annex c 'hÀqlwlrqv - international energy agency · chemical process that converts...

Annex C | Definitions 657

Annex C

This annex provides general informa on on terminology used throughout WEO-2013 including: units and general conversion factors; de ni ons on fuels, processes and sectors; regional and country groupings; and, abbrevia ons and acronyms.

UnitsArea Ha hectare

GHa giga-hectare (1 hectare x 109)km2 square kilometre

Coal Mtce million tonnes of coal equivalent

Emissions ppm parts per million (by volume)Gt CO2-eq gigatonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent (using

100-year global warming poten als for di erent greenhouse gases)

kg CO2-eq kilogrammes of carbon-dioxide equivalentg CO2/km grammes of carbon dioxide per kilometreg CO2/kWh grammes of carbon dioxide per kilowa -hour

Energy Mtce million tonnes of coal equivalent (equals 0.7 Mtoe)boe barrels of oil equivalenttoe tonne of oil equivalentktoe kilotonne of oil equivalentMtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent MBtu million Bri sh thermal unitskcal kilocalorie (1 calorie x 103)Gcal gigacalorie (1 calorie x 109)MJ megajoule (1 joule x 106)GJ gigajoule (1 joule x 109)TJ terajoule (1 joule x 1012)PJ petajoule (1 joule x 1015)EJ exajoule (1 joule x 1018)kWh kilowa -hourMWh megawa -hour GWh gigawa -hourTWh terawa -hour

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658 World Energy Outlook 2013 | Annexes

Gas mcm million cubic metresbcm billion cubic metrestcm trillion cubic metresscf standard cubic foot

Mass kg kilogramme (1 000 kg = 1 tonne)kt kilotonnes (1 tonne x 103)Mt million tonnes (1 tonne x 106)Gt gigatonnes (1 tonne x 109)

Monetary $ million 1 US dollar x 106

$ billion 1 US dollar x 109

$ trillion 1 US dollar x 1012

Oil b/d barrels per daykb/d thousand barrels per daymb/d million barrels per dayMboe/d million barrels equivalent per daympg miles per gallon

Power W wa (1 joule per second)kW kilowa (1 Wa x 103)MW megawa (1 Wa x 106)GW gigawa (1 Wa x 109)GWth gigawa thermal (1 Wa x 109)TW terawa (1 Wa x 1012)

General conversion factors for energyConvert to: TJ Gcal Mtoe MBtu GWh

From: mul ply by:

TJ 1 238.8 2.388 x 10-5 947.8 0.2778

Gcal 4.1868 x 10-3 1 10-7 3.968 1.163 x 10-3

Mtoe 4.1868 x 104 107 1 3.968 x 107 11 630

MBtu 1.0551 x 10-3 0.252 2.52 x 10-8 1 2.931 x 10-4

GWh 3.6 860 8.6 x 10-5 3 412 1

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Currency conversionsExchange rates (2012) 1 US Dollar equals:

Australian Dollar 0.97

Brazilian Real 1.95

Bri sh Pound 0.63

Canadian Dollar 1.00

Chinese Yuan 6.31

Euro 0.78

Indian Rupee 53.44

Japanese Yen 79.81

Korean Won 1 125.93

Russian Ruble 30.84

De ni onsAdvanced biofuelsAdvanced biofuels comprise di erent emerging and novel conversion technologies that are currently in the research and development, pilot or demonstra on phase. This de ni on di ers from the one used for “Advanced Biofuels” in US legisla on, which is based on a minimum 50% lifecycle greenhouse-gas reduc on and which, therefore, includes sugarcane ethanol.

Advanced biomass cookstovesAdvanced biomass cookstoves are biomass gasi er-operated cooking stoves that run on solid biomass, such as wood chips and brique es. These cooking devices have signi cantly lower emissions and higher e ciencies than the tradi onal biomass cookstoves (three-stone res) currently used largely in developing countries.

AgricultureIncludes all energy used on farms, in forestry and for shing.

BiodieselBiodiesel is a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel made from the transesteri ca on (a chemical process that converts triglycerides in oils) of vegetable oils and animal fats.

