Kanyamabale,Sheemadistrict.EasternRegion;Saala,Kibukudistrict,LimotoandOdworato,Palliassistrict

o fishponds 50 fish ponds. Western Region; Kashambya –Rushebeya, Kabaledistrict,Kainamura,Buhwejudistrict,Kajurugo,Bushenyidistrict.EasternRegion;NyanzawetlandinBudakadistrict,Nazigomere,Namutumbadistrict,Mpologoma,Kibukudistrict

o fruit processing plants; 2 Fruit collection centres – Kabale district, Bukedeadistrict

o coldstoragefacilities;4Milkcollectioncenters–BushenyiandMbararadistrictso drip irrigation systems; 5 Water reservoir i.e. water retention structures of

approx.100mx100mwithadepthof2m.ThreealongtheRwizisystemand2alongDoho–Namatalasystem.

o biogasenergysystems;2Wastecollectioncentres–inschoolsneighboringthetwoproposedwetlandareas.

5.1.3 Strengtheningaccesstoclimateandearlywarninginformationforfarmersandothertargetcommunities

Underthiscomponent,theexpectedoutputsthatwillcontributetothiscomponentareasfollows:i. Meteorologicalandhydrologicalinfrastructuralinvestments,includingadditionalmanualand

automaticweatherstations,hydrologicalmonitoringequipment,agro‐meteorologicalstations,forecastingequipment,anddataarchivingsystems

ii. Capacity building of relevant staff on operation and maintenance of climate monitoringequipment

iii. Climate‐relatedinformation/servicesprovidedtotargetareas,suchasearlywarningsonflash


Ifloodsandextremeweather,agriculturalextensionadviceforawidevarietyofcrops,short‐tolong‐rangeweatherandclimateforecasts

iv. Customized ICT, mobile platforms, and other public and private communication channelsidentifiedand/ordevelopedtosupportdisseminationoftheaboveinformation/servicestothe‘lastmile’userstoenabletimelyandurgentresponsiveactionaswellasshort/medium/long‐termplanningforclimate‐dependentactivitiesinsectorssuchasagriculture.

Meteorological and hydrological infrastructural investments supported, including additionalmanualandautomaticweatherstations, lightningsensors,hydrologicalmonitoringequipment,agro‐meteorologicalstations,forecastingequipment,anddataarchivingsystems.Theobjectiveofthisoutputwillbetoensureequipmentandobservationsareavailabletodevelopmoreaccurate and localized climate and weather observations, improving monitoring and warningcapabilities,aswellasenablingthelong‐termdevelopmentofmoreaccurateforecasts.Itwillinvolvetheinstallationofhydrometinfrastructure,tailoredtotheneedsofusersinwetlandareas,aswellasensuringthatdatacommunicationstreamsarefunctioningandprovidedataintimetobeuseful.

Update the Uganda National Meteorology authority (UNMA) database and informationmanagementsystemandlinkstowetlandandwaterinformationsystems(includingNWIS)tobeupdatedinrealtime

Undertake site surveys to identify specific locations, specifications and viability ofinfrastructure, equipment, software and facilities. Locations chosen at sites which provideconsistentaccesstopower,securityandtelecommunications(UNMA)

Undertake data rescue and digitization process for existing historical datawithin the targetareas (UNMA). Thesedata (andothers for the target areas) are to beused todevelopmorelocalisedweather forecasts(usingModelOutputStatistics)andseasonal forecasts,aswellasdebiasingsatelliteobservations.

o 880+ weather stations with historical data from 1903 to 2015 to be digitized andscanned. Six people can do this over a period of 18months. (Since weather has noboundaries, this national historical data will be useful in generation of climateprojectionsincludingtheprojectareas.)

DevelopandimplementaprotocolandanagreementbetweentheDWRM,MAAIF,WMDandUNMAfordatacollection,dataexchange,dataprocessing,dataanalysisandflood,droughtandsevereweatherriskassessmentandwarnings/advisoriesforagriculture

DevelopandestablishanonlinewebplatformlinkedtoDWRM,MAAIF(throughNAADS),WMDandUNMA’sofficialwebsitesandinformationandmanagementsystems

o 1serverwillbehostedatUNMAheadofficeinKampalatostoredata,1serverwillbehostedatNationalmeteorologicalCentreinEntebbeforweatherforecasting.1serverwillbeusedtodeveloptheNWISsystemandassociatedGIStoolsforanalyses

o 10 desktop computers (4GB RAM, Hard Disk‐500GB or higher) to supplement theexistingcomputingfacilitiesatUNMA,DWRMandMAAIF

o 4laptopcomputersforfieldwork(trainingcommunitiesonuseofweatherandclimateinformation)‐4GRAM,500GBHardDiskorhigher.

o 2‐(Printer,Scanner,Copy)units,of45pgsperminuteofA4inblackandwhite,2GBRAM,Storagecapacityof160GBHDD,expandablefaxfunctionsofdualfax,networkfaxandinternetfax,standardnetworkprintingandcolourscanning.

Procure and install required infrastructure in targeted areas. This will include up to 12automaticweatherstations,14hydrologicalwaterlevelgauges,20rainfall‐onlygauges,and2lightningdetectionstations.Thisautomaticequipmentwilleachhaveamanuallyoperatedsetofequivalentequipment

o 12Newweatherobservatoriesequippedwith;manualraingauge(USD292),Stevensonscreenwithastand,thermometers,standforthermometers,Fencefortheobservatory,Automatic weather station. New weather observatories will be located in; Palisa(Gogonyo), Budaka (Iki‐Iki), Bukedea (Kidongole), Mbale (Nakaloke), Butaleja


I(Namaizimasa),Namutumba(Ivukula),Rukungiri(Buyanja),Mitooma(Kashenshero,),Kisoro(Muramba),Kabale(Buhara),Bushenyi(Ruhumuro),Mbarara(Ndeija)

o 2 lightning detection sensors to complement investments through the SCIEWS andTAHMOprojects(oneineachofthewetlandregions).

o 14hydrological stations with telemetry system: Data loggers, data transmission (Satellite), Data receiver, gauge pillars and gauge plates, observation housing with a fence. Many of the hydrological stations in Eastern Uganda are being supported by the World Bank, GIZ/USAID and the UNDP‐GEF project (SCIEWS). However, southwestern Uganda has mostly dilapidated or abandoned hydrological stations that need to be reinstated. Based on the current locations and status of stations (in Figure 15, Figure 21, and Annex 2) the following stations are recommended for rehabilitation or new installation of automatic hydrological/weather observatories in Eastern and South Western Uganda: Palisa (R. Mpologoma), Kamuli (L. Naigaga), Rakai (Bukora), Isingiro (L. Nakivale), Isingiro (Lake Kachera), Rakai (L. Kijanebarola), Mbarara (Munyere swamp), Ntungamo (Rubare swamp), Kanungu (R. Ishasha), Kalungu (R. Katonga_Nkonge), Hoima (R. Muzizi), Mbarara (Ndeija), Kibimbaswamp(Bugiri)andMumbeya(Buikwedistrict).Thiswillensurethatsufficientdataandinformation is available for flood monitoring, as well as being able to monitor the hydrological status of parts of the wetland critical for both ecosystem functioning and services.

