annex 3 meteorological svc for international air navigation

Meteorological Servicefor InternationalAir Navigation

Annex 3 to the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation

International Civil Aviation Organization

International Standardsand Recommended Practices

Fifteenth EditionJuly 2004

This edition incorporates all amendmentsadopted by the Council prior to 26 February 2004and supersedes, on 25 November 2004, all previouseditions of Annex 3.

For information regarding the applicability of Standards and Recommended Practices,see Foreword.

International Civil Aviation Organization

Fifteenth EditionJuly 2004

Part ICore SARPs

Part IIAppendices and Attachments

Copyright International Civil Aviation Organization Provided by IHS under license with ICAO

Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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AMENDMENTS

The issue of amendments is announced regularly in the ICAO Journal and in themonthly Supplement to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications and Audio-visualTraining Aids, which holders of this publication should consult. The space belowis provided to keep a record of such amendments.

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA

AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA

No.Date

applicableDate

enteredEntered

by No.Date

of issueDate

enteredEntered

by

1-73 Incorporated in this edition 1 15/10/04 15/10/04 ICAO

(ii)



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ANNEX 3 (iii) 25/11/04

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Page

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (vii)

PART I. CORE SARPs

CHAPTER 1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.2 Terms used with a limited meaning. . . . . . . . . 1-5

CHAPTER 2. General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.1 Objective, determination and provision ofmeteorological service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2 Supply, quality assurance and use ofmeteorological information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.3 Notifications required from operators . . . . . . . 2-2

CHAPTER 3. World area forecast system andmeteorological offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 Objective of the world area forecast system . . 3-13.2 World area forecast centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.3 Meteorological offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.4 Meteorological watch offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.5 Volcanic ash advisory centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.6 State volcano observatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33.7 Tropical cyclone advisory centres . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

CHAPTER 4. Meteorological observations andreports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 Aeronautical meteorological stations andobservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.2 Agreement between air traffic servicesauthorities and meteorological authorities . . . . 4-1

4.3 Routine observations and reports . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.4 Special observations and reports . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.5 Contents of reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.6 Observing and reporting meteorological

elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34.7 Reporting of meteorological information

from automatic observing systems. . . . . . . . . . 4-44.8 Observations and reports of volcanic

activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

CHAPTER 5. Aircraft observations and reports . . . . . 5-1

5.1 Obligations of States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.2 Types of aircraft observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.3 Routine aircraft observations — designation . . 5-15.4 Routine aircraft observations — exemptions . . 5-15.5 Special aircraft observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.6 Other non-routine aircraft observations . . . . . . 5-25.7 Reporting of aircraft observations

during flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25.8 Relay of air-reports by ATS units . . . . . . . . . . 5-25.9 Recording and post-flight reporting of

aircraft observations of volcanic activity . . . . . 5-2

CHAPTER 6. Forecasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 Interpretation and use of forecasts . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.2 Aerodrome forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.3 Landing forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.4 Forecasts for take-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.5 Area and route forecasts, other than

forecasts issued within the framework ofthe world area forecast system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6.6 Area forecasts for low-level flights . . . . . . . . . 6-2

CHAPTER 7. SIGMET and AIRMET information, aerodrome warnings and wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1 SIGMET information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.2 AIRMET information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.3 Aerodrome warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.4 Wind shear warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

CHAPTER 8. Aeronautical climatologicalinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.1 General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.2 Aerodrome climatological tables . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.3 Aerodrome climatological summaries . . . . . . . 8-18.4 Copies of meteorological observational data . . 8-1

CHAPTER 9. Service for operators and flight crewmembers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.1 General provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1



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9.2 Information for operators for pre-flightplanning and for in-flight re-planningunder centralized operational control . . . . . . . 9-1

9.3 Briefing, consultation and display . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.4 Flight documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.5 Automated pre-flight information systems

for briefing, consultation, flight planningand flight documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

9.6 Information for aircraft in flight . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

CHAPTER 10. Information for air traffic services,search and rescue services and aeronauticalinformation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.1 Information for air traffic services units . . . . . 10-110.2 Information for search and rescue services

units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-110.3 Information for aeronautical information

services units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

CHAPTER 11. Requirements for and use ofcommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

11.1 Requirements for communications. . . . . . . . . . 11-111.2 Use of aeronautical fixed service

communications — meteorological bulletinsin alphanumeric format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

11.3 Use of aeronautical fixed servicecommunications — world area forecastsystem products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

11.4 Use of aeronautical mobile servicecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

11.5 Use of aeronautical data link service — contents of D-VOLMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

11.6 Use of aeronautical broadcasting service —contents of VOLMET broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

PART II. APPENDICES AND ATTACHMENTS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1. Flight documentation — model charts and forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 1-1

APPENDIX 2. Technical specifications related to world area forecast system and meteorological offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-1

1. World area forecast system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-12. Meteorological offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-23. Meteorological watch offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-24. Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAAC) . . . APP 2-2

5. State volcano observatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-26. Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres

(TCAC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 2-3

APPENDIX 3. Technical specifications related to meteorological observation and reports . . . . . . . APP 3-1

1. General provisions related to meteorological observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 3-1

2. General criteria related to meteorological reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 3-1

3. Dissemination of meteorological reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 3-2

4. Observing and reporting of meteorological elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 3-3

APPENDIX 4. Technical specifications related to aircraft observations and reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 4-1

1. Contents of air-reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 4-12. Criteria for reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 4-23. Exchange of air-reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 4-34. Specific provisions related to reporting

wind shear and volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 4-3

APPENDIX 5. Technical specifications related to forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 5-1

1. Criteria related to TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 5-12. Criteria related to trend forecasts . . . . . . . . . APP 5-33. Criteria related to forecasts for

take-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 5-54. Criteria related to area and route

forecasts, other than forecasts issued within the framework of the world area forecast system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 5-5

5. Criteria related to area forecasts for low-level flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 5-6

APPENDIX 6. Technical specifications related to SIGMET and AIRMET information, aerodrome warnings and wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-1

1. Specifications related to SIGMET information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-1

2. Specifications related to AIRMET information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-2

3. Specifications related to special air-reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-3

4. Detailed criteria related to SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-3



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5. Specifications related to aerodrome warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-4

6. Specifications related to wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 6-4

APPENDIX 7. Technical specifications related to aeronautical climatological information . . . . . . . . APP 7-1

1. Processing of aeronautical climatological information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 7-1

2. Exchange of aeronautical climatological information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 7-1

3. Content of aeronautical climatologicalinformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 7-1

APPENDIX 8. Technical specifications related to service for operators and flight crew members . . APP 8-1

1. Means of supply and format of meteorological information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-1

2. Specifications related to information for pre-flight planning and in-flight re-planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-1

3. Specifications related to briefing and consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-2

4. Specifications related to flight documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-2

5. Specifications related to automated pre-flight information systems for briefing, consultation, flight planning and flight documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-5

6. Specifications related to information for aircraft in flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 8-6

APPENDIX 9. Technical specifications related to information for air traffic services, search and rescue services and aeronautical information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 9-1

1. Information to be provided for air traffic services units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 9-1

2. Information to be provided for search and rescue services units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 9-2

3. Information to be provided for aeronautical information services units. . . . . . APP 9-3

APPENDIX 10. Technical specifications related to requirements for and use of communications. . . APP 10-1

1. Specific requirements for communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 10-1

2. Use of aeronautical fixed service communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 10-1

3. Use of aeronautical mobile service communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 10-2

4. Use of aeronautical data link service — D-VOLMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APP 10-2

5. Use of aeronautical broadcasting service — VOLMET broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . APP 10-3

ATTACHMENTS

ATTACHMENT A. Operationally desirable and currently attainable accuracy of measurement or observation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT A-1

ATTACHMENT B. Operationally desirable accuracy of forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT B-1

ATTACHMENT C. Back-up procedures at the world area forecast centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-1

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-12. Interruptions in numerical weather

prediction (NWP) or significant weather (SIGWX) forecast production . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-1

3. Interruptions in message switching . . . . . . . . ATT C-14. Interruptions in satellite uplink and satellite

distribution systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-25. Total outage of a WAFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-26. Routine and back-up significant

weather forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT C-2

ATTACHMENT D. Selected criteria applicable to aerodrome reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATT D-1

ATTACHMENT E. Conversion of instrumented readings into runway visual range and visibility . . ATT E-1



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ANNEX 3 (vii) 25/11/04

FOREWORD

Historical background

Standards and Recommended Practices relating to meteorologywere first adopted by the Council on 16 April 1948, pursuantto the provisions of Article 37 of the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944), and designated asAnnex 3 to the Convention with the title Standards and Rec-ommended Practices — Meteorological Codes. The Standardsand Recommended Practices were based on recommendationsof the Special Session of the Meteorology Division, held inSeptember 1947.

Table A shows the origin of subsequent amendments,together with a list of the principal subjects involved and thedates on which the Annex and the amendments were adoptedor approved by the Council, when they became effective andwhen they became applicable.

Action by Contracting States

Notification of differences. The attention of Contracting Statesis drawn to the obligation imposed by Article 38 of theConvention by which Contracting States are required to notifythe Organization of any differences between their nationalregulations and practices and the International Standards con-tained in this Annex and any amendments thereto. ContractingStates are invited to extend such notification to any differencesfrom the Recommended Practices contained in this Annex, andany amendments thereto, when the notifi-cation of such differ-ences is important for the safety of air navigation. Further,Contracting States are invited to keep the Organizationcurrently informed of any differences which may subsequentlyoccur, or of the withdrawal of any differences previously noti-fied. A specific request for notification of differences will besent to Contracting States immediately after the adoption ofeach amendment to this Annex.

Attention of States is also drawn to the provisions ofAnnex 15 related to the publication of differences betweentheir national regulations and practices and the related ICAOStandards and Recommended Practices through the Aeronaut-ical Information Service, in addition to the obligation of Statesunder Article 38 of the Convention.

Promulgation of information. The establishment andwithdrawal of and changes to facilities, services and pro-cedures affecting aircraft operations provided in accordancewith the Standards and Recommended Practices specified inthis Annex should be notified and take effect in accordancewith the provisions of Annex 15.

Use of the text of the Annex in national regulations. TheCouncil, on 13 April 1948, adopted a resolution inviting theattention of Contracting States to the desirability of using intheir own national regulations, as far as is practicable, the pre-cise language of those ICAO Standards that are of a regulatorycharacter and also of indicating departures from the Standards,including any additional national regulations that are importantfor the safety or regularity of air navigation. Wherever poss-ible, the provisions of this Annex have been written in such away as would facilitate incorporation, without major textualchanges, into national legislation.

Status of Annex components

An Annex is made up of the following component parts, notall of which, however, are necessarily found in every Annex;they have the status indicated:

1.— Material comprising the Annex proper:

a) Standards and Recommended Practices adopted bythe Council under the provisions of the Convention.They are defined as follows:

Standard: Any specification for physical character-istics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnelor procedure, the uniform application of which is rec-ognized as necessary for the safety or regularity ofinternational air navigation and to which ContractingStates will conform in accordance with the Conven-tion; in the event of impossibility of compliance,notification to the Council is compulsory underArticle 38.

Recommended Practice: Any specification for physicalcharacteristics, configuration, matériel, performance,personnel or procedure, the uniform application ofwhich is recognized as desirable in the interest ofsafety, regularity or efficiency of international airnavigation, and to which Contracting States willendeavour to conform in accordance with theConvention.

b) Appendices comprising material grouped separatelyfor convenience but forming part of the Standardsand Recommended Practices adopted by the Council.

c) Definitions of terms used in the Standards andRecommended Practices which are not self-explanatory in that they do not have accepted



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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Foreword

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dictionary meanings. A definition does not haveindependent status but is an essential part of eachStandard and Recommended Practice in which theterm is used, since a change in the meaning of theterm would affect the specification.

d) Tables and Figures which add to or illustrate aStandard or Recommended Practice and which arereferred to therein, form part of the associatedStandard or Recommended Practice and have thesame status.

2.— Material approved by the Council for publication inassociation with the Standards and Recommended Practices:

a) Forewords comprising historical and explanatorymaterial based on the action of the Council andincluding an explanation of the obligations of Stateswith regard to the application of the Standards andRecommended Practices ensuing from the Conven-tion and the Resolution of Adoption;

b) Introductions comprising explanatory materialintroduced at the beginning of parts, chapters orsections of the Annex to assist in the understandingof the application of the text;

c) Notes included in the text, where appropriate, to givefactual information or references bearing on theStandards or Recommended Practices in question,but not constituting part of the Standards orRecommended Practices;

d) Attachments comprising material supplementary tothe Standards and Recommended Practices, orincluded as a guide to their application.

Selection of language

This Annex has been adopted in five languages — English,Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish. Each Contracting Stateis requested to select one of those texts for the purpose ofnational implementation and for other effects provided for inthe Convention, either through direct use or through trans-lation into its own national language, and to notify theOrganization accordingly.