BioenergyRefers to the energy content in solid, liquid and gaseous products derived from biomass feedstocks and biogas. This includes biofuels for transport and products (e.g. wood chips, pellets, black liquor) to produce electricity and heat as well as tradi onal biomass. Municipal solid waste and industrial waste are also included.

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BiofuelsBiofuels are fuels derived from biomass or waste feedstocks and include ethanol and biodiesel. They can be classi ed as conven onal and advanced biofuels according to the technologies used to produce them and their respec ve maturity.

BiogasA mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced by bacterial degrada on of organic ma er and used as a fuel.

Brown coalIncludes lignite and sub-bituminous coal where lignite is de ned as non-agglomera ng coal with a gross calori c value less than 4 165 kilocalories per kilogramme (kcal/kg) and sub-bituminous coal is de ned as non-agglomera ng coal with a gross calori c value between 4 165 - 5 700 kcal/kg.

Buildings The buildings sector includes energy used in residen al, commercial and ins tu onal buildings, and non-speci ed other. Building energy use includes space hea ng and cooling, water hea ng, ligh ng, appliances and cooking equipment.

BunkersIncludes both interna onal marine bunkers and interna onal avia on bunkers.

Capacity creditCapacity credit refers to the propor on of capacity that can be reliably expected to generate electricity during mes of peak demand in the grid to which it is connected.

Clean coal technologies Clean coal technologies are designed to enhance the e ciency and the environmental acceptability of coal extrac on, prepara on and use.

Cooking facili es which can be used without signi cant harm to the health of those in the household. This refers primarily to biogas systems, lique ed petroleum gas stoves and advanced biomass cookstoves.

Coal Coal includes both primary coal (including hard coal and brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, brown-coal brique es, coke-oven coke, gas coke, gas-works gas, coke-oven gas, blast-furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas). Peat is also included.

Coalbed methaneMethane found in coal seams. Coalbed methane (CBM) is a category of unconven onal natural gas.

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Coal-to-liquidsCoal-to-liquids (CTL) refers to the transforma on of coal into liquid hydrocarbons. It can be achieved through either coal gasi ca on into syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide), combined using the Fischer-Tropsch or methanol-to-gasoline synthesis process to produce liquid fuels, or through the less developed direct-coal liquefac on technologies in which coal is directly reacted with hydrogen.

Coking coalCoking coal is a type of hard coal that can be used in the produc on of coke, which is capable of suppor ng a blast furnace charge.

CondensatesCondensates are liquid hydrocarbon mixtures recovered from associated or nonassociated gas reservoirs. They are composed of C5 and higher carbon number hydrocarbons and normally have an API gravity between 50 and 85 .

Conven onal biofuels include well-established technologies that are producing biofuels on a commercial scale today. These biofuels are commonly referred to as rstgenera on and include sugarcane ethanol, starchbased ethanol, biodiesel, Fa y Acid Methyl Esther (FAME) and Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO). Typical feedstocks used in these mature processes include sugarcane and sugar beet, starch bearing grains, like corn and wheat, and oil crops, like canola and palm, and in some cases, animal fats.

De ned as the total amount of electricity generated by power only or combined heat and power plants including genera on required for own use. This is also referred to as gross genera on.

EthanolAlthough ethanol can be produced from a variety of fuels, in this publica on, ethanol refers to bio-ethanol only. Ethanol is produced from fermen ng any biomass high in carbohydrates. Today, ethanol is made from starches and sugars, but second-genera on technologies will allow it to be made from cellulose and hemicellulose, the brous material that makes up the bulk of most plant ma er.

GasGas includes natural gas, both associated and non-associated with petroleum deposits, but excludes natural gas liquids.

Gas-to-liquidsGas-to-liquids refers to a process featuring reac on of methane with oxygen or steam to produce syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) followed by synthesis of liquid products (such as diesel and naphtha) from the syngas using Fischer-Tropsch cataly c synthesis. The process is similar to those used in coal-to-liquids.