IntegratenewequipmentintotheexistingUNMA,DWRMandWMDnetworksCapacitybuildingofrelevantstaffonoperationandmaintenanceofclimatemonitoringequipment,datamanagementandforecastingThiswillincludetrainingonoperationsandmaintenance(O&M)ofequipment,developingschedulesandforwardplanningforfutureO&M,aswellastrainingDWRMandUNMAstafffortheoperationandmaintenanceofinfrastructureandassociatedcommunicationssystems.

Developanobservationnetworkqualitycontrolandmaintenancetoolbox, includingmanualsandinstructionsfordifferentequipment

Establish training materials, approaches and lessons learned, for meteorological andhydrological technicians on technical aspects regarding the operation and maintenance ofinfrastructure. Develop materials related to economic forward planning of O&M costs toimprovebudgetaryplanning

o 10UNMAstaffwillbe trained(refresher training)onoperationsandmaintenanceofautomatic weather stations for a period of 14 days. These are staff of UNMA’sEngineeringandICTdivision.

o 10DWRMstaffwillbetrained(refreshertraining)onoperationsandmaintenanceofautomaticwaterlevelandstreamflowgaugesforaperiodof14days.

o 5peoplewillbetrainedinmaintenanceofrainfallstationsonlyfor2days. Establishoperationandmaintenancetrainingfacilitiesincludingdemonstrationequipmentand

referencequalitysensorsatregionaltrainingsites Train meteorological and hydrological technicians in targeted districts on technical aspects

regardingtheoperationandmaintenanceofnewinfrastructureandassociatedcommunicationtechnologies

Train 10UNMA forecasters on enhanced statistical downscaling techniques to calibrate anddebiasforecastsfromnumericalpredictionmodels

o Furthertraining forweather forecasters inNumericalweatherprediction to facilitategenerationofweatherandclimateproducts.ThetraineeswillbesentonattachmenttotheInstituteforMeteorologicalTrainingandResearch(IMTR)inNairobi.Theproposedfocus is downscaling ofNWPproducts, utilizing statistical techniques (ModelOutputStatistics),withfocusonlimitedareas(e.gareasinwhichwetlandrehabilitationwillbetaking place), utilizing the digitized data generated through 3.1. These forecastswill


Ineedtopredictclimatecharacteristicsrelevanttowaterandagriculturalmanagemente.g.rainfallintensity(forfloods)andrainfallfrequency/chanceofrainfallforagriculturalpurposes.

Climate‐related information/servicesprovided to targetareas,suchasearlywarningson flashfloodsandextremeweather,agriculturalextensionadvice forawidevarietyofcrops,short‐ tolong‐rangeweatherandclimateforecastsThiswillinvolveensuringthattailoredproducts(bulletins,advisoriesandwarnings)areprovidedtobeneficiariesandstakeholders,basedon improvedweatherandseasonal forecasts.Theseshouldbeproducedandcommunicatedaccording to sectorsandneeds inwetlandareas.Theywillneed tobedevelopedincollaborationbetweenMAAIF,DWRM,WMD,UNMAandcommunities.Additionallytheywillneedtoutilizeothernon‐climateenvironmentalandsocio‐economicdatatodesignadvisoriesandinformationthatisrelevantandusefulformakingdecisions.Itshouldinvolvethefollowing:

Identifyanddevelopcapacitiesoftechnicians(MAAIF,DWRM,WMDandUNMA)atthenationalandsub‐national level tocollectandanalyze information. Identifyanddevelopproductsandrequireddataforproducingbulletinsandadvisoriesbasedoncommunity‐definedcriteria,co‐developmentmeetingsandfeedback.

TrainUNMA,MAAIFandDWRMstaff(5‐7fromeachinstitution)atthenationalandsub‐nationallevel on how to generate and analyze data (combining both collected observations, satelliteremote sensing products, as well as vulnerability data/knowledge) as a basis for tailoredproducts

o Utilise satellite‐based observations of in combinationwith observedweather stationdata to generate rainfall and temperature estimates for all the wetland areas (seehttp://iri.columbia.edu/topics/enacts/).

o Utilizesatellite‐basedestimatesofsoilmoistureandvegetationtodevelopproductsthatestimate when conditions are suitable to plant (agriculture) and when soils aresaturatedandrisksfromfloodingaregreater.

Train6UNMAandDWRMstafftoprepareweatherandclimateforecastsandpackaginghydro‐meteorological data and information into suitable formats for user‐agencies and localcommunityend‐users,includingthosespecifictowetlandareas

DevelopearlywarningcommunicationsandassociatedSOPsbetweenDWRM,MAAIF,UNMAandcommunities,forthetargetregions

Train10meteorologists,agronomistsandhydrologistsofDWRM,MAAIF,WMD,CCDandUNMA,to enhance collaborationbetween the implementing institutions throughmainstreaming theonlineplatformandintegrateddatastoragemanagementsystems,andprovidingaccesstoeachinstitutiontodeveloptheirowninformationproducts.

Developforecastingtoolsforfloodsandwaterresourcemanagementinwetlandareas.Thiswillincludewaterresourceandfloodforecastingmodels/tools,aswellasupdatingadvisorieswithrealtimeobservationaldatatransmittedfromautomaticobservingequipmentin3.1

Developweatherandclimatealerts tailored to the targetedwetlandareas, includingcolour‐coded advisories,watches andwarnings for flood, drought, severeweather and agriculturalstresses

o Allthewetlandareasunderrehabilitation.Individuals(localcommunities)inareasofprojectimplementationwillreceivethewarnings.Warningtextmessageswillbesenttoindividuals’ mobile phones. Currently, UNMA has an automatic message switchingsystemthatwillenablethistohappen.

o All communities (in output 1) in the wetland areas being rehabilitated will receiveagriculturaladvisories.Thesewillincludenewadvisories(includingsatellite‐basedsoilmoisture and vegetation data), aswell as the ten‐day advisories and those from theseasonal climate outlook, which are currently produced. Seasonal climate outlookbookletswill be translated into local languages anddisseminated respective regions.LocalFMradiostationswillbeusedtoreachouttocommunities.Atleast50%oflocal


IcommunitieshavemobilephonesandUNMA’sautomaticmessageswitchingsystemiscapableofdeliveringtheadvisoriestoindividuals’mobilephones.