Editorial practices

The following practice has been adhered to in order to indicateat a glance the status of each statement: Standards have beenprinted in light face roman; Recommended Practices havebeen printed in light face italics, the status being indicated bythe prefix Recommendation; Notes have been printed in lightface italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Note.

The following editorial practice has been followed in thewriting of specifications: for Standards the operative verb“shall” is used, and for Recommended Practices the operativeverb “should” is used.

Any reference to a portion of this document, which isidentified by a number, includes all subdivisions of the portion.

Applicability

The Standards and Recommended Practices in this documentgovern the application of the Regional Supplementary Pro-cedures (Doc 7030, Part 3 — Meteorology), in whichdocument will be found statements of regional choices, wheresuch options are permitted by this Annex.

Responsibility

In accordance with a similar provision in the Foreword toAnnex 6, Part II, the responsibility which devolves upon anoperator, in accordance with the provisions of Annex 3, fallsupon the pilot-in-command in the case of international generalaviation.

Relation to corresponding WMO publications

The regulatory material contained in Annex 3 is, except for afew minor editorial differences, identical with that appearingin the Technical Regulations (Chapter C.3.1) of the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO).

The aeronautical meteorological code forms referred to inAnnex 3 are developed by the World Meteorological Organ-ization on the basis of aeronautical requirements contained inthis Annex, or stated from time to time by the Council. Theaeronautical meteorological code forms are promulgated byWMO in its Publication No. 306 — Manual on Codes,Volume I.



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Table A. Amendments to Annex 3

Amendment(s) Source(s) Subject(s)

Adopted/approvedEffective

Applicable

1st Edition Second Session of the Meteorology Division

Meteorological codes for the transmission of meteorological information for aeronautical purposes.

16 April 194815 September 19481 January 1949

1 to 21(2nd Edition)

Special Session of the Meteorology Division

Updating and improvement of meteorological codes. 17 September 194823 December 19481 January 1949

22 to 37 Third Session of the Meteorology Division

Use of plain language and a simplified code for flight conditions in air-reports. 28 May 19511 October 19511 January 1952

38(3rd Edition)

First Air Navigation Conference

Introduction of the radiotelephony or radiotelegraphy AIREP form ofair-report.

15 December 19531 August 19541 September 1954

39 First Air Navigation Conference

Revised radiotelegraphy form of POMAR Code for air-reports. 18 May 195420 August 19541 September 1954

40 World Meteorological Organization

New aeronautical meteorological figure codes in an Attachment, replacing those (except the POMAR code) hitherto appearing in the SARPs.

28 September 19541 January 19551 January 1955

41 Fourth Session of the Meteorology Division

Introduction of Standards and Recommended Practices governing the obligations of Contracting States relating to the establishment of meteorological organization in each State, adequate to satisfy Articles 28 and 37 of the Convention; consequential change of title of Annex 3 to read International Standards and Recommended Practices — Meteorology.

1 April 19551 August 19551 January 1956

42(4th Edition)

Second Air Navigation Conference

Simplification of the detailed specifications for the method of determining the position in the AIREP and POMAR forms of air-report.

8 May 19561 September 19561 December 1956

43 Third Air Navigation Conference

Introduction of the term “SIGMET information” to replace the terms “advisory message” and “warning message”; amendment of the table for “State of Sea” in the POMAR code.

13 June 19571 October 19571 December 1957

44 Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services/ Search and Rescue Divisions

Changes in the list of elements in Section 1 (Position report) of the AIREP form of air-report — deletion of the element “Flight conditions” and amendment of the last element in the section to read “Next position and time over”.

18 February 19601 May 19601 August 1960

45 Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services/ Search and Rescue Divisions

Amendment of model AIREP and POMAR forms of air-report consequential to Amendment 44.

18 February 1960—

1 August 1960


Updating of aeronautical meteorological figure codes, introduced by WMO, as of 1 January 1960.

8 June 1960—

8 June 1960



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47(5th Edition)

Fifth Session of the Meteorology Division

Amendment to the procedures for aircraft meteorological observations and reports, modifying those for special observations and introducing requirements for additional observations; deletion of the POMAR form of air-report; elimination of flight meteorological watch and the introduction of en-route forecast service to supplement area meteorological watch; amendment to the provisions concerning meteorological conditions along the route to an alternate aerodrome.

2 December 19601 April 19611 July 1961

48 Fifth Session of the Meteorology Division

Amendment to model AIREP form of air-report to reflect changes in procedures for aircraft meteorological observations and reports, consequential to an amendment to the PANS-RAC.

2 December 1960—

1 July 1961

49 Fifth Session of the Meteorology Division

Introduction of definition of “D-value”. 8 April 19631 August 19631 November 1963



18 March 1964—

18 March 1964

51(6th Edition)

Meteorology and Operations Divisional Meeting

Introduction of a requirement for observations to be made at locations where they will be representative of the area for which they are primarily required; extension of the criteria for special air-reports to cover phenomena likely to affect efficiency as well as safety, and deleting the requirement for “additional aircraft observations” according to regionally agreed criteria; deletion from the AIREP form of air-report of D-value, weather and cloud as standard items; introduction of a modified model AIREP form; changes to the provisions relating to forms of meteorological messages and providing for the exchange of information in pictorial form; introduction of definition of “plain language”.

31 May 19651 October 1965

10 March 1966


Updating of aeronautical meteorological figure codes, introduced by WMO, as of 10 March 1966.

12 December 1966—

12 December 1966

53 Meteorology and Operations Divisional Meeting

Permitting regional air navigation agreement on the use of a pictorial form of message for the dissemination of forecasts; replacement of the term “symbolic form of message” by a more specific description of the form of message to which this expression was intended to refer.

12 December 196612 April 196724 August 1967



13 June 1967—

1 January 1968

55 France Permitting changes to be made to air-reports before their ground-to-ground dissemination.

16 December 196816 April 196918 September 1969

56(7th Edition)

Sixth Air Navigation Conference

Introduction of: specifications for area forecast centres; simplified specifications for meteorological offices to reflect increasing centralization; extended coverage of aircraft reports to include adverse weather conditions encountered during initial climb and final approach; routine reporting by aircraft of “spot” rather than “mean” winds; improved criteria for in-flight reports of the intensity of turbulence; new definition of “air traffic services reporting office” and changes in the definition of “air traffic services unit”; changes to the aeronautical meteorological codes introduced by WMO, as of 18 September 1969.

15 May 197015 September 19704 February 1971



Applicable



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57 Second Meeting of the Technical Panel on Supersonic Transport Operations

Amendment to the definition of “SIGMET information” to take account of the requirements of SST aircraft operations; introduction of provisions for making and recording special observations whenever moderate turbulence, hail or cumulonimbus clouds are encountered during transonic or supersonic flight.

19 March 19716 September 19716 January 1972


Updating of aeronautical meteorological codes, introduced by WMO, as of 1 January 1972.

19 March 1971—

6 January 1972

59 Sixth Air Navigation Conference

Permitting the omission of information on “next position and time over” from Section 1 of air-reports exchanged between meteorological offices; introduction of changes to the formats and data conventions in the model form of air-report to make it suitable for direct input into computers.

24 March 197224 July 19727 December 1972

60(8th Edition)

Sixth Air Navigation Conference. Eighth Air Navigation Conference. Meteor- ology Divisional Meeting (1974)

Complete revision of Annex 3, incorporating the PANS-MET, the specifications of which were regarded as being suitable for inclusion in Annex 3 as Standards and Recommended Practices; the revision took into account recently approved operational requirements and up-to-date methods of meeting them; introduction of new Standards and Recommended Practices, relating to service for operators and flight crew members, meteorological information for air traffic services and for search and rescue services, together with requirements for communications and their use; the title of Annex 3 was, accordingly, amended to read Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation.

26 November 197526 March 197612 August 1976

61 Ninth Air Navigation Conference. Meteor-ology Divisional Meeting (1974)

New provisions and revision of existing provisions to improve the coordination between meteorological offices/stations and air traffic services units and the supply of meteorological information to the latter; new specifications for observations and reports for take-off and landing; introduction of a note referring to the specifications of Annex 14 for the siting and construction of equipment and installations on operational areas to reduce the hazard to aircraft to a minimum; replacement of the expression “supersonic transport aircraft” by the expression “supersonic aircraft”; updating of Part 2, Appendix 2; revision of definition of “nephanalysis” and deletion of “(29.92 in.)” from definition of “flight level”; deletion of Attachment D — Aeronautical Meteorological Codes.

14 December 197714 April 197810 August 1978

62 Eighth Air Navigation Conference and ICAO Council

Inclusion in Appendix 1 of model charts and forms developed by WMO on the basis of the operational requirements contained in Annex 3; transfer of the data designators and geographical designators from Appendix 2 to Annex 3 to the Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).

26 June 197826 October 197829 November 1979

63 MET Divisional Meeting (1974). ICAO Secretariat. Operational Flight Information Service Panel. Ninth Air Navigation Confer-ence. Doc 9328

Definition for “meteorological bulletin”; correction to shortcomings in ground-to-ground dissemination of air-reports; decrease in SIGMET messages dealing with “active thunderstorm area”; deletion of reference to “reporting lines”; reference to new Manual of Runway Visual Range Observing and Reporting Practices.

23 March 198123 July 198126 November 1981

64 ICAO Secretariat New provisions and revision of existing provisions to meet operational requirements for observing and reporting of low-level wind shear, including the introduction of wind shear warnings for the climb-out and approach phases of flight.

6 December 19826 April 1983

24 November 1983



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65(9th Edition)

Communications/ Meteorology Div-isional Meeting (1982). Third Meeting of the ADAPT Panel

New provisions and revision of existing provisions related to the introduction of the new world area forecast system; methods of exchange of operational meteorological data; improvement of accuracy of runway visual range assessment, and reporting.

10 June 198310 October 198322 November 1984

66(10th Edition)

Communications/Meteorology Divisional Meeting (1982). Second Asia/Pacific Regional Air Navigation Meeting. Twenty-second and twenty-third meetings of the European Air Navigation Planning Group. World Meteorological Organization. Recommendations of the ANC relating to the method of reference date/time and units of measurement. ICAO Secretariat

Amendment of the provisions related to the transmission of wind shear information beyond the aerodrome, criteria for the issuance of selected special reports, inclusion of cloud information in aerodrome forecasts, flight documentation to be provided for short-haul flights, format of the SIGMET message and meteorological bulletin headings; introduction of the definition for “SIGMET information”; alignment of Annex 3 with Annex 5 in respect of units of measurement and the referencing of time.


67 Communications/Meteorology Divisional Meeting (1982). Twenty-second and twenty-fifth meetings of the European Air Navigation Planning Group. ICAO Secretariat. World Meteorological Organization

Amendment of the provisions related to light intensity settings used for RVR assessment; the identification of selected aerodromes and the deletion of the requirement for temperature circles on WAFS charts; the transmission time of forecasts from regional area forecast centres to users; introduction of provisions for the origination and dissemination of volcanic ash warnings; inclusion of wind speed units in examples of the aviation meteorological figure codes; alignment of Annex 3 with the PANS-RAC in respect of the elements of the air-report; editorial amendment of the example of the SIGMET message.


68 Communications/ Meteorology Divisional Meeting (1982). ICAO Secretariat. World Meteorological Organization

Amendment of the provisions relating to identification of RVR reporting positions; the criteria for the issuance of selected special reports for changes in RVR; RVR values for touchdown zone for all runways available for landing to be included in reports disseminated beyond the aerodrome; model charts and forms for flight documentation; issuance and updating of SIGMET messages relating to volcanic ash clouds; explicit provisions regarding the need to provide the aeronautical information services units with MET information; alignment with Annex 10 in respect of definitions for aeronautical fixed telecommunication network and aeronautical mobile service; alignment with PANS-OPS, Volume II, Part III, paragraph 6.3.1 in respect of terminology; editorial amendments to paragraph 3.3.7 to delete the equivalent pressure levels; the example of the SPECI report; the reference in Attachment B, Part 3, paragraph 1.4 b); and the footnote in Attachment C concerning visibility and RVR.




Applicable



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69(11th Edition)

Communications/Meteorology/ Operations Divisional Meeting (1990). ICAO Secretariat

Amendment of the provisions related to the transition to the final phase of the WAFS; aeronautical meteorological codes, and guidance material on the selected criteria applicable to aerodrome reports; aeronautical climatological information; SIGMET information and related guidance material for the issuance of SIGMETs; automatic weather observing stations; meteorological information for helicopter operations; and alignment with Annex 6, Parts I and II in respect of the definition for alternate aerodrome.