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Hard coal Coal of gross calori c value greater than 5 700 kilocalories per kilogramme on an ash-free but moist basis. Hard coal can be further disaggregated into anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal.

Heat energyHeat is obtained from the combus on of fuels, nuclear reactors, geothermal reservoirs, capture of sunlight, exothermic chemical processes and heat pumps which can extract it from ambient air and liquids. It may be used for hea ng or cooling, or converted into mechanical energy for transport vehicles or electricity genera on. Commercial heat sold is reported under total nal consump on with the fuel inputs allocated under power genera on.

Heavy petroleum productsHeavy petroleum products include heavy fuel oil.

HydropowerHydropower refers to the energy content of the electricity produced in hydropower plants, assuming 100% e ciency. It excludes output from pumped storage and marine ( de and wave) plants.

IndustryThe industry sector includes fuel used within the manufacturing and construc on industries. Key industry sectors include iron and steel, chemical and petrochemical, non-metallic minerals, and pulp and paper. Use by industries for the transforma on of energy into another form or for the produc on of fuels is excluded and reported separately under other energy sector. Consump on of fuels for the transport of goods is reported as part of the transport sector.

Includes the deliveries of avia on fuels to aircra for interna onal avia on. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domes c/interna onal split is determined on the basis of departure and landing loca ons and not by the na onality of the airline. For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuels used by domes cally owned carriers for their interna onal departures.

Covers those quan es delivered to ships of all ags that are engaged in interna onal naviga on. The interna onal naviga on may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consump on by ships engaged in domes c naviga on is excluded. The domes c/interna onal split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the ag or na onality of the ship. Consump on by shing vessels and by military forces is also excluded and included in residen al, services and agriculture.

Light petroleum productsLight petroleum products include lique ed petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha and gasoline.

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Lignocellulosic feedstockLignocellulosic crops refers to those crops cul vated to produce biofuels from their cellulosic or hemicellulosic components, which include switchgrass, poplar and miscanthus.

Lower hea ng value is the heat liberated by the complete combus on of a unit of fuel when the water produced is assumed to remain as a vapour and the heat is not recovered.

Middle dis llates include jet fuel, diesel and hea ng oil.

Modern biomassIncludes all biomass with the excep on of tradi onal biomass.

Modern energy accessReliable and a ordable access by a household to clean cooking facili es, a rst connec on to electricity and then an increasing level of electricity consump on over me.

Modern renewablesIncludes all types of renewables with the excep on of tradi onal biomass.

Natural decline rateThe base produc on decline rate that an oil or gas eld would have in the absence of further investment.

Natural gas liquidsNatural gas liquids (NGLs) are the liquid or lique ed hydrocarbons produced in the manufacture, puri ca on and stabilisa on of natural gas. These are those por ons of natural gas which are recovered as liquids in separators, eld facili es, or gas processing plants. NGLs include but are not limited to ethane (when it is removed from the natural gas stream), propane, butane, pentane, natural gasoline and condensates.

Non-energy useFuels used for chemical feedstocks and non-energy products. Examples of non-energy products include lubricants, para n waxes, asphalt, bitumen, coal tars and oils as mber preserva ves.

NuclearNuclear refers to the primary energy equivalent of the electricity produced by a nuclear plant, assuming an average conversion e ciency of 33%.

Observed decline rateThe measured produc on decline rate of an oil or gas eld; the operator of the eld normally invests every year in measures that boost produc on or reduce its decline (for example in ll drilling) so that the observed decline rate is not as large as the natural decline rate. For a group of elds, the observed decline rate is aggregated in a produc on-weighted average decline rate.

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OilOil includes crude oil, condensates, natural gas liquids, re nery feedstocks and addi ves, other hydrocarbons (including emulsi ed oils, synthe c crude oil, mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals such as oil shale, bituminous sand and oils from coal liquefac on) and petroleum products (re nery gas, ethane, LPG, avia on gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, para n waxes and petroleum coke).