Trainedmeteorologistsandhydrologistsconduct trainingworkshops forwatermanagementofficesandweather/climateobserversintargetedwetlandareas

UNMAandDWRM staffs undertake field schoolswith farmers and communities to sensitisethemonhowtouseandinterpretbulletinsandadvisories.Gatherfeedbackfromfarmersandcommunitiesonproductsandwaystoimprovethem.

o 40(1‐day)engagementmeetings(2meetingsperdistrictfortrainingcommunitiesonuseofweatherandclimateproducts(includingearlywarningalerts).Eachengagementwillhave40participants.Thiswillincludepeoplefromsub‐counties.

CustomizedICT,mobileplatforms,andotherpublicandprivatecommunicationchannelsidentifiedand/ordeveloped to supportdisseminationof theabove information/services to the ‘lastmile’userstoenabletimelyandurgentresponsiveactionaswellasshort/medium/long‐termplanningforclimate‐dependentactivitiesinsectorssuchasagriculture.SMS‐basedandtraditional(radio)communicationsystemswillbeusedtoreachrecipientsandusersofweatherand climate informationandwarnings. Thiswill buildon lessons learnt through theUNDPSCIEWSproject(seesections4.3.2and4.4.2above).Additionallyitwillleveragerecentdevelopmentsin utilizing SMS‐based applications to reach ‘last mile’ users (see http://www.adaptation‐undp.org/projects/cirda andhttp://www.adaptation‐undp.org/climate‐action‐hackathon), aswell asworkingthroughtraditionalchannels(extensionservicesandgovernmentdistrictstructures).Developpotentialprivatesectorrevenuestreamsforlong‐termO&Moftheinformationsystem.Improveuserplatformfordisseminationandforshort‐termaction.SupportDWRMandUNMAwithimprovedaccesstorevenuespromotingfinancialsustainability:

Conducta comprehensivestudy toestablish theviabilityofdifferent sourcesof revenues–ratedasmixedgood/commercialaswellaspublicgood.ReviewandproposerevisionstothecurrentcostrecoveryarrangementbetweentheDWRM,MAAIF,UNMAandCCAtoadequatelyreflectenhancedservicesandfeestructures;

Develop and operationalize SOPs for disseminating weather, climate and hydrologicalinformation related to watersheds at different levels (e.g. community‐level, local‐level,stat/province‐levelandnationallevel).

Develop and implement sector‐specific marketing strategy and project for improvedmeteorologicalservicesandproducts, for1‐2keyeconomicsectors identifiedashavingthemostpotential for generating revenue inwetlandareas.UNMAalready has aWeather andClimateInformationCost/BenefitandMarketingAnalysisreportsubmittedbyaconsultantinMarch 2016. It is the latest guiding document for cost recovery for weather and climateinformation and suggests several sources of revenue including through selling targetedagriculturaladvisories.EstablishService‐levelagreementsforgovernmentorganizationsandprivatecompaniesrequiringspecificcustomisedservicesfromgovernmentagencies

Developandoperationalizeawarningandadvisorydissemination local toolbox includingagender‐sensitivetrainingmanual,specifictotargetedwetlandareas.Thislocaltoolboxincludes a set of documents that are customized for disseminating early warning information (e.g. Information and communication materials and manuals). This is customized according to the area where the dissemination is being carried out.

EquipandfacilitateDRDM,WMDandDDMCtosupportdisseminationofweather,climateandhydrological information, including the establishment of call centres/hotlines and internetconnectionatDRDMlinkedtotheUNMA,MAAIFandDWRM.Ensurevillageanddistrict‐leveldisastercommitteeshavetimelyaccesstowarningsandbulletins

Develop an SMS‐based alert system for wetland water/flood‐related and agriculturaladvisories for local farmers and vulnerable communities in the targetedwetland districts.Engagemobileoperatorstoestablishpartnershipsfordisseminatingwarningsandadvisories

Developandconduct simulationexercises for enhanced flood,drought andsevereweather


IpreparednesstocomplementtheSMS‐alertsysteminthetargetedwetlanddistricts

5.2 Potentialnumbersofbeneficiaries

Thedirectbeneficiariesoftheproposedinterventionswill includecommunities inthe interventionareas;GovernmentAgencies,PrivateSectorandNon‐GovernmentalOrganizations(NGOs).Throughtheseinterventionsatotalof990,000menandwomeninthetargetedcommunitiesinSouthwesternandEasternUgandaareexpectedtobenefit:

- 300,000people(180,000menand120,000women)inthetargetcommunitieswillhaveaccesstodirectlivelihoodsupport;

- 500,000people(300,000menand200,000women)benefitfromimprovedproductivityinthecatchment;

- 50,000people(30,000menand20,000women)benefitfromwetlandcapturefisheries;- 20,000people(12,000menand8,000women)benefitfromrainwaterharvesting;- 100,000people(60,000menand40,000women)benefitfromirrigationwaterabstractedfrom

wetlands;- 10,000people(6,000menand4,000women)benefitfromapiaryfarming;- 10,000 people (6,000 men and 4,000 women) benefit from wetland based ecotourism

enterprises.5.3 CommunityengagementCommunity engagement throughout the project will need to provide the opportunity for localcommunitiestoparticipateinprojectdecisionmakingprocessessothattheoutcomesoftheprojectareof immediate benefit. The specific activities, approach, where and when of these engagements areindicatedinTable 22below:


IActivity

Approach

Whenitwillbedone

Whereitwillbedoneandhowoften

1. ParticipatorymappingofthestakeholdersandconductastakeholderanalysistoidentifythosethatshouldbeinvolvedinprojectimplementationandmonitoringattheNational,DistrictSub‐CountyParishlevelandcommunitylevel

Workshopswillbeorganizedtomapandanalysiskeystakeholderstobeengaged in the project. Differentinterest groups will participate inthis meeting including women andyouth. 4 workshops comprising 50participantswillbeorganizedtothiseffect.

Thiswillbecarriedoutattheinitialplanningstageofimplementation.

regionaldistrictsubcountyandcommunitylevels

2. Districtlevelconsultations19

3. Sub‐countylevelconsultationsmeetingsthatbringtogetherrepresentativesfromtherespectiveParishes40Sub‐counties

4Workshopsof60participantseachwillbeorganizedtothiseffect

Planning andimplementationphase on theproject

At district, sub‐county, parish andcommunitylevels

4. Bi‐annual communitymeetings andmonitoringvisits

QuarterlymeetingsbetweenDistrictleadership, Communityrepresentatives and the projectimplementation team will beorganizedtoassessprogressandgetfeedback.Thiswillbecarriedoutatleast4timesayearwithatleast100participantsfromeachprojectsite

Bi‐annual District, Sub‐county and fieldlevel

5. Exhibitions Community groups engaged indifferent enterprises will befacilitated to participate in variousforums to share their experienceswithotherstakeholders;Atleast10groupswillbesupportedduringtheprojectperiod.