23 March 199227 July 199212 November 1992;1 July 1993

70(12th Edition)

Communications/Meteorology/Operations Divisional Meeting (1990). Limited North Atlantic (COM/MET/RAC) Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1992). Third Asia/Pacific Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1993). Thirty-second meeting of the European Air Navigation Planning Group. ICAO Secretariat

Definitions of AIRMET information, extended range operation, GAMET area forecast, operational control and tropical cyclone; amendment to the provisions concerning horizontal resolution of and the code form in which the upper wind and temperature grid point forecasts are to be prepared by the world area forecast centres; issuance of special reports for changes in temperature at aerodromes; provisions related to the reporting and forecasting of meteorological information at aerodromes on which the new aeronautical meteorological codes are based and a consequential amendment to Models A1, A2, TA1, TA2 and SN to take account of the updated aeronautical meteorological codes; automated air reporting; provision of information on weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level flights; introduction of the minimum threshold value for the maximum surface wind speed for which SIGMETs for tropical cyclones should be issued; observation and reporting of wind shear to take account of new technology in ground-based wind shear observing equipment; interregional exchange of METARs and SPECIs to support extended range operations and long-haul flights conducted under centralized operational control; editorial amendments to replace the term “line squall” by “squall line”; editorial amendments to Models SWL and SN, to align the depiction of freezing level, and editorial corrections to Model A2; inclusion in Model SN of symbols for “volcanic eruptions”, “state of the sea” and “sea surface temperature”; updating operationally desirable accuracy of measurement or observation and the currently attainable accuracy of measurement or observation; introduction of criteria for the inclusion of severe mountain waves in SIGMET information.

17 March 199524 July 19951 January 1996

71(13th Edition)

Limited North Atlantic (COM/MET/RAC) Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1992). Third Asia/Pacific Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1993). Thirty-eighth meeting of the European Air Navigation Planning Group (EANPG/38). United States. ICAO Secretariat

Definitions of automatic dependent surveillance, Human Factors principles, international airways volcano watch, level, tropical cyclone advisory centre, volcanic ash advisory centre and VOLMET data link service; amendment to the provisions regarding the indication of the designated meteorological authority in States’ AIPs; introduction of the role of the Human Factors principles; inclusion of 6-hour and 36-hour validity WAFS upper wind/temperature forecasts; introduction of requirements and a new model for volcanic ash advisories in graphical format; specification of the frequency of update of volcanic ash advisories and the specific role of VAACs and TCACs; an editorial amendment to ensure consistency in the order of the words “RVR” and “RWY”; an amendment to the present weather abbreviations; introduction of the requirements regarding “VOLMET” data link service; editorial amendments regarding air reporting; inclusion of “forecast temperature” in aerodrome forecasts; introduction of requirements for the standardization of area forecasts and flight documentation for low-level flights and consequential amendments to the Appendix — Model Charts and Forms; the deletion of the use of national language in connection with SIGMET messages; introduction of requirements for the provision of meteorological information by automated pre-flight information systems; introduction of the provision of meteorological information for centralized flight planning in extended range operations; quantitative definitions of CB clouds and thunderstorms to be used in WAFS SIGWX charts and consequential amendments to guidance material.




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72(14th Edition)

Limited Middle East (COM/MET/RAC) RAN Meeting (1996). Ninth meeting of the ASIA/PAC Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group. Thirty-sixth, thirty-ninth and fortieth meetings of the European Air Navigation Planning Group. International Air Transport Association. Secretariat

Changes to the definition of flight crew member, grid point data in numerical form, pilot-in-command, regional area forecast centre and world area forecast centre; introduction of definitions for minimum sector altitude, quality assurance, quality control, quality management, quality system and visibility; introduction of requirements regarding global exchange of OPMET information; updated format for volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages; introduction of requirements on the transmission of information on the accidental release of radioactive materials, inclusion of radiation symbol on WAFS SIGWX charts; updated operational requirements for world area forecast system (WAFS) data regarding the frequency of issuance of WAFS upper wind/temperature data increased to four times per day; inclusion of FL 140 and humidity in the GRIB global data, introduction of the BUFR code, inclusion of “strong surface winds” and “mountain obscuration” symbols on low-level SIGWX charts; operational requirements for aeronautical MET codes regarding the introduction of standardized VOLMET phraseologies, uniform use of date/time groups in METAR and TAF code forms, additional reference level for height of clouds and freezing level in GAMET messages, discrimination between improvements and deterioration of visibility, cloud base and vertical visibility in aerodrome reports and forecasts; introduction of templates for local meteorological report, METAR/SPECI, TAF and SIGMET; the algorithm to report turbulence and provision of a turbulence index, and the operational interpretation of turbulence index; provisions for the MET component for automated pre-flight information systems and harmonized AIS/MET pre-flight briefing; provisions regarding quality assurance and quality control of MET information; SIGMET information in graphical format and quantitative criteria for SIGMET messages; inclusion of forward-scatter meters in RVR provisions; and editorial amendments.


73(15th Edition)

Meteorology (MET) Divisional Meeting (2002).Secretariat

Restructuring of Annex 3 into two parts; new and amended definitions; upgrading of certain Recommended Practices to Standards; elimination of the need to issue WAFS products in T4 chart form; introduction of the requirement to maintain the integrity of WAFS forecasts; notification of volcanic activity to ACC, MWO and VAAC by selected State volcano observatories; introduction of provisions allowing the issuance of SIGMET messages for volcanic ash and tropical cyclones in graphical format using the WMO BUFR code form; introduction of templates for special air-report (downlink), volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages and aerodrome and wind shear warnings; introduction of a requirement to issue METARs and SPECIs prior to the aerodrome resuming operations; introduction of enabling provisions to use fully automatic observing systems during non-operational hours; introduction of prevailing visibility; introduction of a requirement to cancel aerodrome forecasts that cannot be kept under continuous review; introduction of a provision for the averaging period for measuring visibility and variation in the mean wind speed; introduction of a provision to use maximum light intensity for assessment of RVR for METAR and SPECI; the deletion of Model TB Example 2; inclusion of new Examples 3 and 4 under Model SWH, deletion of Attachment A; introduction of a new Attachment C describing back-up procedures at WAFCs; and editorial amendments.

25 February 200412 July 200425 November 2004



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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

PART I

CORE SARPs



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ANNEX 3 1-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS

Note.— The designation (RR) in these definitions indicatesa definition which has been extracted from the RadioRegulations of the International Telecommunication Union(ITU) (see Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Require-ments for Civil Aviation including Statement of ApprovedICAO Policies (Doc 9718)).

1.1 Definitions

When the following terms are used in the Standards andRecommended Practices for Meteorological Service forInternational Air Navigation, they have the followingmeanings:

Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including anybuildings, installations and equipment) intended to be usedeither wholly or in part for the arrival, departure andsurface movement of aircraft.

Aerodrome climatological summary. Concise summary ofspecified meteorological elements at an aerodrome, basedon statistical data.

Aerodrome climatological table. Table providing statisticaldata on the observed occurrence of one or more meteoro-logical elements at an aerodrome.

Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide airtraffic control service to aerodrome traffic.

Aerodrome elevation. The elevation of the highest point of thelanding area.

Aerodrome meteorological office. An office, located at anaerodrome, designated to provide meteorological servicefor international air navigation.

Aeronautical fixed service (AFS). A telecommunicationservice between specified fixed points provided primarilyfor the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficientand economical operation of air services.

Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN). Aworldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided,as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange ofmessages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixedstations having the same or compatible communicationscharacteristics.

Aeronautical meteorological station. A station designated tomake observations and meteorological reports for use ininternational air navigation.

Aeronautical mobile service (RR S1.32). A mobile servicebetween aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, orbetween aircraft stations, in which survival craft stationsmay participate; emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this service ondesignated distress and emergency frequencies.

Aeronautical telecommunication station. A station in theaeronautical telecommunication service.

Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in theatmosphere from the reactions of the air other than thereactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

Aircraft observation. The evaluation of one or more meteoro-logical elements made from an aircraft in flight.

AIRMET information. Information issued by a meteoro-logical watch office concerning the occurrence or expectedoccurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena whichmay affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations andwhich was not already included in the forecast issued forlow-level flights in the flight information region concernedor sub-area thereof.

Air-report. A report from an aircraft in flight prepared inconformity with requirements for position, and operationaland/ or meteorological reporting.

Note.— Details of the AIREP form are given in thePANS-ATM (Doc 4444).

Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, airtraffic control unit, flight information centre or air trafficservices reporting office.

Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft mayproceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisableto proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intendedlanding. Alternate aerodromes include the following:

Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which anaircraft can land should this become necessary shortlyafter take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodromeof departure.



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En-route alternate. An aerodrome at which an aircraftwould be able to land after experiencing an abnormal oremergency condition while en route.

ETOPS en-route alternate. A suitable and appropriatealternate aerodrome at which an aeroplane would beable to land after experiencing an engine shut-down orother abnormal or emergency condition while en routein an ETOPS operation.

Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome to which anaircraft may proceed should it become impossible orinadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intendedlanding.

Note.— The aerodrome from which a flight departs mayalso be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome forthat flight.

Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an objectconsidered as a point, measured from mean sea level(MSL).

Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air trafficcontrol service to controlled flights arriving at, or departingfrom, one or more aerodromes.

Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority designatedby the State responsible for providing air traffic services inthe airspace concerned.

Area control centre. A unit established to provide air trafficcontrol service to controlled flights in control areas underits jurisdiction.

Automatic dependent surveillance (ADS). A surveillancetechnique in which aircraft automatically provide, via adata link, data derived from on-board navigation andposition-fixing systems, including aircraft identification,four-dimensional position and additional data asappropriate.

Briefing. Oral commentary on existing and/or expectedmeteorological conditions.

Cloud of operational significance. A cloud with the height ofcloud base below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highestminimum sector altitude, whichever is greater.

Consultation. Discussion with a meteorologist or anotherqualified person of existing and/or expected meteorologicalconditions relating to flight operations; a discussionincludes answers to questions.

Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from aspecified limit above the earth.

Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portionof a flight.

Elevation. The vertical distance of a point or a level, on oraffixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sealevel.

Extended range operation. Any flight by an aeroplane withtwo turbine power-units where the flight time at the onepower-unit inoperative cruise speed (in ISA and still airconditions), from a point on the route to an adequatealternate aerodrome, is greater than the threshold timeapproved by the State of the Operator.

Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged withduties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flightduty period.

Flight documentation. Written or printed documents,including charts or forms, containing meteorologicalinformation for a flight.

Flight information centre. A unit established to provide flightinformation service and alerting service.

Flight information region. An airspace of defined dimensionswithin which flight information service and alerting serviceare provided.

Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure whichis related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals(hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specificpressure intervals.

Note 1.— A pressure type altimeter calibrated inaccordance with the Standard Atmosphere:

a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicatealtitude;

b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate heightabove the QFE reference datum; and

c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used toindicate flight levels.

Note 2.— The terms “height” and “altitude”, used inNote 1, indicate altimetric rather than geometric heights andaltitudes.

Forecast. A statement of expected meteorological conditionsfor a specified time or period, and for a specified area orportion of airspace.

GAMET area forecast. An area forecast in abbreviated plainlanguage for low-level flights for a flight informationregion or sub-area thereof, prepared by the meteorologicaloffice designated by the meteorological authority con-cerned and exchanged with meteorological offices inadjacent flight information regions, as agreed between themeteorological authorities concerned.



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Grid point data in digital form. Computer processed meteoro-logical data for a set of regularly spaced points on a chart,for transmission from a meteorological computer to anothercomputer in a code form suitable for automated use.

Note.— In most cases such data are transmitted on mediumor high speed telecommunications channels.

Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an objectconsidered as a point, measured from a specified datum.

Human Factors principles. Principles which apply toaeronautical design, certification, training, operations andmaintenance and which seek safe interface between thehuman and other system components by properconsideration to human performance.

International airways volcano watch (IAVW). Internationalarrangements for monitoring and providing warnings toaircraft of volcanic ash in the atmosphere.

Note.— The IAVW is based on the cooperation of aviationand non-aviation operational units using information derivedfrom observing sources and networks that are provided byStates. The watch is coordinated by ICAO with the cooperationof other concerned international organizations.

Level. A generic term relating to vertical position of an aircraftin flight and meaning variously height, altitude or flightlevel.

Meteorological authority. The authority providing orarranging for the provision of meteorological service forinternational air navigation on behalf of a ContractingState.

Meteorological bulletin. A text comprising meteorologicalinformation preceded by an appropriate heading.

Meteorological information. Meteorological report, analysis,forecast, and any other statement relating to existing orexpected meteorological conditions.

Meteorological office. An office designated to providemeteorological service for international air navigation.

Meteorological report. A statement of observed meteoro-logical conditions related to a specified time and location.

Meteorological satellite. An artificial Earth satellite makingmeteorological observations and transmitting theseobservations to Earth.

Minimum sector altitude. The lowest altitude which may beused which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m(1 000 ft) above all objects located in the area containedwithin a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centredon a radio aid to navigation.

Observation (meteorological). The evaluation of one or moremeteorological elements.

Operational control. The exercise of authority over theinitiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flightin the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularityand efficiency of the flight.