Other energy sectorCovers the use of energy by transforma on industries and the energy losses in conver ng primary energy into a form that can be used in the nal consuming sectors. It includes losses by gas works, petroleum re neries, blast furnaces, coke ovens, coal and gas transforma on and liquefac on. It also includes energy used in coal mines, in oil and gas extrac on and in electricity and heat produc on. Transfers and sta s cal di erences are also included in this category.

Power genera on refers to fuel use in electricity plants, heat plants and combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Both main ac vity producer plants and small plants that produce fuel for their own use (autoproducers) are included.

RenewablesIncludes bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, solar photovoltaics (PV), concentra ng solar power (CSP), wind and marine ( de and wave) energy for electricity and heat genera on.

Reserves-to-produc on (R/P) ra o is based on the sum of reported proven reserves and the last year of available data for produc on.

Self-su ciency is indigenous produc on divided by total primary energy demand.

Total nal consump on (TFC) is the sum of consump on by the di erent end-use sectors. TFC is broken down into energy demand in the following sectors: industry (including manufacturing and mining), transport, buildings (including residen al and services) and other (including agriculture and non-energy use). It excludes interna onal marine and avia on bunkers, except at world level where it is included in the transport sector.

Total primary energy demand Total primary energy demand (TPED) represents domes c demand only and is broken down into power genera on, other energy sector and total nal consump on.

Tradi onal biomass refers to fuelwood, charcoal, animal dung and some agricultural residues.

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Refers to basic technologies used to cook with biomass, such as a three-stone re, tradi onal mud stoves or metal, cement and po ery or brick stoves, o en with no (or poorly opera ng) chimneys or hoods.

TransportFuels and electricity used in the transport of goods or persons within the na onal territory irrespec ve of the economic sector within which the ac vity occurs. This includes fuel and electricity delivered to vehicles using public roads or for use in rail vehicles; fuel delivered to vessels for domes c naviga on; fuel delivered to aircra for domes c avia on; and energy consumed in the delivery of fuels through pipelines. Fuel delivered to interna onal marine and avia on bunkers is presented only at the world level and is excluded from the transport sector at the domes c level.

Regional and country groupingsAfricaAlgeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Democra c Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan1, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,

ambia, imbabwe and other African countries and territories2.

Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croa a, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New ealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federa on, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States.

Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Indonesia, Hong Kong (China), Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New ealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United States and Vietnam.

ASEAN Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

CaspianArmenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

1. Because only aggregated data were available until 2011, the data for Sudan also include South Sudan.2. Individual data is not available for: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland, Uganda and Western Sahara. Data is estimated in aggregate for these regions.

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ChinaRefers to the People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong.

Developing AsiaSee Non-OECD Asia.

Developing countriesNon-OECD Asia, Middle East, Africa and La n America regional groupings.

Eastern Europe/EurasiaAlbania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croa a, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russian Federa on, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. For sta s cal reasons, this region also includes Cyprus3,4, Gibraltar and Malta.

European UnionAustria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croa a, Cyprus3,4, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom.

G-20Argen na, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federa on, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and the European Union.

Argen na, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hai , Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands An lles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and other La n American countries and territories5.

3. Footnote by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.4. Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.5. Individual data is not available for: Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Turks and Caicos Islands. Data is estimated in aggregate for these regions.

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Middle EastBahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. It includes the neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

Non-OECD AsiaBangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, the Democra c People’s Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and other Asian countries and territories6.

North AfricaAlgeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.

OECDIncludes OECD Europe, OECD Americas and OECD Asia Oceania regional groupings.

OECD AmericasCanada, Chile, Mexico and the United States.

OECD Asia OceaniaAustralia, Japan, Korea and New ealand.

OECD EuropeAustria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. For sta s cal reasons, this region also includes Israel7.

OPEC Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela.

Other AsiaNon-OECD Asia regional grouping excluding China and India.

Southeast AsiaSee ASEAN.

Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica regional grouping excluding the North African regional grouping.