Annual National and locallevels

6. ParticipationineventsincludingWorldWetlandsDay,WorldWaterDay,WorldFoodday.

Extension staff and Communitygroups will be facilitated toparticipate in various events atNationalandlocalleveltolearnandshareexperience.Atleast10events

Annual National and localevents

7. Participatoryprojectmonitoringandevaluation

Selectedmembersofthecommunity,districtandsub‐countyleaderswilljoinotherstakeholdersincludingtheproject implementation duringproject evaluation and monitoringmissions

Routine projectmonitoringMid‐termevaluationEnd of termevaluation

Routinemonitoring will bedaytodayMidterm‐After 3and 5years ofimplementationAfter8years

Table22:Communityengagementactivitiesthroughouttheprojectcycle.

Anumberofchannels,includingworkshops,communitymeetings,localeventsandexhibitionsetcwillbeusedtoachievetheseobjectives.Theseinclude:

Develop6communitybasedcatchmentmanagementplans


I Supporttheestablishmentof5communitybased/localinstitutionstomonitorthe

implementationofinterventions Mobilizeandsensitizelivestockkeepersthrough10farmergroups Establishandoperationalise30communitycommitteestooverseethereforestationprocess Setup20districtandvillage–leveloperationalandmaintenancecommittees Establishandoperationalise5committeestooverseethemanagementofprotectedsensitive

areas. Establishandoperationalise10farmerandwaterusercommitteesatlocallevel Setup4farmerfieldschoolsatthelocallevel.

All thesecommunity groupsandworkwillbe interspersedbystakeholder consultationmeetings toensure ownership of the community at large, as well as regular projectmonitoring and evaluationthroughtheprojectmanagementunitandfieldsurveystoassesstheimpactoncommunitylivelihoods.There are already existing mechanisms for approval and implementation of community basedmanagementplansasoutlinedbelow:

1. Whenamanagementplanisdeveloped,animplementationcommitteecomposedofdifferentstakeholdersisputinplacetooverseeimplementation

2. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the management plan are registered as anassociation/CBO

3. The associations activities are guidedby the constitution developed by the communitywithguidancefromthedistrictandsub‐county.Whenthecommunitybasedmanagementplanhasbeendeveloped,itisendorsedatdifferentlevelsincludingthedistrict,thesub‐county.TheplanisdiscussedbytheSub‐countycouncilandsignedbytheSub‐CountyChairpersononbehalfofthesub‐countywhoisanelectedleader.Atthedistrict,itallpassesthroughthesamechannelsi.e.Districtcouncilandsignedbythedistrictchairpersononbehalfofthedistrict.

4. Inaddition,amemorandumofunderstandingbetweenthecommunityandthedistrictissignedspellingoutthedifferentrolesandresponsibilitiesofthedifferentstakeholdersespeciallythedistrict,sub‐countyandthelocalcommunity.

5.4 Constraintsandassumptions

Thefollowingconstraintsmayimpedetheimplementationofanysuchprojectandneedtobecarefullymanagedthroughoutitscourse:

Conflicts. There are many conflicts surrounding wetlands: between communities withinwetlandareas(e.g.BagwereandBagisu);conflictsforresourceuse(water)betweenupstreamand downstream communities in a given wetland; resource conflicts between peoplecultivatinginthesamewetlands;politicalconflicts.Mostwetlandsidentifiedforrestorationhave management plans that were developed through a participatory process in whichcommunities were involved. Among the key areas handled during this process is conflictidentificationanalysisandmitigationstoaddresstheconflicts.InadditiontheMinistryhasputinplaceagrievancehandlingmechanism;thesecombinedwilltakecareofanyarisingconflictduringprojectimplementation.

Governance. There is a need revive governance structures within the wetlands in theintervention committees. For example; some environmental committees are not currentlyfunctional,neither/noraretheyfacilitated;andyetthesearelikelytoplayasignificantroleinprojectimplementation.

ThefollowingassumptionsalsoapplytotheGCF‐financedprojectimplementation:

Thekeyagro‐ecologicalandhydrologicalsystemsofthewetlandsinthetargetedprojectareasarerelativelywellunderstood(intermsofhowtheyfunction)andprojectimplementationwill


Ibuildonpreviousstudiesofeachwetlandsystem;

Local communities and resourcemanagers have been adequately consulted or engaged inproblemidentificationandsolutionfinding;

Socioeconomiclivelihoodsaswellassocialsystemsofthecommunitiesintheprojectareasareunderstoodandtheprojectwillbeimplementedtoaddresstheselivelihoods;

Governancestructuresat the local,subregionalaswellasnational levelsareadequateandsufficientforthemanagement,coordination,monitoringandimplementationoftheprojectintheprojectareas;

Localbeneficiarycommunitieswillbewillingtoaccepttheprojectandadoptthetechnologiesandskillsthatwillbedevelopedthroughtheproject.

5.5 Governance,SustainabilityandExitstrategy

Itisimportanttoensurethatmosttheprojectoutputsaresustainableinthelongrun.Inordertodothis, targetbeneficiariesshouldbemadeawareof the technologies, informationandbestpracticesthrough participatory approaches used in implementing project activities. This will give targetbeneficiariesanopportunitytoknowandtakeuptheoutputs.Importantapproachestobeusedaretheuseofextensionagents,trainingoftrainersanduseofpeople‐centredlearningplatforms,wherebeneficiarycommunitieswilllearnbydoing.Asanexitstrategytheprojectwillneedtoensurethatactivities not onlymeet the needs of the communities in the project areas, but that they are alsoeconomically beneficial compared to other livelihood options. The benefits of sustained ecologicalservices(throughimprovementsinwetlands)willalsoneedtobeapparentinordertobetakenupandsustainedbycommunities.Forexample,itisplannedthattheoutcomeswillhelpthecommunitiestoberesilienttoeffectsofclimatechange;haveasourceoflivelihood,foodandwatersecurity,whichinturnareexpectedtoaccelerateadoptionofthetechnologies,informationandbestpractices.

Agriculturalextensionstaffwillbekeytotheutilizationofoutputs(alertmessages;informationonadvisories, technologies andbestpractices) forwideradoptionand integrating suchpractices intotheirday‐to‐dayworkbeyondtheprojecttimeframe.Theinvolvementofgovernmentagenciesandlineministries,departmentssuchaswaterandenvironment;andagriculture,industryandfisheriesaswellasliaisingwithvariousNGOsandCBOsthataredoingsimilarworkintheselectedcommunitieswillbecrucialforsustainability.It’santicipatedthattheseinstitutionswillintegratethesepracticesinto their planning and budgets for up scaling and continuationpurposes. Theuse of institutionaldevelopmentapproacheswillenablefarmersandwaterusergroupstobettermanagetheirgroups,including better record keeping, group governance, enterprise management, collectivemarketing,financialmanagementaswellasinlobbyingandadvocacy.Inordertoachievesustainability,anumberofplans/approachesshouldbeputinplaceasfollows:

Access – There is a need to put in place mechanisms that will facilitate access to the projectoutputs/deliverablesaftertheprojecthasended.Thereforethecustodian(s)ofthevariousoutputsdeliveredbytheprojectshouldhosttheoutputsandensureequitableaccessbydifferentstakeholdersandbeneficiaries.Thisisparticularlytruefortheclimate,hydrologicalandagrometeorologicaldatathat will be collected. These data are essential to enable the production and development ofinformation and advisories in the future and therefore should be made available to all wetlandstakeholders, includingcommunities inthewetlandsthemselves.Theprojectwilluseparticipatoryapproaches in order to bring on board key players most of whom will be able to host/maintaindeliverables.