Operational flight plan. The operator’s plan for the safeconduct of the flight based on considerations of aeroplaneperformance, other operating limitations and relevantexpected conditions on the route to be followed and at theaerodromes concerned.

Operational planning. The planning of flight operations by anoperator.

Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in oroffering to engage in an aircraft operation.

Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or inthe case of general aviation, the owner, as being incommand and charged with the safe conduct of a flight.

Prevailing visibility. The visibility value, observed in accord-ance with the definition of “visibility”, which is reached orexceeded within at least half the horizon circle or within atleast half of the surface of the aerodrome. These areascould comprise contiguous or non-contiguous sectors.

Note.— This value may be assessed by human observationand/or instrumented systems. When instruments are installed,they are used to obtain the best estimate of the prevailingvisibility. Prognostic chart. A forecast of a specified meteorological

element(s) for a specified time or period and a specifiedsurface or portion of airspace, depicted graphically on achart.

Quality assurance. All the planned and systematic activitiesimplemented within the quality system, and demonstratedas needed, to provide adequate confidence that an entitywill fulfil requirements for quality (ISO 9000:2000*).

Quality control. The operational techniques and activities thatare used to fulfil requirements for quality(ISO 9000:2000*).

Quality management. All activities of the overall managementfunction that determine the quality policy, objectives andresponsibilities, and implementing them by means such asquality planning, quality control, quality assurance andquality improvement within the quality system(ISO 9000:2000*).

* ISO Standard 9000:2000 — Quality Management Systems —Fundamentals and Vocabulary.



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Quality system. The organizational structure, procedures,processes and resources needed to implement qualitymanagement (ISO 9000:2000*).

Regional air navigation agreement. Agreement approved bythe Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a regionalair navigation meeting.

Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relationto which the position of an aircraft can be reported.

Rescue coordination centre. A unit responsible for promotingefficient organization of search and rescue services and forcoordinating the conduct of search and rescue operationswithin a search and rescue region.

Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodromeprepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

Runway visual range (RVR). The range over which the pilotof an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see therunway surface markings or the lights delineating therunway or identifying its centre line.

Search and rescue services unit. A generic term meaning, asthe case may be, rescue coordination centre, rescuesubcentre or alerting post.

Service area (world area forecast system). A geographical

area within which a world area forecast centre is respon-sible for issuing area forecasts to meteorological authoritiesand other users.

SIGMET information. Information issued by a meteorologicalwatch office concerning the occurrence or expectedoccurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena whichmay affect the safety of aircraft operations.

Standard isobaric surface. An isobaric surface used on aworldwide basis for representing and analysing theconditions in the atmosphere.

Threshold. The beginning of that portion of the runway usablefor landing.

Touchdown zone. The portion of a runway, beyond thethreshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes firstcontact the runway.

Tropical cyclone. Generic term for a non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropicalwaters with organized convection and definite cyclonicsurface wind circulation.

Tropical cyclone advisory centre (TCAC). A meteorologicalcentre designated by regional air navigation agreement toprovide advisory information to meteorological watchoffices, world area forecast centres and internationalOPMET data banks regarding the position, forecastdirection and speed of movement, central pressure andmaximum surface wind of tropical cyclones.

Upper-air chart. A meteorological chart relating to a specifiedupper-air surface or layer of the atmosphere.

Visibility. Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:

a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitabledimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen andrecognized when observed against a bright background;

b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against anunlit background.

Note.— The two distances have different values in air of agiven extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with thebackground illumination. The former a) is represented by themeteorological optical range (MOR).

Volcanic ash advisory centre (VAAC). A meteorologicalcentre designated by regional air navigation agreement toprovide advisory information to meteorological watchoffices, area control centres, flight information centres,world area forecast centres and international OPMET databanks regarding the lateral and vertical extent and forecastmovement of volcanic ash in the atmosphere followingvolcanic eruptions.

VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.

Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of currentaerodrome routine meteorological reports (METAR) andaerodrome special meteorological reports (SPECI),aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reportsnot covered by a SIGMET and, where available,AIRMET via data link.

VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of currentMETAR, SPECI, TAF and SIGMET by means ofcontinuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

World area forecast centre (WAFC). A meteorological centredesignated to prepare and issue significant weatherforecasts and upper-air forecasts in digital form on a globalbasis direct to States by appropriate means as part of theaeronautical fixed service.

World area forecast system (WAFS). A worldwide system bywhich world area forecast centres provide aeronauticalmeteorological en-route forecasts in uniform standardizedformats.

* ISO Standard 9000:2000 — Quality Management Systems —Fundamentals and Vocabulary.



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1.2 Terms used with a limited meaning

For the purpose of this Annex, the following terms are usedwith a limited meaning as indicated below:

a) to avoid confusion in respect of the term “service”between the meteorological service considered as anadministrative entity and the service which is provided,“meteorological authority” is used for the former and“service” for the latter;

b) “provide” is used solely in connection with theprovision of service;

c) “issue” is used solely in connection with cases where theobligation specifically extends to sending out theinformation to a user;

d) “make available” is used solely in connection with caseswhere the obligation ends with making the informationaccessible to a user; and

e) “supply” is used solely in connection with cases whereeither c) or d) applies.



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ANNEX 3 2-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Introductory Note 1.— It is recognized that the provisionsof this Annex with respect to meteorological information aresubject to the understanding that the obligation of aContracting State is for the supply, under Article 28 of theConvention, of meteorological information and that theresponsibility for the use made of such information is that ofthe user.

Introductory Note 2.— Although the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation allocates to the State of Registrycertain functions which that State is entitled to discharge, orobligated to discharge, as the case may be, the Assemblyrecognized, in Resolution A23-13, that the State of Registrymay be unable to fulfil its responsibilities adequately ininstances where aircraft are leased, chartered or interchanged— in particular without crew — by an operator of anotherState and that the Convention may not adequately specify therights and obligations of the State of an operator in suchinstances until such time as Article 83 bis of the Conventionenters into force. Accordingly, the Council urged that if, in theabove-mentioned instances, the State of Registry finds itselfunable to discharge adequately the functions allocated to it bythe Convention, it delegate to the State of the Operator, subjectto acceptance by the latter State, those functions of the Stateof Registry that can more adequately be discharged by theState of the Operator. It was understood that pending entryinto force of Article 83 bis of the Convention the foregoingaction would only be a matter of practical convenience andwould not affect either the provisions of the ChicagoConvention prescribing the duties of the State of Registry orany third State. However, as Article 83 bis of the Conventionentered into force on 20 June 1997, such transfer agreementswill have effect in respect of Contracting States which haveratified the related Protocol (Doc 9318) upon fulfilment of theconditions established in Article 83 bis.

Introductory Note 3.— In the case of internationaloperations effected jointly with aeroplanes not all of which areregistered in the same Contracting State, nothing in this Annexprevents the States concerned entering into an agreement forthe joint exercise of the functions placed upon the State ofRegistry by the provisions of this Annex.

2.1 Objective, determination and provisionof meteorological service

2.1.1 The objective of meteorological service for interna-tional air navigation shall be to contribute towards the safety,regularity and efficiency of international air navigation.

2.1.2 This objective shall be achieved by supplying thefollowing users: operators, flight crew members, air trafficservices units, search and rescue services units, airportmanagements and others concerned with the conduct or devel-opment of international air navigation, with the meteorologicalinformation necessary for the performance of their respectivefunctions.

2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall determine the meteoro-logical service which it will provide to meet the needs ofinternational air navigation. This determination shall be madein accordance with the provisions of this Annex and with dueregard to regional air navigation agreements; it shall includethe determination of the meteorological service to be providedfor international air navigation over international waters andother areas which lie outside the territory of the Stateconcerned.

2.1.4 Each Contracting State shall designate the authority,hereinafter referred to as the meteorological authority, toprovide or to arrange for the provision of meteorologicalservice for international air navigation on its behalf. Details ofthe meteorological authority so designated shall be included inthe State aeronautical information publication, in accordancewith Annex 15, Appendix 1, GEN 1.1.

2.1.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that thedesignated meteorological authority complies with the require-ments of the World Meteorological Organization in respect ofqualifications and training of meteorological personnel provid-ing service for international air navigation.

Note.— Requirements concerning qualifications andtraining of meteorological personnel in aeronautical meteor-ology are given in WMO Publication No. 49, TechnicalRegulations, Volume I — General Meteorological Standardsand Recommended Practices, Chapter B.4 — Education andTraining.

2.2 Supply, quality assurance and use ofmeteorological information

2.2.1 Close liaison shall be maintained between thoseconcerned with the supply and those concerned with the use ofmeteorological information on matters which affect the pro-vision of meteorological service for international air navigation.

2.2.2 Recommendation.— In order to meet the objectiveof meteorological service for international air navigation, the



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Contracting State should ensure that the designated meteoro-logical authority referred to in 2.1.4 establishes andimplements a properly organized quality system comprisingprocedures, processes and resources necessary to provide forthe quality management of the meteorological information tobe supplied to the users listed in 2.1.2.

2.2.3 Recommendation.— The quality system establishedin accordance with 2.2.2 should be in conformity with theInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000series of quality assurance standards, and certified by anapproved organization.

Note.— International Organization for Standardization(ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance standards provide abasic framework for the development of a quality assuranceprogramme. The details of a successful programme are to beformulated by each State and in most cases are unique to theState organization.

2.2.4 Recommendation.— The quality system shouldprovide the users with assurance that the meteorological infor-mation supplied complies with the stated requirements in termsof the geographical and spatial coverage, format and content,time and frequency of issuance and period of validity, as wellas the accuracy of measurements, observations and forecasts.Where the quality system indicates that meteorological infor-mation to be supplied to the users does not comply with thestated requirements, and automatic error correction proce-dures are not appropriate, such information should not besupplied to the users unless it is validated with the originator.

Note 1.— Requirements concerning the geographical andspatial coverage, format and content, time and frequency ofissuance and period of validity of meteorological informationto be supplied to aeronautical users are given in Chapters 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Appendices 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 ofthis Annex and the relevant regional air navigation plans.Guidance concerning the accuracy of measurement and obser-vation, and accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachments Aand B respectively to this Annex.

Note 2.— Notwithstanding the provisions in 2.2.4,provisional TAF may still be issued, as necessary, inaccordance with Appendix 8, 4.4.3.

2.2.5 Recommendation.— In regard to the exchange ofmeteorological information for operational purposes, the qual-ity system should include verification and validationprocedures and resources for monitoring adherence to theprescribed transmission schedules for individual messagesand/or bulletins required to be exchanged, and the times oftheir filing for transmission. The quality system should becapable of detecting excessive transit times of messages andbulletins received.

Note.— Requirements concerning the exchange ofoperational meteorological information are given inChapter 11 and Appendix 10 of this Annex.

2.2.6 Recommendation.— Demonstration of complianceof the quality system applied should be by audit. If non-conformity of the system is identified, action should beinitiated to determine and correct the cause. All auditobservations should be evidenced and properly documented.

2.2.7 The meteorological information supplied to the userslisted in 2.1.2 shall be consistent with Human Factors principlesand shall be in forms which require a minimum of interpretationby these users, as specified in the following chapters.

Note.— Guidance material on the application of HumanFactors principles can be found in the Human FactorsTraining Manual (Doc 9683).

2.3 Notifications required from operators

2.3.1 An operator requiring meteorological service orchanges in existing meteorological service shall notify,sufficiently in advance, the meteorological authority or themeteorological office(s) concerned. The minimum amount ofadvance notice required shall be as agreed between themeteorological authority or meteorological office(s) and theoperator.

2.3.2 The meteorological authority shall be notified bythe operator requiring service when:

a) new routes or new types of operations are planned;

b) changes of a lasting character are to be made inscheduled operations; and

c) other changes, affecting the provision of meteorologicalservice, are planned.

Such information shall contain all details necessary for theplanning of appropriate arrangements by the meteorologicalauthority.

2.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological office, or themeteorological office concerned, shall be notified by theoperator or a flight crew member:

a) of flight schedules;

b) when non-scheduled flights are to be operated; and

c) when flights are delayed, advanced or cancelled.

2.3.4 Recommendation.— The notification to theaerodrome meteorological office, or the meteorological officeconcerned, of individual flights should contain the followinginformation except that, in the case of scheduled flights, therequirement for some or all of this information may be waivedby agreement between the meteorological office and theoperator:



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a) aerodrome of departure and estimated time of departure;

b) destination and estimated time of arrival;

c) route to be flown and estimated times of arrival at, anddeparture from, any intermediate aerodrome(s);

d) alternate aerodromes needed to complete the operationalflight plan and taken from the relevant list contained inthe regional air navigation plan;

e) cruising level;

f) for supersonic flights, the alternative subsonic cruisinglevel and the locations of the transonic acceleration anddeceleration areas and of the subsonic climb anddescent paths;

g) type of flight, whether under the visual or the instrumentflight rules;

h) type of meteorological information requested for a flightcrew member, whether flight documentation and/orbriefing or consultation; and

i) time(s) at which briefing, consultation and/or flightdocumentation are required.