6. Individual data is not available for: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Lao PDR, Macau, Maldives, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. Data is estimated in aggregate for these regions.7. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD and/or the IEA is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

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Abbrevia ons and Acronyms ANP Na onal Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Brazil)APEC Asia-Paci c Economic Coopera onAPI American Petroleum Ins tuteASEAN Associa on of Southeast Asian Na onsBTL biomass-to-liquidsBGR German Federal Ins tute for Geosciences and Natural ResourcesBRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South AfricaCAAGR compound average annual growth rateCAFE corporate average fuel economy (standards in the United States)CBM coalbed methaneCER cer ed emissions reduc onCCGT combined-cycle gas turbineCCS carbon capture and storage CDM Clean Development Mechanism (under the Kyoto Protocol)CFL compact uorescent lampCH4 methaneCHP combined heat and power; the term co-genera on is some mes usedCMM coal mine methaneCNG compressed natural gasCO carbon monoxideCO2 carbon dioxideCO2-eq carbon dioxide equivalentCOP Conference of Par es (UNFCCC)CPS Current Policies ScenarioCSP concentra ng solar powerCSS cyclic steam s mula onCTL coal-to-liquidsCV calori c valueE&P explora on and produc onEDI Energy Development IndexEOR enhanced oil recoveryEPA Environmental Protec on Agency (United States)EPC engineering, procurement and construc onEPE Empresa de Pesquisa Energé ca (Brazil)ESCO energy service companyEU European UnionEUA European Union allowancesEU ETS European Union Emissions Trading SystemEV electric vehicleEWS E cient World Scenario

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FAO Food and Agriculture Organiza on of the United Na onsFDI foreign direct investmentFFV ex-fuel vehicleFOB free on boardFPSO oa ng produc on, storage and o oading unitGCV gross calori c valueGDP gross domes c productGHG greenhouse gasesGT gas turbineGTL gas-to-liquidsHDI Human Development IndexHDV heavy-duty vehiclesHFO heavy fuel oilIAEA Interna onal Atomic Energy AgencyICE internal combus on engineICT informa on and communica on technologiesIGCC integrated gasi ca on combined-cycleIIASA Interna onal Ins tute for Applied Systems AnalysisIMF Interna onal Monetary FundIOC interna onal oil companyIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPP independent power producerLCV light commercial vehicleLDV light-duty vehicleLED light-emi ng diodeLHV lower hea ng valueLNG lique ed natural gasLPG lique ed petroleum gasLRMC long-run marginal costLTO light ght oilLULUCF land use, land-use change and forestryMER market exchange rateMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMEPS minimum energy performance standardsNCV net calori c valueNEA Nuclear Energy Agency (an agency within the OECD)NGL natural gas liquidsNGV natural gas vehicleNOC na onal oil companyNOx nitrogen oxidesNPS New Policies Scenario

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OCGT open-cycle gas turbineODI outward foreign direct investmentOECD Organisa on for Economic Co-opera on and DevelopmentOPEC Organiza on of the Petroleum Expor ng CountriesPHEV plug-in hybridPLDV passenger light-duty vehiclePM par culate ma erPM2.5 par culate ma er with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or lessPPP purchasing power parityPSA produc on-sharing agreementPV photovoltaicRD&D research, development and demonstra onRDD&D research, development, demonstra on and deploymentRRR remaining recoverable resourceSAGD steam-assisted gravity drainageSCO synthe c crude oilSO2 sulphur dioxideSRMC short-run marginal costT&D transmission and distribu onTFC total nal consump onTPED total primary energy demandUAE United Arab EmiratesUCG underground coal gasi ca onUN United Na onsUNDP United Na ons Development ProgrammeUNEP United Na ons Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC United Na ons Framework Conven on on Climate ChangeUNIDO United Na ons Industrial Development Organiza onUNPD United Na ons Popula on DivisionURR ul mate recoverable resourceUS United StatesUSC ultra-supercri calUSGS United States Geological SurveyWEO World Energy OutlookWEM World Energy ModelWHO World Health Organiza onWTI West Texas IntermediateWTO World Trade Organiza onWTW well-to-wheel

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annex c 'hÀqlwlrqv - international energy agency · chemical process that converts...

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