Maintenance‐disseminationmaterialsandtrainingwillbemadeavailabletokeyinstitutionswhichwill host the deliverables/outputs. The dissemination materials, for example leaflets on wetlandrestoration, will help extensionworkers (public and private) to continue providing the necessarysupporttoendusersbeyondtheprojectlifetime.

Capacitybuilding–oneoftheexitstrategiesistobuildcapacityininstitutionswhichwillcontinueprovidingservicesorsupportingendusersbothwomenandmen,inparticularthosefromvulnerablecategories.Governmentministriesandagenciesshouldbesupportedbytheprojecttoenhancetheir


Icapacitytosupportbeneficiarycommunities.Forexample,localfarmersandvulnerablecommunitieswill be trained on utilization of alert systems for floods, droughts, severe weather and otheragriculturaladvisoriesinthetargetedwetlanddistricts

Transparency – the project will use a consultativemethod of decisionmaking supported by thecommunicationstrategywhichwillguidetheteamtocommunicateandworktogethereffectivelynotjustduringtheprojectperiod.

Beingamultistakeholder,multi‐disciplinaryproject,activeparticipationatallstagesoftheprojectcycleisnotonlyimportantforownershipandsustainabilitybutalsotransparency.Theprojectwillusean open door policy including open and transparent discussion among communities and otherstakeholders in order to solve shared problems and arrive at decisions. A gender responsivecommunication strategy has been developed to promote open communication amongst allstakeholders. Regular communication and consultations with different partners during projectplanningandimplementationwillfostercollaborationandfacilitateinformationflow,thusincreasingtransparency.Participatoryplanning,consultations,reviewsamongthevariousstakeholders,coupledwith regularmonitoring and evaluation of project progresswill promote trust among the variousplayers. Transparency in the procurement process of both goods and services will be done inaccordancetoGOUprocurementprocedures(PPDAguidelines).

5.5.1 OperationandMaintenance(O&M)Plan

Operations andMaintenance (O&M) of the regional centers, small scalewater reservoirs, irrigationinfrastructure, training centers and small scale infrastructures will need to be provided by severalsourcesincludingdomestic(government)resources,aswellasthroughcapacitybuildingofdistrictstaffandlocalcommunitiestomanagefinancialandphysicalresourcesinanefficientmanner.Additionally,throughtheestablishmentofpartnershipswiththeprivatesector,shouldbepursuedwherefeasible.Differentapproacheswillbeused,initiallybasedonthecurrentO&Mpracticesusedbygovernment,whilst looking to expand those involved (e.g. private sector) and decentralize O&M activities tocommunitieswherefeasible.

RegionalfarmerCentersincludingtrainingcenters

Regional centers introduced by the project will be managed and maintained by the Ministry ofAgriculture, through thedistrictandsub‐countyofficers. Thecostswillbeborneby theMinistryofAgricultureannualbudgetunderextensionservices.Inaddition,everydistrictinUgandahasagroupoffarmersorganizedtogetherintoaforumi.e.DistrictFarmersForumwithaformalstructurecomprisedof Chairman, Treasurer, Secretary,Mobiliser and othermembers. These groups will be involved inprojectactivitiesandsupportedthroughcapacitybuildingsothattheyareabletomaintainthecentersbeyondtheproject.

Irrigationinfrastructure,Smallscalewaterinfrastructure(Fishpondsetc)

Wetlands in the proposed project sites already have management plans. Implementation of themanagementplansiscurrentlybeingoverseenbytheexistingcommitteeswithtechnicalsupportfromthedistrictsandsubcounties.Thecommitteesarecomposedofrepresentativesfromdifferentresourceusersincludingthewatercommittee.Someoftheinfrastructure,especiallyirrigation,willbeunderthewater user committee.Most of thewater user committees have been supported by theMinistry indifferentareasofcapacitybuilding,includingfinancialandconflictmanagement.

AutomaticWeatherstationsandequipment:

The installation and maintenance of automatic weather stations in Uganda is undertaken by theMeteorologicalAuthority. The authority currentlyhas four directorates including;Weather focusingservices,Networksandobservations,appliedmeteorologicaldataandclimateservices,TrainingandresearchandFinanceandAdministration.ThedirectorateresponsibleforautomatedweatherstationsandequipmentistheNetworksandobservationwithtechnicalstaffdistributedindifferentregionsof


Ithecountryincludingtheprojectarea.Thefacilitiesthatwillbesuppliedbytheprojectwillbeintegratedunder the Network directorate that will take charge of O&M. Technical staff in the regions areresponsibleformaintenanceofthefacilitieswhichmainlyinvolvereplacingwornoutpartsoftheAWSat predefined time intervals based on the lifespan and technology of the components. The UgandaMeteorological Authority (UNMA) carries out routine maintenance by qualified technicians, whoperform complete system status checks, and then provide recommendations and instructionsconcerningsystemupgradesandperformance.TypicalO&Mactivitiesinclude:

Correctivemaintenance–techniciansarerequiredtocorrectafailurethathasoccurredorisinthe process of occurring. This activity consists of repair, restoration or replacement ofcomponents.Theintervalforthisisaswhenthefaultoccurs.

Calibration – AWS sensors with electrical outputs, show accuracy drifts in time and,consequently,needregularinspectionandcalibration.ThisinvolvestravellingtotheAWSsiteanddeterminingtheperformanceparametersoftheAWSsensorsbycomparingwithstandardmeasurementsandthereaftermakingappropriateadjustmentsthroughcorrectionfactors.ThisguaranteesthattheAWSsystemwillproduceaccuratemeasurementswithaspecifieddegreeofconfidence.UNMAconductscalibrationofitsADCONAWSannually.

UNMAhasplanned toundertake theaboveO&Mproceduresunder theSCIEWSPROJECT. With theadditionofmorestationstobeupdatedundertheGCFprojectproposal,theoperationsandmaintenancecostsperunitisexpectedtogodown(sincethesametechniciansareexpectedtobeused).Inaddition,allofthecostswillbeco‐financedbyUNMAthroughitsannualworkplan/budget.