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ANNEX 3 3-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 3. WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEMAND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES

Note.— Technical specifications and detailed criteriarelated to this chapter are given in Appendix 2.

3.1 Objective of theworld area forecast system

The objective of the world area forecast system shall be tosupply meteorological authorities and other users withforecasts of global upper wind, upper-air temperature andhumidity, direction, speed and height of maximum wind,tropopause height and temperature and forecasts of significantweather phenomena in digital form. This objective shall beachieved through a comprehensive, integrated, worldwide and,as far as practicable, uniform system, and in a cost-effectivemanner, taking full advantage of evolving technologies.

3.2 World area forecast centres

3.2.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsi-bility for providing a WAFC within the framework of theworld area forecast system, shall arrange for that centre:

a) to prepare global forecasts for grid points in digital formfor all required levels and in a standard format; the fore-casts shall comprise upper winds, upper-air temperaturesand humidity, tropopause heights and temperatures andmaximum wind speed, direction and height;

b) to prepare global forecasts of significant weatherphenomena in digital form;

c) to issue the forecasts referred to in a) and b) in digitalform to meteorological authorities and other users in itsservice area, as approved by the Contracting State onadvice from the meteorological authority;

d) to prepare and issue amendments to the forecasts;

e) to receive information concerning the accidental releaseof radioactive materials into the atmosphere from itsassociated WMO regional specialized meteorologicalcentre for the provision of transport model products forradiological environmental emergency response, inorder to include the information in significant weatherforecasts; and

f) to establish and maintain contact with VAACs for theexchange of information on volcanic activity in order tocoordinate the inclusion of information on volcaniceruptions in significant weather forecasts.

Note 1.— Specifications for the preparation of significantweather and upper-air prognostic charts are contained inPart II, Appendix 1.

Note 2.— The WAFS service areas are given in the regionalair navigation plans.

3.2.2 In case of interruption of the operation of a WAFC,its functions shall be carried out by the other WAFC.

Note.— Back-up procedures to be used in case of interrup-tion of the operation of a WAFC are given in Attachment C.Back-up procedures are expected to be subject to minorrevisions by the World Area Forecast System OperationsGroup (WAFSOPSG) and the latest revision can be found atthe WAFSOPSG website at: www.icao.int/anb/wafsopsg.

3.3 Meteorological offices

3.3.1 Each Contracting State shall establish one or moreaerodrome and/or other meteorological offices which shall beadequate for the provision of the meteorological servicerequired to satisfy the needs of international air navigation.

3.3.2 An aerodrome meteorological office shall carry outall or some of the following functions as necessary to meet theneeds of flight operations at the aerodrome:

a) prepare and/or obtain forecasts and other relevantinformation for flights with which it is concerned; theextent of its responsibilities to prepare forecasts shall berelated to the local availability and use of en-route andaerodrome forecast material received from other offices;

b) prepare and/or obtain forecasts of local meteorologicalconditions;

c) maintain a continuous survey of meteorological con-ditions over the aerodromes for which it is designated toprepare forecasts;

d) provide briefing, consultation and flight documentationto flight crew members and/or other flight operationspersonnel;



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e) supply other meteorological information to aeronauticalusers;

f) display the available meteorological information;

g) exchange meteorological information with othermeteorological offices; and

h) supply information received on pre-eruption volcanicactivity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud, to itsassociated air traffic services unit, aeronautical infor-mation service unit and meteorological watch office asagreed between the meteorological, aeronauticalinformation service and ATS authorities concerned.

3.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological offices at whichflight documentation is required, as well as the areas to becovered, shall be determined by regional air navigationagreement.

3.3.4 The aerodromes for which landing forecasts arerequired shall be determined by regional air navigationagreement.

3.3.5 For aerodromes without meteorological offices:

a) the meteorological authority concerned shall designateone or more meteorological offices to supply meteoro-logical information as required; and

b) the competent authorities shall establish means bywhich such information can be supplied to the aero-dromes concerned.

3.4 Meteorological watch offices

3.4.1 A Contracting State, having accepted theresponsibility for providing air traffic services within a flightinformation region or a control area, shall establish one ormore meteorological watch offices, or arrange for anotherContracting State to do so.

3.4.2 A meteorological watch office shall:

a) maintain watch over meteorological conditions affectingflight operations within its area of responsibility;

b) prepare SIGMET and other information relating to itsarea of responsibility;

c) supply SIGMET information and, as required, othermeteorological information to associated air trafficservices units;

d) disseminate SIGMET information;

e) when required by regional air navigation agreement, inaccordance with 7.2.1:

1) prepare AIRMET information related to its area ofresponsibility;

2) supply AIRMET information to associated air trafficservices units; and

3) disseminate AIRMET information;

f) supply information received on pre-eruption volcanicactivity, a volcanic eruption and volcanic ash cloud forwhich a SIGMET has not already been issued, to itsassociated ACC/FIC, as agreed between the meteoro-logical and ATS authorities concerned, and to itsassociated VAAC as determined by regional airnavigation agreement; and

g) supply information received concerning the accidentalrelease of radioactive materials into the atmosphere, inthe area for which it maintains watch or adjacent areas,to its associated ACC/FIC, as agreed between themeteorological and ATS authorities concerned, and toaeronautical information service units, as agreedbetween the meteorological and appropriate civilaviation authorities concerned. The information shallcomprise location, date and time of the accident, andforecast trajectories of the radioactive materials.

Note.— The information is provided, at the request of thedelegated authority in a State, by WMO regional specializedmeteorological centres (RSMC) for the provision of transportmodel products for radiological environmental emergencyresponse. The information is sent by the RSMC to a singlecontact point of the national meteorological service in eachState. This contact point has the responsibility ofredistributing the RSMC products within the State concerned.

3.4.3 Recommendation.— The boundaries of the areaover which meteorological watch is to be maintained by ameteorological watch office should, in so far as is practicable,be coincident with the boundaries of a flight informationregion or a control area or a combination of flight informationregions and/or control areas.

3.4.4 Recommendation.— Meteorological watch shouldbe maintained continuously; however, in areas with a lowdensity of traffic the watch may be restricted to the periodrelevant to expected flight operations.

3.5 Volcanic ash advisory centres

3.5.1 A Contracting State, having accepted, by regionalair navigation agreement, the responsibility for providing a



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VAAC within the framework of the international airwaysvolcano watch, shall arrange for that centre to respond to anotification that a volcano has erupted, or is expected to eruptor volcanic ash is reported in its area of responsibility, byarranging for that centre to:

a) monitor relevant geostationary and polar-orbitingsatellite data to detect the existence and extent ofvolcanic ash in the atmosphere in the area concerned;

b) activate the volcanic ash numerical trajectory/dispersionmodel in order to forecast the movement of any ash“cloud” which has been detected or reported;

Note.— The numerical model may be its own or, byagreement, that of another VAAC.

c) issue advisory information regarding the extent andforecast movement of the volcanic ash “cloud” to:

1) meteorological watch offices, area control centresand flight information centres serving flight infor-mation regions in its area of responsibility whichmay be affected;

2) other VAACs whose areas of responsibility may beaffected;

3) world area forecast centres, international OPMETdata banks, international NOTAM offices, andcentres designated by regional air navigationagreement for the operation of aeronautical fixedservice satellite distribution systems; and

4) airlines requiring the advisory information throughthe AFTN address provided specifically for thispurpose; and

Note.— The AFTN address to be used by theVAACs is given in the Handbook on the InternationalAirways Volcano Watch (IAVW) (Doc 9766) and at:http://www.icao.int/icao/en/anb/met/index.html.

d) issue updated advisory information to the meteoro-logical watch offices, area control centres, flightinformation centres and VAACs referred to in c), asnecessary, but at least every six hours until such time asthe volcanic ash “cloud” is no longer identifiable fromsatellite data, no further reports of volcanic ash arereceived from the area, and no further eruptions of thevolcano are reported.

3.5.2 Volcanic ash advisory centres shall maintain a24-hour watch.

3.6 State volcano observatories

Contracting States that maintain volcano observatoriesmonitoring active volcanoes shall arrange that selected Statevolcano observatories, as designated by regional air navigationagreement, observing significant pre-eruption volcanicactivity, a volcanic eruption and/or volcanic ash in theatmosphere shall send this information as quickly aspracticable to its associated ACC, MWO and VAAC.

Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context meansunusual and/or increasing volcanic activity which couldpresage a volcanic eruption.

3.7 Tropical cyclone advisory centres

A Contracting State having accepted, by regional air navi-gation agreement, the responsibility for providing a TCACshall arrange for that centre to:

a) monitor the development of tropical cyclones in its areaof responsibility, using geostationary and polar-orbitingsatellite data, radar data and other meteorologicalinformation;

b) issue advisory information concerning the position ofthe cyclone centre, its direction and speed of movement,central pressure and maximum surface wind near thecentre; in abbreviated plain language to:

1) meteorological watch offices in its area of responsi-bility;

2) other TCACs whose areas of responsibility may beaffected; and

3) world area forecast centres, international OPMETdata banks, and centres designated by regional airnavigation agreement for the operation of aeronauticalfixed service satellite distribution systems; and

c) issue updated advisory information to meteorologicalwatch offices for each tropical cyclone, as necessary, butat least every six hours.



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ANNEX 3 4-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 4. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONSAND REPORTS


4.1 Aeronautical meteorological stationsand observations

4.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish at aerodromesand other points of significance to international air navigation,in its territory, such aeronautical meteorological stations as itdetermines to be necessary. An aeronautical meteorologicalstation may be a separate station or may be combined with asynoptic station.

4.1.2 Recommendation.— Each Contracting Stateshould establish, or arrange for the establishment of, aero-nautical meteorological stations on offshore structures or atother points of significance in support of helicopter operationsto offshore structures, if required by regional air navigationagreement.

4.1.3 Aeronautical meteorological stations shall makeroutine observations at fixed intervals. At aerodromes, theroutine observations shall be supplemented by special obser-vations whenever specified changes occur in respect of surfacewind, visibility, runway visual range, present weather, cloudsand/or air temperature.

4.1.4 Recommendation.— Each Contracting Stateshould arrange for its aeronautical meteorological stations tobe inspected at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that ahigh standard of observations is maintained, that instrumentsand all their indicators are functioning correctly, and to checkwhether the exposure of the instruments has changedsignificantly.

4.1.5 At aerodromes, with runways intended for CategoryII and III instrument approach and landing operations, auto-mated equipment for measuring or assessing, as appropriate,and for monitoring and remote indicating of surface wind,visibility, runway visual range, height of cloud base, air anddew-point temperatures and atmospheric pressure shall beinstalled to support approach and landing and take-off oper-ations. These devices shall be integrated automatic systems foracquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real timeof the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off operations. The design of integrated automatic systemsshall observe Human Factors principles and include back-upprocedures.

Note 1.— Categories of precision approach and landingoperations are defined in Annex 6, Part I.

Note 2.— Guidance material on the application of HumanFactors principles can be found in the Human FactorsTraining Manual (Doc 9683).

4.1.6 Recommendation.— At aerodromes, with runwaysintended for Category I instrument approach and landingoperations, automated equipment for measuring or assessing,as appropriate, and for monitoring and remote indicating ofsurface wind, visibility, runway visual range, height of cloudbase, air and dew-point temperatures and atmosphericpressure should be installed to support approach and landingand take-off operations. These devices should be integratedautomatic systems for acquisition, processing, disseminationand display in real time of the meteorological parametersaffecting landing and take-off operations. The design ofintegrated automatic systems should observe Human Factorsprinciples and include back-up procedures.

4.1.7 Recommendation.— Where an integrated auto-matic system is used for the dissemination/display ofmeteorological information, it should be capable of acceptingthe manual insertion of data covering those meteorologicalelements which cannot be observed by automatic means.

4.1.8 The observations shall form the basis for thepreparation of reports to be disseminated at the aerodrome oforigin and for reports to be disseminated beyond theaerodrome of origin.

4.1.9 Owing to the variability of meteorological elementsin space and time, to limitations of observing techniques and tolimitations caused by the definitions of some of the elements,the specific value of any of the elements given in a report shallbe understood by the recipient to be the best approximation tothe actual conditions at the time of observation.

Note.— Guidance on the operationally desirable andcurrently attainable accuracy of measurement or observationis given in Attachment A.

4.2 Agreement between air traffic services authoritiesand meteorological authorities

Recommendation.— An agreement between the meteoro-logical authority and the appropriate ATS authority should beestablished to cover, amongst other things:

a) the provision in air traffic services units of displaysrelated to integrated automatic systems;



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b) the calibration and maintenance of these dis-plays/instruments;

c) the use to be made of these displays/instruments by airtraffic services personnel;

d) as and where necessary, supplementary visualobservations (for example, of meteorological phenom-ena of operational significance in the climb-out andapproach areas) if and when made by air trafficservices personnel to update or supplement theinformation supplied by the meteorological station;

e) meteorological information obtained from aircrafttaking off or landing (for example, on wind shear); and

f) if available, meteorological information obtained fromground weather radar.

Note.— Guidance on the subject of coordination betweenATS and aeronautical meteorological services is contained inthe Manual on Coordination between Air Traffic Services,Aeronautical Information Services and AeronauticalMeteorological Services (Doc 9377).

4.3 Routine observations and reports

4.3.1 At aerodromes, routine observations shall be madethroughout the 24 hours each day, except as otherwise agreedbetween the meteorological authority, the appropriate ATSauthority and the operator concerned. Such observations shallbe made at intervals of one hour or, if so determined byregional air navigation agreement, at intervals of one half-hour. At other aeronautical meteorological stations, suchobservations shall be made as determined by the meteoro-logical authority taking into account the requirements of airtraffic services units and aircraft operations.

4.3.2 Reports of routine observations shall be issued as:

a) local routine reports, only for dissemination at theaerodrome of origin, (intended for arriving anddeparting aircraft); and

b) METAR for dissemination beyond the aerodrome oforigin (mainly intended for flight planning, VOLMETbroadcasts and D-VOLMET).

Note.— Meteorological information used in ATIS (voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from the local routinereport, in accordance with Annex 11, 4.3.6.1 g).

4.3.3 At aerodromes that are not operational throughout24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1, METAR shall be issuedprior to the aerodrome resuming operations in accordance withregional air navigation agreement.

4.4 Special observations and reports

4.4.1 A list of criteria for special observations shall beestablished by the meteorological authority, in consultationwith the appropriate ATS authority, operators and othersconcerned.

4.4.2 Reports of special observations shall be issued as:

a) local special reports, only for dissemination at theaerodrome of origin, (intended for arriving anddeparting aircraft); and

b) SPECI for dissemination beyond the aerodrome oforigin (mainly intended for flight planning, VOLMETbroadcasts and D-VOLMET).

Note.— Meteorological information used in ATIS (voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from the local specialreport, in accordance with Annex 11, 4.3.6.1 g).

4.4.3 At aerodromes that are not operational throughout24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1, following the resumptionof the issuance of METAR, SPECI shall be issued, as neces-sary.

4.5 Contents of reports

4.5.1 Local routine and special reports and METAR andSPECI shall contain the following elements in the orderindicated:

a) identification of the type of report;

b) location indicator;

c) time of the observation;

d) identification of an automated or missing report, whenapplicable;

e) surface wind direction and speed;

f) visibility;

g) runway visual range, when applicable;

h) present weather;

i) cloud amount, cloud type (only for cumulonimbus andtowering cumulus clouds) and height of cloud base or,where measured, vertical visibility;

j) air temperature and dew-point temperature; and

k) QNH and, when applicable, QFE (QFE included only inlocal routine and special reports).



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Note.— The location indicators referred to under b) andtheir significations are published in Location Indicators(Doc 7910).

4.5.2 Recommendation.— In addition to elements listedunder 4.5.1 a) to k), local routine and special reports andMETAR and SPECI should contain supplementary informationto be placed after element k).

4.5.3 Optional elements included under supplementaryinformation shall be included in METAR and SPECI inaccordance with regional air navigation agreement.

4.6 Observing and reportingmeteorological elements

4.6.1 Surface wind

4.6.1.1 The mean direction and the mean speed of thesurface wind shall be measured, as well as significant vari-ations of the wind direction and speed, and reported in degreestrue and kilometres per hour (or knots), respectively.

4.6.1.2 Recommendation.— When local routine andspecial reports are used for departing aircraft, the surfacewind observations for these reports should be representative ofconditions along the runway; when local routine and specialreports are used for arriving aircraft, the surface wind obser-vations for these reports should be representative of thetouchdown zone.

4.6.1.3 Recommendation.— For METAR and SPECI,the surface wind observations should be representative ofconditions above the whole runway where there is only onerunway and the whole runway complex where there is morethan one runway.

4.6.2 Visibility

4.6.2.1 The visibility as defined in Chapter 1 shall bemeasured or observed, and reported in metres or kilometres.

Note.— Guidance on the conversion of instrument readingsinto visibility is given in Attachment E.

4.6.2.2 Recommendation.— When local routine andspecial reports are used for departing aircraft, the visibilityobservations for these reports should be representative ofconditions along the runway; when local routine and specialreports are used for arriving aircraft, the visibility observa-tions for these reports should be representative of thetouchdown zone of the runway.

4.6.2.3 Recommendation.— For METAR and SPECI,the visibility observations should be representative of theaerodrome.

4.6.3 Runway visual range

Note.— Guidance on the subject of runway visual range iscontained in the Manual of Runway Visual Range Observingand Reporting Practices (Doc 9328).

4.6.3.1 Runway visual range as defined in Chapter 1 shallbe assessed on all runways intended for Category II and IIIinstrument approach and landing operations.

4.6.3.2 Recommendation.— Runway visual range asdefined in Chapter 1 should be assessed on all runwaysintended for use during periods of reduced visibility,including:

a) precision approach runways intended for Category Iinstrument approach and landing operations; and

b) runways used for take-off and having high-intensityedge lights and/or centre line lights.

Note.— Precision approach runways are defined inAnnex 14, Volume I, Chapter 1, under “Instrument runway”.

4.6.3.3 The runway visual range, assessed in accordancewith 4.6.3.1 and 4.6.3.2, shall be reported in metres throughoutperiods when either the visibility or the runway visual range isless than 1 500 m.

4.6.3.4 Runway visual range assessments shall berepresentative of:

a) the touchdown zone of the runway intended for non-precision or Category I instrument approach and landingoperations;

b) the touchdown zone and the mid-point of the runwayintended for Category II instrument approach andlanding operations; and

c) the touchdown zone, the mid-point and stop-end of therunway intended for Category III instrument approachand landing operations.

4.6.3.5 The units providing air traffic service andaeronautical information service for an aerodrome shall bekept informed without delay of changes in the serviceabilitystatus of the automated equipment used for assessing runwayvisual range.

4.6.4 Present weather

4.6.4.1 The present weather occurring at the aerodromeand/or its vicinity shall be observed and reported as necessary.

4.6.4.2 Recommendation.— For local routine andspecial reports, the present weather information should berepresentative of conditions at the aerodrome.



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4.6.4.3 Recommendation.— For METAR and SPECI,the present weather information should be representative ofconditions at the aerodrome and, for certain specified presentweather phenomena, in its vicinity.

4.6.4.4 Recommendation.— Where observations aremade using automatic observing systems, provision should bemade for manual insertion of those present weather elementswhich cannot be determined adequately by that equipment.

4.6.5 Clouds

4.6.5.1 Cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloudbase shall be observed, and reported as necessary to describethe clouds of operational significance. When the sky isobscured, vertical visibility shall be observed and reported,where measured, in lieu of cloud amount, cloud type andheight of cloud base. The height of cloud base and verticalvisibility shall be reported in metres (or feet).

4.6.5.2 Recommendation.— Cloud observations forlocal routine and special reports should be representative ofthe approach area.

4.6.5.3 Recommendation.— Cloud observations forMETAR and SPECI should be representative of the aerodromeand its vicinity.

4.6.5.4 Recommendation.— Where observations ofcloud amount and/or the height of cloud base are made usingautomatic observing systems, provision should be made formanual insertion of cloud amounts and, where appropriate,cloud type, together with the heights of those layers or massesnot directly measurable by that equipment.

4.6.6 Air temperature anddew-point temperature

4.6.6.1 The air temperature and the dew-point tempera-ture shall be measured and reported in degrees Celsius.

4.6.6.2 Recommendation.— Observations of air tem-perature and dew-point temperature for local routine andspecial reports and METAR and SPECI should berepresentative of the whole runway complex.

4.6.7 Atmospheric pressure

The atmospheric pressure shall be measured, and QNH andQFE values shall be computed and reported in hectopascals.

4.6.8 Supplementary information

4.6.8.1 Recommendation.— Observations made ataerodromes should include the available supplementaryinformation concerning significant meteorological conditions,particularly those in the approach and climb-out areas. Wherepracticable, the information should identify the location of themeteorological condition.

4.6.8.2 Recommendation.— Where observations aremade using automatic observing systems, provision should bemade for manual insertion of information concerning signifi-cant meteorological conditions which cannot be determinedadequately by that equipment.

4.7 Reporting of meteorological informationfrom automatic observing systems

Recommendation.— METAR and SPECI from automaticobserving systems should only be used during non-operationalhours of the aerodrome. These METAR and SPECI should beidentified with the word “AUTO”.

4.8 Observations and reports ofvolcanic activity

Recommendation.— The occurrence of pre-eruptionvolcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash cloudshould be reported without delay to the associated air trafficservices unit, aeronautical information services unit andmeteorological watch office. The report should be made in theform of a volcanic activity report comprising the followinginformation in the order indicated:

a) message type, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT;

b) station identifier, location indicator or name of station;

c) date/time of message;

d) location of volcano and name if known; and

e) concise description of event including, as appropriate,level of intensity of volcanic activity, occurrence of aneruption and its date and time and the existence of avolcanic ash cloud in the area together with direction ofash cloud movement and height.




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ANNEX 3 5-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 5. AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS


5.1 Obligations of States

Each Contracting State shall arrange, according to theprovisions of this chapter, for observations to be made by air-craft of its registry operating on international air routes and forthe recording and reporting of these observations.

5.2 Types of aircraft observations

The following aircraft observations shall be made:

a) routine aircraft observations during en-route and climb-out phases of the flight; and

b) special and other non-routine aircraft observationsduring any phase of the flight.

5.3 Routine aircraftobservations — designation

5.3.1 Recommendation.— When air-ground data link isused and automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) is beingapplied, automated routine observations should be made every15 minutes during the en-route phase and every 30 secondsduring the climb-out phase for the first 10 minutes of the flight.

5.3.2 When voice communications are used, routineobservations shall be made during the en-route phase in re-lation to those air traffic services reporting points or intervals:

a) at which the applicable air traffic services proceduresrequire routine position reports; and

b) which are those separated by distances correspondingmost closely to intervals of one hour of flying time.

5.3.3 Recommendation.— For helicopter operations toand from aerodromes on offshore structures, routine obser-vations should be made from helicopters at points and times asagreed between the meteorological authorities and thehelicopter operators concerned.

5.3.4 In the case of air routes with high-density air traffic(e.g. organized tracks), an aircraft from among the aircraftoperating at each flight level shall be designated, atapproximately hourly intervals, to make routine observationsin accordance with 5.3.1 or 5.3.2, as appropriate. The designa-tion procedures shall be subject to regional air navigationagreement.

5.3.5 In the case of the requirement to report during theclimb-out phase, an aircraft shall be designated, at approxi-mately hourly intervals, at each aerodrome to make routineobservations in accordance with 5.3.1.

5.4 Routine aircraft observations — exemptions

5.4.1 When voice communications are used, an aircraftshall be exempted from making the routine observationsspecified in 5.3.2 when:

a) the aircraft is not equipped with RNAV equipment; or

b) the flight duration is 2 hours or less; or

c) the aircraft is at a distance equivalent to less than onehour of flying time from the next intended point oflanding; or

d) the altitude of the flight path is below 1 500 m(5 000 ft).

5.4.2 Recommendation.— When voice communicationsare used, additional exemptions may be prescribed by regionalair navigation agreement for flights over routes and areas withhigh-density air traffic and/or with adequate synopticnetworks. Such procedures should take the form of exemptionor designation procedures and should:

a) make it possible for the minimum requirements foraircraft observations of all meteorological officesconcerned to be met; and

b) be as simple as possible to implement and preferably notinvolving consideration of individual cases.

5.5 Special aircraft observations

Special observations shall be made by all aircraft whenever thefollowing conditions are encountered or observed:



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a) severe turbulence; or

b) severe icing; or

c) severe mountain wave; or

d) thunderstorms, without hail, that are obscured,embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or

e) thunderstorms, with hail, that are obscured, embedded,widespread or in squall lines; or

f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or

g) volcanic ash cloud; or

h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.

Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this contextmeans unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity whichcould presage a volcanic eruption.

In addition, in the case of transonic and supersonic flights:

i) moderate turbulence; or

j) hail; or

k) cumulonimbus clouds.

5.6 Other non-routine aircraft observations

When other meteorological conditions not listed under 5.5, e.g.wind shear, are encountered and which, in the opinion of thepilot-in-command, may affect the safety or markedly affect theefficiency of other aircraft operations, the pilot-in-commandshall advise the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon aspracticable.

Note.— Icing, turbulence and, to a large extent, wind shear,are elements which, for the time being, cannot be satisfactorilyobserved from the ground and for which in most cases aircraftobservations represent the only available evidence.

5.7 Reporting of aircraft observationsduring flight

5.7.1 Aircraft observations shall be reported by air-ground data link. Where air-ground data link is not availableor appropriate, aircraft observations during flight shall bereported by voice communications.