Table 23belowshowstheresourcesthatcanbemadeavailableforO&Mactivitiesforthe8yearsoftheproject(andafterwards),basedoncommittedco‐financing.TheO&Mcostswillbe financedthroughgovernment and community financing beyond the project life time and include provision for thefollowing:

Regionalfarmercentersintworegions Small‐scalewatermanagementandirrigationinfrastructureforactivity2.2 Trainingcentersforactivity2.2 Small‐scaleinfrastructuretosupportidentifiedlivelihoodoptions 50fishponds,2fruitcollectioncentres,4milkcollectioncentres,dripirrigationsystems,2

wastecollectioncentres,etc. 12automaticweatherstations,14hydrologicalwaterlevelgauges,20rainfallonlygauges,and

2lightningdetectionstationsEquipment/Infrastructure Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Year6 Year7 Year8

Amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

amount(USD)

Automaticweatherstations

UNMA–co‐financing:Maintenanceandcalibration,includinginternetbundlesandspareparts

50,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 200,000

UNMA–co‐financing:TrainingonO&M

20,000 30,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 50,000 80,000

Irrigationinfrastructure

MAAIFandFARMERUSERFEESco‐financing;Maintenanceandrepair

10,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 230,000

RegionalLearningcentersandfarmerfieldschoolsMAAIFandFARMERFORUM;Maintenanceandcapacitybuildingforfarmergroups

30,000 30,000

50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 120,000


ISmallScaleWaterInfrastructureMWE(WfP)andWaterusercommittees/groups;Maintenancecosts

60,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 120,000

MWE‐Cofinancing;Erosionandrunoffcontrolstructures

30,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 180,000

MWE‐Cofinancing;Embankments,reservoirs,silttrapsandponds

50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 200,000

MWE‐Cofinancing;Otherequipment,computers,vehiclesetc

40,000 70,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 150,000 200,000

Table23:EstimatedO&Mcostsperyearofprojectandsourcesoffunding.Years9onwardswillbefundedatsameratesasforyear8.

ThereareexistingO&Mframeworkswithinthedifferent lineministriesandassociateddepartmentsespecially those that are involved in providing equipment and construction of facilities. Theseframeworkswillbeadheredtoandincludewaterforproduction,ruralwaterandurbansupply.Thekeycomponentsoftheseframeworksinclude;

Planningforthefacilities Managementoftheconstructed/suppliedfacilitiesandequipment Ensuringfullparticipationandinvolvementofallstakeholdersforsustainability Promotingownership Technicalassistance

5.6 ProjectManagement,CoordinationandAdministration(includingCommunicationand

M&E)

5.6.1 ProjectManagement&Coordination

Theimplementationoftheproposedprojectwillrequiregoodgovernanceatalllevelsfromgrassrootinstitutionstogovernmentlineministries&agencies,privatesector,aswellasinternationalagenciessuchasUNDP(i.e.responsiveness,transparency,accountabilityandefficientuseofresourceswillbekey).Thiswillrequireawell‐resourcedProjectManagementUnit(PMU),includingaprojectmanager.TheMinistryofWaterandEnvironmentwill likelybetheImplementingAgencywiththe followingroles;coordinationandoveralloversight,monitoringandevaluation,gendermainstreaming,qualityassurance and overall reporting (financial and technical). Partners at national levelwill constitutenational project teams that will be responsible for actions at national level and will include; lineministries (includingMAAIF), private sector, NGOs, and tourism board. There will be a clear linkbetweentheimplementingpartnersandPMUatMWEwhileensuringthattheteamisleanandefficientwiththerequisiteskillsonthebasisofcomplementarity.

5.6.2 Communication

A gender sensitive communication and dissemination strategy will be developed to facilitatecommunicationamong thedifferentproject stakeholders.Thiswill be critical to the successof theproject.Disseminationisessentialtoensurethattheresultsoftheprojectreachthewidestpossiblegroupofstakeholdershenceachievethebiggestpossibleimpactinthetargetcommunitiesandbeyond.Becauseoftheimportanceofdisseminationofresults,abudgetwillbedevotedtothistask.However,alltheprojectteammemberswillbeinvolvedintheimplementationofthecommunicationplangiventhatmostofthecommunicationaspectsarebuiltintotheactivitiesoftheproject.

Disseminationofthemajoroutputswillbecarriedoutthroughimplementationofthecommunication


Istrategyandplan.Theaimofthecommunicationplanistoenableeffectiveandefficientsharingofproject information amongst the project implementing partners, participating partners andbeneficiarieswithintheprojectareasaswellascommunicationtootherrelevantaudiencesatnational,regional and global levels. A detailed communication plan will be developed during the projectinceptionandwillbealivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedregularlythroughouttheprojectperiod.

Giventhatthisprojectisfirmlyembeddedwithincommunitiesinwetlandareas,targetingkeypolicymakersandkeepingthemawareoftheprojectprogressthroughmeetings,writtenupdatesandfieldvisits will be critical to the dissemination process. The communication strategy will be based onpromotional and advocacy activities that will use targeted informationmaterials (communicationproducts). The communication products will be disseminated to stakeholders using appropriatechannels.Informaldisseminationeventssuchasfielddaysandopen‐airmeetingswillbeorganizedtopopularizeparticulartechnologies/innovationstothetargetaudience.Printandmassmedia,suchasnewspapers, leaflets,postersandflyerswillbeused.Mobilephoneusagetodisseminateclimateaswellasagricultureinformationwillbeuseful,especiallybymarketagentswhocanusethemtocollectproductpricesacrossdifferentmarkets.

Besides, TV & radio will be vital in disseminating broad extension messages and raising generalawareness.Radiowouldprovideaforumtoalertfarmersinoneareaofsuccessesinanotherarea,ortoprovidegeneralinformationonpricesandinputavailability,aswellascurrentmarketpricesforproducts.Workshopswillbeconductedtodisseminateprojectfindingstofarmers,extension,workers,CBOs and NGOs, using media such as posters, leaflets, brochures, technical briefs and videos.Conferenceswillbeusedtodisseminateprojectfindingstothescientificcommunitythroughscientificpapers,postersandbrochures.Wherefeasible,projectlessonswillbesummarizedintopolicybriefsforusebypolicymakers.Useofinternet‐basedresourcesforinformationmanagement,storageandsharing;withinpartnerinstitutionswillbeusedwhereverpossible.

5.6.3 MonitoringandEvaluation

MonitoringandEvaluation(M&E)isavital ingredient ineffectiveprojectmanagement,andwillbeusedtoguideimplementationofthisproject.Toensuretimelydeliveryofexpectedoutputs,regularmonitoringofprojectactivitieswillbeundertakenatcommunityanddistrictlevel.Itwillbeusedtoenhance learning, internal reflection and informed decision‐making. A project performancemonitoring plan (PMP) will be developed during the inception of the project together with aperformancemeasurementframework.Thisprocesswillensurethat:(i)keyperformanceindicatorsarecarefullyandjointlyselectedanddescribed;(ii)measurabletargetsaresetforeachoftheidentifiedperformance indicators; (iii) plans for baseline studies are laid out; and (iv) all the stakeholdersunderstandtheexpecteddeliverablesofthisproject,andaremonitoredthroughouttheprojectperiod.