5.7.2 Aircraft observations shall be reported during flightat the time the observation is made or as soon thereafter as ispracticable.

5.7.3 Aircraft observations shall be reported as air-reports.

5.8 Relay of air-reports by ATS units

The meteorological authority concerned shall make arrange-ments with the appropriate ATS authority to ensure that, onreceipt by the ATS units of:

a) routine and special air-reports by voice communications,the ATS units relay them without delay to theirassociated meteorological watch office;

b) routine air-reports by data link communications, theATS units relay them without delay to WAFCs; and

c) special air-reports by data link communications, theATS units relay them without delay to their associatedmeteorological watch office and WAFCs.

5.9 Recording and post-flight reporting ofaircraft observations of

volcanic activity

Special aircraft observations of pre-eruption volcanic activity,a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud shall be recorded onthe special air-report of volcanic activity form. A copy of theform shall be included with the flight documentation providedto flights operating on routes which, in the opinion of themeteorological authority concerned, could be affected byvolcanic ash clouds.



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ANNEX 3 6-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 6. FORECASTS


6.1 Interpretation and useof forecasts

6.1.1 Owing to the variability of meteorological elementsin space and time, to limitations of forecasting techniques andto limitations caused by the definitions of some of the el-ements, the specific value of any of the elements given in aforecast shall be understood by the recipient to be the mostprobable value which the element is likely to assume duringthe period of the forecast. Similarly, when the time of occur-rence or change of an element is given in a forecast, this timeshall be understood to be the most probable time.

Note.— Guidance on the operationally desirable accuracyof forecasts is given in Attachment B.

6.1.2 The issue of a new forecast by a meteorologicaloffice, such as a routine aerodrome forecast, shall be under-stood to cancel automatically any forecast of the same typepreviously issued for the same place and for the same periodof validity or part thereof.

6.2 Aerodrome forecasts

6.2.1 An aerodrome forecast shall be prepared by themeteorological office designated by the meteorologicalauthority concerned.

6.2.2 An aerodrome forecast shall be issued at a specifiedtime and consist of a concise statement of the expectedmeteorological conditions at an aerodrome for a specifiedperiod.

6.2.3 Aerodrome forecasts and amendments thereto shallbe issued as TAF and include the following information in theorder indicated:

a) identification of the type of forecast;

b) location indicator;

c) time of issue of forecast;

d) identification of a missing forecast, when applicable;

e) date and period of validity of forecast;

f) identification of a cancelled forecast, when applicable;

g) surface wind;

h) visibility;

i) weather;

j) cloud; and

k) expected significant changes to one or more of theseelements during the period of validity.

Optional elements shall be included in TAF in accordance withregional air navigation agreement.

Note.— The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecastprevailing visibility.

6.2.4 Meteorological offices preparing TAF shall keep theforecasts under continuous review and, when necessary, shallissue amendments promptly. The length of the forecast mess-ages and the number of changes indicated in the forecast shallbe kept to a minimum.

6.2.5 TAF that cannot be kept under continuous reviewshall be cancelled.

6.2.6 Recommendation.— The period of validity of aroutine TAF should be not less than 9 hours nor more than24 hours; this period should be determined by regional airnavigation agreement. Routine TAF valid for less than12 hours should be issued every 3 hours and those valid for 12to 24 hours should be issued every 6 hours.

6.3 Landing forecasts

6.3.1 A landing forecast shall be prepared by the meteoro-logical office designated by the meteorological authorityconcerned; such forecasts are intended to meet requirements oflocal users and of aircraft within about one hour’s flying timefrom the aerodrome.

6.3.2 Landing forecasts shall be prepared in the form of atrend forecast, as determined by regional air navigationagreement.



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6.3.3 A trend forecast shall consist of a concise statementof the expected significant changes in the meteorological con-ditions at that aerodrome to be appended to a local routine orlocal special report, or a METAR or SPECI. The period ofvalidity of a trend forecast shall be 2 hours from the time ofthe report which forms part of the landing forecast.

6.4 Forecasts for take-off

6.4.1 A forecast for take-off shall be prepared by themeteorological office designated by the meteorologicalauthority concerned.

6.4.2 Recommendation.— A forecast for take-off shouldrefer to a specified period of time and should containinformation on expected conditions over the runway complexin regard to surface wind direction and speed and any vari-ations thereof, temperature, pressure (QNH), and any otherelements as agreed locally.

6.4.3 Recommendation.— A forecast for take-off shouldbe supplied to operators and flight crew members on requestwithin the 3 hours before the expected time of departure.

6.4.4 Recommendation.— Meteorological offices pre-paring forecasts for take-off should keep the forecasts undercontinuous review and, when necessary, should issueamendments promptly.

6.5 Area and route forecasts, other than forecastsissued within the framework of the

world area forecast system

Note.— Provisions concerning forecasts issued within theframework of the world area forecast system are contained inChapter 3 and Appendix 2 and those concerning area forecastsfor low-level flights, under Section 6.6 and Appendix 5.

6.5.1 Area and route forecasts shall contain upper winds,upper-air temperatures, significant en-route weather phenom-

ena and associated clouds. Other elements may be added asrequired. This information shall cover the flight operations forwhich they are intended in respect of time, altitude andgeographical extent.

6.5.2 Meteorological offices preparing area and routeforecasts shall keep the forecasts under continuous review andissue amendments as necessary.

6.6 Area forecasts for low-level flights

6.6.1 When the density of traffic operating below flightlevel 100 (or up to flight level 150 in mountainous areas, orhigher, where necessary) warrants the routine issue and dis-semination of area forecasts for such operations, the frequencyof issue, the form and the fixed time or period of validity ofthose forecasts and the criteria of amendments thereto shall bedetermined by the meteorological authority in consultationwith the users.

6.6.2 When the density of traffic operating below flightlevel 100 warrants the issuance of AIRMET information inaccordance with 7.2.1, area forecasts for such operations shallbe prepared in a format agreed upon between the meteorologi-cal authorities concerned. When abbreviated plain language isused, the forecast shall be prepared as a GAMET area forecast,employing approved ICAO abbreviations and numericalvalues. The area forecasts shall be issued to cover the layerbetween the ground and flight level 100 (or up to flight level150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary) andshall contain information on en-route weather phenomena haz-ardous to low-level flights, in support of the issuance ofAIRMET information, and additional information required bylow-level flights.

6.6.3 Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared insupport of the issuance of AIRMET information shall beissued every 6 hours for a period of validity of 6 hours andtransmitted to meteorological offices concerned not later thanone hour prior to the beginning of their validity period.



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ANNEX 3 7-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 7. SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION,AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS


7.1 SIGMET information

7.1.1 SIGMET information shall be issued by a meteoro-logical watch office and shall give a concise description inabbreviated plain language concerning the occurrence and/orexpected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena,which may affect the safety of aircraft operations, and of thedevelopment of those phenomena in time and space.

7.1.2 SIGMET information shall be cancelled when thephenomena are no longer occurring or are no longer expectedto occur in the area.

7.1.3 The period of validity of a SIGMET message shallbe not more than 6 hours, and preferably not more than4 hours.

7.1.4 Recommendation.— In the special case ofSIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and tropicalcyclones, an outlook should be included giving information forup to 12 hours beyond the period of validity specified in 7.1.3,concerning the trajectory of the volcanic ash cloud and posi-tions of the tropical cyclone centre.

7.1.5 Recommendation.— SIGMET messages issued inaccordance with 7.1.4, concerning volcanic ash cloud andtropical cyclones should be based on advisory informationprovided by VAACs and TCACs respectively, designated byregional air navigation agreement.

7.1.6 Close coordination shall be maintained between themeteorological watch office and the associated area controlcentre/flight information centre to ensure that information onvolcanic ash included in SIGMET and NOTAM messages isconsistent.

7.1.7 A SIGMET message relating to the expectedoccurrence of weather phenomena listed in Appendix 6, 1.1.4,with the exception of volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones,shall be issued not more than 6 hours, and preferably not morethan 4 hours, before the expected time of occurrence of thatphenomenon.

7.1.8 Recommendation.— SIGMET messages concern-ing volcanic ash cloud or tropical cyclones expected to affecta flight information region should be issued up to 12 hoursbefore the commencement of the period of validity or as soonas practicable if such advance warning of the existence ofthese phenomena is not available. SIGMET messages forvolcanic ash and tropical cyclones should be updated at leastevery 6 hours.

7.2 AIRMET information

7.2.1 AIRMET information shall be issued by a meteoro-logical watch office in accordance with regional air navigationagreement, taking into account the density of air trafficoperating below flight level 100. AIRMET information shallgive a concise description in abbreviated plain languageconcerning the occurrence and/or expected occurrence ofspecified en-route weather phenomena, which have not beenincluded in Section I of the area forecast for low-level flightsissued in accordance with Chapter 6, Section 6.6 and whichmay affect the safety of low-level flights, and of the develop-ment of those phenomena in time and space.

7.2.2 AIRMET information shall be cancelled when thephenomena are no longer occurring or are no longer expectedto occur in the area.

7.2.3 The period of validity of an AIRMET message shallbe not more than 6 hours, and preferably not more than4 hours.

7.3 Aerodrome warnings

7.3.1 Aerodrome warnings shall be issued by themeteorological office designated by the meteorologicalauthority concerned and shall give concise information ofmeteorological conditions which could adversely affectaircraft on the ground, including parked aircraft, and theaerodrome facilities and services.

7.3.2 Recommendation.— Aerodrome warnings shouldbe cancelled when the conditions are no longer occurring and/or no longer expected to occur at the aerodrome.



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7.4 Wind shear warnings

7.4.1 Wind shear warnings shall be prepared by themeteorological office designated by the meteorological auth-ority concerned and shall give concise information of theobserved or expected existence of wind shear which couldadversely affect aircraft on the approach path or take-off pathor during circling approach between runway level and 500 m(1 600 ft) above that level and aircraft on the runway duringthe landing roll or take-off run. Where local topography hasbeen shown to produce significant wind shears at heights inexcess of 500 m (1 600 ft) above runway level, then 500 m(1 600 ft) shall not be considered restrictive.

Note.— Guidance on the subject of wind shear is containedin the Manual on Wind Shear (Doc 9817, in preparation).

7.4.2 Recommendation.— Wind shear warnings forarriving aircraft and/or departing aircraft should be cancelledwhen aircraft reports indicate that wind shear no longerexists, or alternatively, after an agreed elapsed time. Thecriteria for the cancellation of a wind shear warning shouldbe defined locally for each aerodrome, as agreed between themeteorological authority, the appropriate ATS authority andthe operators concerned.



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ANNEX 3 8-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 8. AERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICALINFORMATION


8.1 General provisions

Note.— In cases where it is impracticable to meet therequirements for aeronautical climatological information on anational basis, the collection, processing and storage of obser-vational data may be effected through computer facilitiesavailable for international use, and the responsibility for thepreparation of the required aeronautical climatological infor-mation may be delegated by agreement between themeteorological authorities concerned.

8.1.1 Aeronautical climatological information requiredfor the planning of flight operations shall be prepared in theform of aerodrome climatological tables and aerodrome clima-tological summaries. Such information shall be supplied toaeronautical users as agreed between the meteorologicalauthority and those users.

Note.— Climatological data required for aerodromeplanning purposes are set out in Annex 14, Volume I, 3.1.3 andin Attachment A.

8.1.2 Recommendation.— Aeronautical climatologicalinformation should normally be based on observations madeover a period of at least five years and the period should beindicated in the information supplied.

8.1.3 Recommendation.— Climatological data relatedto sites for new aerodromes and to additional runways atexisting aerodromes should be collected starting as early aspossible before the commissioning of those aerodromes orrunways.

8.2 Aerodrome climatological tables

Recommendation.— Each Contracting State should makearrangements for collecting and retaining the necessaryobservational data and have the capability:

a) to prepare aerodrome climatological tables for eachregular and alternate international aerodrome within itsterritory; and

b) to make available such climatological tables to anaeronautical user within a time period as agreedbetween the meteorological authority and that user.

8.3 Aerodrome climatological summaries

Recommendation.— Aerodrome climatological sum-maries should follow the procedures prescribed by the WorldMeteorological Organization. Where computer facilities areavailable to store, process and retrieve the information, thesummaries should be published, or otherwise made availableto aeronautical users on request. Where such computer facili-ties are not available, the summaries should be prepared usingthe models specified by the World MeteorologicalOrganization, and should be published and kept up to date asnecessary.

8.4 Copies of meteorological observational data

Each meteorological authority, on request and to the extentpracticable, shall make available to any other meteorologicalauthority, to operators and to others concerned with theapplication of meteorology to international air navigation,meteorological observational data required for research,investigation or operational analysis.



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ANNEX 3 9-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 9. SERVICE FOR OPERATORSAND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS


9.1 General provisions

9.1.1 Meteorological information shall be supplied tooperators and flight crew members for:

a) pre-flight planning by operators;

b) in-flight re-planning by operators using centralizedoperational control of flight operations;

c) use by flight crew members before departure; and

d) aircraft in flight.