Outcomemappingwill beused as a framework for identification andevaluationof the changes inbehavior that are a pre‐requisite for sustainable impact. Outcome mapping is an explicitlyparticipatoryapproachthatalsoensuresagoodprojectdesign,andfocusesparticularlyonchangesinpractices, behavior and attitudes of themain stakeholders, and thus addresses social change anddevelopmentmoredirectly.Itinvolvesidentificationofkeyactorswhosebehaviorneedstochangeiftheprojectobjectivesaretobeachieved.Thisisofparticularrelevancetothisproject,wherechangeinthebehaviorofvariousactors(boundarypartners),willhelpinaddressingresourceuseconflicts;reducepressureonwetlandsandensuresmoothimplementationofwet§landrestorationactivities.Progressmarkerswillbeidentifiedtotrackprogresstowardstheidealbehavioroftheactorsattheinceptionworkshop.Themilestones,togetherwithotherindicatorsinthePMPwillenabletheprojectteamtoevaluateprogresstowardsthestatedobjectivesandtargets.Toachievetheaboveobjectives,thefollowingkeyactivitiesandprocesseswillneedtobeundertaken:

1. Regular/Process Monitoring. Based on the above process, the project will be periodicallytracked to assess progress and performance. Indicators and critical assumptions will be


ImonitoredatthefrequencyspeltoutinthePMP.

2. RegularFieldVisits.Toensuretimelydeliveryofcredibledata,thePI/countryleadpersonsand project M&E focal persons will undertake coordinated field visits to assess projectprogress.

3. PerformanceReporting.Regularprojectprogressreportsshowingperformanceoftheprojectin quarter will be developed using the MWE/UNDP Reporting Format, and the reportsubmittedasscheduled.

Giventhenatureoftheproject,thefocusoncommunitylivelihoodsandthelarge‐scaleareasofwetlandsto be rehabilitated, it is recommended that 2 sets of activities are added to the M&E work. Theseactivities will facilitate both a more rapid and extensive evaluation of catchment and wetlandrehabilitation(usingremotesensing),aswellasmorein‐depthknowledgeontheimpactsoftheprojecton people’s livelihoods (using impact surveys). The latter has already been undertaken in UgandathroughtheLDCFEWSproject,theresultsofwhichhavebeenpresentedinthisfeasibilitystudy.Forthisprojectitisenvisionedthatasimilarsetofimpactsurveysshouldbeundertaken,basedaroundaredesignedsurveyinstrumentwhichassessestheextenttowhichtheimpactandtargetsofthisprojectaremet.Theremotesensingworkwillneedtobeundertakenbyconsultants(orthegovernment).ItwillbeoverseenbytheM&Especialistwithintheprojectmanagementunit,andthegenerateddataandinformation(bothfromremotesensingandtheimpactsurveys)willfeedintotheNWISenablingittobeeasilyaccessedandcombinedwithotherinformationsourcesrelatedtowetlandsandthefocalareas.


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BureauofStatistics;InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute;andWorldResourcesInstitute.2009.MappingaBetterFuture:HowSpatialAnalysisCanBenefitWetlandsandReducePovertyinUganda.Washington,DCandKampala:WorldResourcesInstitute.


IAnnex1:Servicesprovidedbyinlandwetlands.Source:MillenniumEcosystemAssessment(Finlaysonetal.2005).


IAnnex2:ObservingstationsmaintainedbyUNMAandDWRM

The following list of stations provides the locations of available meteorological and hydrologicalstationsandtheircurrentstatus,maintainedbyUNMAandDWRMintheeasternandsouthwesternwetlandregions(ZonescorrespondtothezonesgiveninFigure 14). Insummary,inwesternUganda,we’veonesynopticstationlocatedinKabale(activebutnotidealdueto the building near it), Bushenyi Agromet (with automatic weather system), Kalengere naro andKachwenkano(Activebutrequirere‐equipping).Intheeastern,thereisTororometstation(SynopticandActive). Western(BushenyiAgrometstation(active),RwohoforestrainfallinNtungamo(notactive),NtungamodistrictH/Q(notactive),KalengerepyrethrumplantationAgrometstationinKabala(active),KabalemetstationsynopticinKabale(Activebutnotideal),Kisorocustoms(Police)andMutolerew.f.mrainfallstations inKisoro(bothActive,Mitoomarainfallstation(Notactive),Rukungiri towncouncilrainfallstationandBuyanjarainfallstationinRukungiri(notactive).Ineastern,(IkikirainfallstationinBudaka(notactive),ButalejaprisonandNamaizimasarainfallstationinButaleja(notactive),NakalokerainfallstationinMbale(Notactive), ElgonTechnicalInstituterainfallstationinMbale(Notactive),IvukularainfallstationinNamutumba(Notactive),Pallisam.h.mrainfallstationinPalisa(Notactive,),Tororometstation(synopticandactive),Bukedeat.t.cinBukedea(Notactive)).

ZoneCW,westernpartsofsouthwestern

Firstorderprioritystations

Stationed

Znno. Name District

FirstYr

LastYr Yrs Long. Lat. Alt. Status Present

Future

91290000

CW1 KabaleMetStation

Kabale 1947 1998 52 29.983

‐1.250 1869 Working

Climate(S)/AWS

Climate(S)/AWS

90300030

CW2 MbararaMetStation

Mbarara

1902 1980 74 30.683

‐0.600 1420 Working

Climate(S)/AWS)

Climate(S)/AWS

90300450

CW3 Ntungamo

Ntungam

1971 1982 11 30.267

‐0.883 1446 Working

Climate(H)

Climate(H)

90300320

CW4 BushenyiAgrometSt

Bushenyi

1963 1995 32 30.167

‐0.567 1590 Working

Climate(A)

Climate(A)

90290020

CW5 Kanungu

Kabale 1943 1998 29 29.767

‐0.900 1560 Notworking

Rainfall

Rainfall

90290040

CW6 RukungiriDispensary

Rukungiri

1949 1985 36 29.933


Rainfall

Rainfall

91290020

CW7 KisoroPoliceStation

Kisoro 1943 1998 41 29.683


Rainfall

Rainfall

Secondorderprioritystations

91290120

CW1 KachwekanoDFI

Kabale 1949 1995 44 29.950


Climate(A)

Climate(A)

91290060

CW2 MafugaForest

Kabale 1948 1998 34 29.883


Rainfall

Rainfall

90300000

CW3 Rwashamaire

Mbarara

1943 1979 37 30.133


Rainfall

Rainfall


I91300100

CW4 BukindaDis

Kabale 1948 1998 39 30.000


Rainfall

Rainfall

ZoneMW,westernpartssouthcentralwestern


Stationed

Znno. Name District

FirstYr

LastYr Yrs Long. Lat. Alt. Status Present

Future

89300630

MW2 KaseseMetStation

Kasese 1964 1985 22 30.100

0.183 691 Working

Climate(S)/AWS

Climate(S)/AWS

89300790

MW1 Kyenjojo1stOrderSt

Kabarole

1972 1999 14 30.650

0.600 1350 Working

Climate(H)

Climate(H)

90290210

MW4 UgandaInstofEcol

Kasese 1964 1989 26 29.900

‐0.183 945 Working

Climate(H)

Climate(H)

89300000

MW3 Bundibujo

Bundibug

1943 1966 24 30.067

0.700 1095 Notworking

Rainfall

Rainfall

90300180

MW5 Ibanda Mbarara

1950 1993 30 30.500


Rainfall

Rainfall

89300610

MW6 RuimiPrisonFarm

Kabarole

1963 1999 37 30.217


Rainfall

Rainfall

Secondorderprioritystations

89300640

MW1 Mubuku\SebweIrr

Kasese 1965 1978 14 30.117


Climate(H)

Climate(H)

89290000

MW2 MpondweCustoms

Kabarol

1943 1964 22 29.750


Rainfall

Rainfall

89300800

MW3 MubukuGiantpris

Kasese 1971 1993 23 30.150


Rainfall

Rainfall

89300360

MW4 KilembeMines

Kasese 1951 1997 33 30.000


Rainfall

Rainfall

ZoneD,southeasternparts


89340190

D1 TororoMet.Station

Tororo 1923 1980 54 34.167

0.683 1170 Working

Climate(S)/AWS

Climate(S)/AWS

89330090

D2 IgangaSSS

Iganga 1943 1995 27 33.467

0.600 1143 Working

Rainfall

Rainfall

89330500

D3 NakabaleGroupFar

Iganga 1964 1990 19 33.267


Rainfall

Rainfall

89330360

D4 Bugiri Bugiri 1945 1979 33 33.750


Rainfall

Rainfall

89340470

D5 NagongeraKUR

Tororo 1943 1979 37 34.050


Rainfall

Rainfall

89330140

D6 Vukula Iganga 1947 1993 39 33.583


Rainfall

Climate(H)

88330070

D7 KibaleVTCStation

Pallisa 1943 1982 39 33.783


Rainfall

Rainfall

89340 D8 Dabani Tororo 1943 1983 41 34.05 0.433 1200 Not Rainfal Rainfal


I270 Catholi

cChc0 workin

gl l

ZoneF,centralpartseasternregion

Firstorderprioritystationsforconsideration

88340590

F1 BuginyanyaCoffeeR

Mbale 1965 1999 33 34.367

1.283 1845 Working

Climate(A)

Climate(A)

88340560

F2 BududaAgricultural

Mbale 1965 1992 15 34.333


Climate(A)

Climate(A)

88340600

F3 KapchorwaAgricStn

Kapcho

1965 1980 16 34.450


Climate(A)

Climate(A)

88340040

F4 KachumbalaKU

Soroti 1931 1980 44 34.100


Climate(H)

Climate(H)

88330200

F5 Budaka

Pallisa 1943 1965 23 33.967


Rainfall

Rainfall

88340490

F6 BukwaCatholicChc

Kapchor

1957 1982 26 34.750


Rainfall

Rainfall

Secondorderprioritystations(ZoneF)

88340260

F1 BugusegeCoffee

Mbale 1943 1994 47 34.267


Climate(A)

Climate(A)

89340530

F2 NabumaliHighSch

Mbale 1946 1980 33 34.217


Rainfall

Rainfall

88340020

F3 Mbale Mbale 1907 1982 71 33.183


Rainfall

Rainfall

ZoneH,easternparts‐centralnorth


86320000

H1 KitgumCentreVT

Kitgum

1914 1978 60 32.883

3.300 940 Working

Climate(A)

Climate(A)

88340370

H2 NamaluW.D.D.

Moroto

1950 1978 29 34.617

1.817 1290 Working

Climate(H)

Climate(H)

86320000

H3 KakakwiDispensary

Katakwi

1927 1972 45 33.967


Climate(A)

Climate(A)

87330030

H4 OmoroMHM

Lira 1943 1951 9 33.367


Rainfall

Rainfall

86330020

H5 Paimol Kitgum

1943 1980 35 33.417


Rainfall

Rainfall

87340040

H6 Nabilatuk

Moroto

1946 1986 36 34.517


Rainfall

Rainfall

86320030

H7 PalabekDivisionalH

Kitgum

1943 1981 37 32.583


Rainfall

Rainfall

87320130

H8 Pajule Kitgum

1943 1980 37 32.933


Rainfall

Rainfall


I86330030

H9 Agoro Kitgum

1943 1984 40 33.017


Rainfall

Rainfall

86330070

H10 Naam Kitgum

1943 1983 40 33.333


Rainfall

Rainfall

87330070

H11 Morulem

Moroto

1951 1998 42 33.767


Rainfall

Rainfall

DWRMHydrologicalgaugestationParticulars Stationlocation

Serviceduration Description Assessment

StationIDStationname Latitude Longitude Start/Enddate

Equipmenttype

Modeofdatatransmission

Plannedexpansionandupgrades

Operationalstatus

82228R.NamaluatMbale‐MorotoRd 1.78802 34.59890 1958‐2014 AWLR Manual ReplaceAWLR OP

83203R.KyogaNileatMasindiPort 1.69473 32.09270 1947‐2014 AWLR Manual DCP‐IGADHYCOS OP

83206 R.KyogaNileatKamdini 2.26667 32.26667 1950‐2012 AWLR Manual DCP‐IGADHYCOS OP

83209 R.KyogaNileatParaa 2.28329 31.56387 1950‐2010 Gaugepillars ManualTelemetry‐IGADHYCOS OP

83213R.KafuatKampala‐GuluRoad 1.54300 32.04235 1952‐2014 Gaugepillars Manual ReplaceAWLR OP

85201 L.AlbertatButiaba 1.81971 31.32748 AWLR Manual Telemetry‐WMDP OP

86201 R.AswaIatPuranga 2.58333 32.93333 1949‐1981 None Telemetry‐WMDP NOP

86203R.AswaIIIatGulu‐KitgumRoad 3.49500 32.09100 1949‐1982 None Telemetry‐WMDP

86213R.AgagoatKitgum‐LiraRoad 2.83333 32.96667 1963‐1981 None Telemetry‐WMDP NOP

87206R.AnyauatArua‐MoyoRoad 3.20185 31.03019 1955‐2014 AWLR Manual Rehabilitation OP

87210 AlbertNileatPakwach 2.45000 31.50000 1953‐1978 Gaugepillars Manual Telemetry‐WMDP OP

87217 R.AlbertNileatLaropi 3.55212 31.81320 Gaugepillars Manual DCP‐IGADHYCOS OP

87222 R.AlbertNileatPanyango. 2.47000 31.50000 1969‐2014 AWLR ManualTelemetry‐IGADHYCOS OP

annex ii – feasibility study · annex ii – feasibility study green climate fund funding...

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