9.1.2 Meteorological information supplied to operatorsand flight crew members shall cover the flight in respect oftime, altitude and geographical extent. Accordingly, the infor-mation shall relate to appropriate fixed times, or periods oftime, and shall extend to the aerodrome of intended landing,also covering the meteorological conditions expected betweenthe aerodrome of intended landing and one alternate aero-drome designated by the operator. In addition, if agreedbetween the meteorological authority and the operator,information up to a further aerodrome shall be supplied.

9.1.3 Meteorological information supplied to operatorsand flight crew members shall include upper winds and upper-air temperatures, significant en-route weather phenomena,METAR and SPECI (including trend forecasts), TAF, forecastsfor take-off, SIGMET information and those special air-reportsnot covered by a SIGMET, and AIRMET information, whichare available at the meteorological office and which arerelevant to the planned flight operations.

9.1.4 Where necessary, the meteorological authority ofthe State providing service for operators and flight crew mem-bers shall initiate coordinating action with the meteorologicalauthorities of other States with a view to obtaining from themthe reports and/or forecasts required.

9.1.5 Meteorological information shall be supplied tooperators and flight crew members at the location to be deter-mined by the meteorological authority, after consultation withthe operators and at the time to be agreed upon between themeteorological office and the operator concerned. The serviceshall normally be confined to flights originating within the ter-ritory of the State concerned, unless otherwise agreed between

the meteorological authority and the operator concerned. At anaerodrome without a meteorological office, arrangements forthe supply of meteorological information shall be as agreedupon between the meteorological authority and the operatorconcerned.

9.2 Information for operators for pre-flightplanning and for in-flight re-planningunder centralized operational control

9.2.1 Meteorological information for pre-flight planningand in-flight re-planning by operators shall include any or allof the following information, as established by the meteoro-logical authority in consultation with operators concerned:

a) current and forecast: upper winds, upper-air tempera-tures and humidity;

b) tropopause height and temperature, and direction, speedand height of maximum wind;

c) existing and expected significant en-route weatherphenomena and amendments thereto;

d) a forecast for take-off;

e) METAR and, where available, SPECI (including trendforecasts) for the aerodrome of departure, take-off anden-route alternate aerodromes, the aerodrome ofintended landing and destination alternate aerodromes,as determined by regional air navigation agreement;

f) TAF and amendments thereto for the aerodromes ofdeparture and intended landing, and for take-off, en-route and destination alternate aerodromes asdetermined by regional air navigation agreement;

g) SIGMET information and appropriate special air-reportsrelevant to the whole of the routes concerned asdetermined by regional air navigation agreement; and

Note.— Appropriate special air-reports will be thosenot already used in preparation of SIGMET messages.

h) AIRMET information for low-level flights as deter-mined by regional air navigation agreement.

9.2.2 When upper-air information is supplied in chartform, it shall consist of charts for standard flight levels.



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9.2.3 Recommendation.— The upper wind andupper-air temperature information and the significanten-route weather information requested for pre-flight planningand in-flight re-planning by the operator should be suppliedas soon as it becomes available, but not later than 3 hoursbefore departure. Other meteorological information requestedfor pre-flight planning and in-flight re-planning by theoperator should be supplied as soon as is practicable.

9.3 Briefing, consultation and display

Note.— The requirements for the use of automated pre-flight information systems in providing briefing, consultationand display are given in 9.5.

9.3.1 Briefing and/or consultation shall be provided, onrequest, to flight crew members and/or other flight operationspersonnel. Its purpose shall be to supply the latest availableinformation on existing and expected meteorological con-ditions along the route to be flown, at the aerodrome ofintended landing, alternate aerodromes and other aerodromesas relevant, either to explain and amplify the informationcontained in the flight documentation or, if so agreed betweenthe meteorological authority and the operator, in lieu of flightdocumentation.

9.3.2 Meteorological information used for briefing andconsultation shall include any or all of the information listedin 9.2.1.

9.3.3 If the meteorological office expresses an opinion onthe development of the meteorological conditions at an aero-drome which differs appreciably from the aerodrome forecastincluded in the flight documentation, the attention of flightcrew members shall be drawn to the divergence. The portionof the briefing dealing with the divergence shall be recordedat the time of briefing and this record shall be made availableto the operator.

9.3.4 The required briefing, consultation, display and/orflight documentation shall normally be provided by themeteorological office associated with the aerodrome of depar-ture. At an aerodrome where these services are not available,arrangements to meet the requirements of flight crew membersshall be as agreed upon between the meteorological authorityand the operator concerned. In exceptional circumstances,such as an undue delay, the meteorological office associatedwith the aerodrome shall provide or, if that is not practicable,arrange for the provision of a new briefing, consultation and/or flight documentation as necessary.

9.3.5 Recommendation.— The flight crew member orother flight operations personnel for whom briefing, consul-tation and/or flight documentation has been requested shouldvisit the meteorological office at the time agreed upon betweenthe meteorological office and the operator concerned. Where

local circumstances at an aerodrome make personal briefingor consultation impracticable, the meteorological officeshould provide those services by telephone or other suitabletelecommunications facilities.

9.4 Flight documentation

Note.— The requirements for the use of automated pre-flight information systems in providing flight documentationare given in 9.5.

9.4.1 Recommendation.— Flight documentation shouldcover the whole route to be flown and comprise informationlisted under 9.2.1 a), c) and e) to h). However, in accordancewith regional air navigation agreement, or in the absencethereof when agreed between the meteorological authority andoperator concerned, flight documentation for flights of twohours’ duration or less, after a short stop or turnaroundshould be limited to the information operationally needed, butin all cases the flight documentation should at least compriseinformation on 9.2.1 e), f), g) and, if appropriate, h).

9.4.2 Recommendation.— Meteorological offices shouldprovide information received within the framework of theworld area forecast system for flight documentation. The flightdocumentation should be presented in the form of charts, tabu-lar forms, or abbreviated plain-language texts. TAF should bepresented in accordance with the template in Appendix 5 or inabbreviated plain-language text using a tabular presentation.

Note.— Models of charts and forms for use in thepreparation of flight documentation are given in Appendix 1.These models and methods for their completion are developedby the World Meteorological Organization on the basis of rel-evant operational requirements stated by the InternationalCivil Aviation Organization.

9.4.3 Whenever it becomes apparent that the meteoro-ogical information to be included in the flight documentationwill differ materially from that made available for pre-flightplanning and in-flight re-planning, the operator shall beadvised immediately and, if practicable, be supplied with therevised information as agreed between the operator and themeteorological office concerned.

9.4.4 Recommendation.— Whenever necessary andpossible, the flight documentation should be brought up todate, in writing or orally, before it is supplied to flight crewmembers. In cases where a need for amendment arises afterthe flight documentation has been supplied, and before take-off of the aircraft, the meteorological office should, as agreedlocally, issue the necessary amendment or updated infor-mation to the operator or to the local air traffic services unit,for transmission to the aircraft.



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9.4.5 Recommendation.— The forms and charts in-cluded in flight documentation should be printed in English,French, Russian or Spanish; they should, wherever practi-cable, be completed in the language requested by the operator,preferably using one of those languages. Where appropriate,approved abbreviations should be used. The units employedfor each element should be indicated; they should be inaccordance with Annex 5.

9.4.6 The meteorological authority shall retain infor-mation supplied to flight crew members, either as printedcopies or in computer files, for a period of at least 30 daysfrom the date of issue. This information shall be made avail-able, on request, for inquiries or investigations and, for thesepurposes, shall be retained until the inquiry or investigation iscompleted.

9.5 Automated pre-flight information systems for briefing, consultation, flight

planning and flight documentation

9.5.1 Where the meteorological authority uses automatedpre-flight information systems to supply and display meteoro-logical information to operators and flight crew members forself-briefing, flight planning and flight documentation pur-poses, the information supplied and displayed shall complywith the relevant provisions in 9.1 to 9.4 inclusive.

9.5.2 Recommendation.— Automated pre-flight infor-mation systems providing for a harmonized, common point ofaccess to meteorological information and aeronautical infor-mation services information by operators, flight crew membersand other aeronautical personnel concerned should be estab-lished by an agreement between the meteorological authorityand the relevant civil aviation authority or the agency to whichthe authority to provide service has been delegated inaccordance with Annex 15, 3.1.1 c).

Note.— The meteorological and aeronautical informationservices information concerned is specified in 9.1 to 9.4 andAppendix 8 and in Annex 15, 8.1 and 8.2, respectively.

9.5.3 Where automated pre-flight information systems areused to provide for a harmonized, common point of access tometeorological information and aeronautical information ser-vices information by operators, flight crew members and otheraeronautical personnel concerned, the meteorological authorityconcerned shall remain responsible for the quality control andquality management of meteorological information providedby means of such systems in accordance with Chapter 2, 2.2.2.

Note.— The responsibilities relating to aeronautical infor-mation services information and the quality assurance of theinformation are given in Annex 15, Chapter 3.

9.6 Information for aircraft in flight

9.6.1 Meteorological information for use by aircraft inflight shall be supplied by a meteorological office to itsassociated air traffic services unit and through D-VOLMET orVOLMET broadcasts. Meteorological information for plan-ning by the operator for aircraft in flight shall be supplied onrequest, as agreed between the meteorological authority orauthorities and the operator concerned.

9.6.2 Meteorological information for use by aircraft inflight shall be supplied to air traffic services units in accord-ance with the specifications of Chapter 10.

9.6.3 Meteorological information shall be suppliedthrough D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcasts as determined byregional air navigation agreement, and in accordance with thespecifications of Chapter 11.



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ANNEX 3 10-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 10. INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES,SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES AND

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES


10.1 Information for air traffic services units

10.1.1 The meteorological authority shall designate ameteorological office to be associated with each air trafficservices unit. The associated meteorological office shall, aftercoordination with the air traffic services unit, supply, orarrange for the supply of up-to-date meteorological infor-mation to the unit as necessary for the conduct of its functions.

10.1.2 Recommendation.— The associated meteorologi-cal office for an aerodrome control tower or approach controloffice should be an aerodrome meteorological office.

10.1.3 The associated meteorological office for a flightinformation centre or an area control centre shall be a meteoro-logical watch office.

10.1.4 Recommendation.— Where, owing to localcircumstances, it is convenient for the duties of an associatedmeteorological office to be shared between two or moremeteorological offices, the division of responsibility should bedetermined by the meteorological authority in consultationwith the appropriate ATS authority.

10.1.5 Any meteorological information requested by anair traffic services unit in connection with an aircraft emerg-ency shall be supplied as rapidly as possible.

10.2 Information for search and rescue services units

Meteorological offices designated by the meteorological auth-ority in accordance with regional air navigation agreementshall supply search and rescue services units with the meteoro-logical information they require in a form established bymutual agreement. For that purpose, the designated meteoro-logical office shall maintain liaison with the search and rescueservices unit throughout a search and rescue operation.

10.3 Information for aeronautical information services units

The meteorological authority, in coordination with the appro-priate civil aviation authority, shall arrange for the supply ofup-to-date meteorological information to relevant aeronauticalinformation services units, as necessary, for the conduct oftheir functions.



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ANNEX 3 11-1 25/11/04

CHAPTER 11. REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS

Note 1.— Technical specifications and detailed criteriarelated to this chapter are given in Appendix 10.

Note 2.— It is recognized that it is for each ContractingState to decide upon its own internal organization andresponsibility for implementing the telecommunicationsfacilities referred to in this chapter.

11.1 Requirements for communications

11.1.1 Suitable telecommunications facilities shall bemade available to permit aerodrome meteorological officesand, as necessary, aeronautical meteorological stations tosupply the required meteorological information to air trafficservices units on the aerodromes for which those offices andstations are responsible, and in particular to aerodrome controltowers, approach control offices and the aeronautical telecom-munications stations serving these aerodromes.

Note.— Circuits of the aeronautical fixed service are usedfor the collection and regional and inter-regional exchanges ofoperational meteorological information as well as for accessto international operational meteorological data banks. Threeaeronautical fixed service satellite distribution systems provid-ing for global coverage are used to support the regional andinter-regional exchanges of operational meteorological infor-mation. Provisions relating to the satellite distribution systemsare given in Annex 10, Volume III, Part 1, 10.1 and 10.2.

11.1.2 Suitable telecommunications facilities shall bemade available to permit meteorological watch offices tosupply the required meteorological information to air trafficservices and search and rescue services units in respect of theflight information regions, control areas and search and rescueregions for which those offices are responsible, and in particu-lar to flight information centres, area control centres andrescue coordination centres and the associated aeronauticaltelecommunications stations.

11.1.3 Suitable telecommunications facilities shall bemade available to permit world area forecast centres to supplythe required world area forecast system products to meteoro-logical offices, meteorological authorities and other users.

11.1.4 Telecommunications facilities between meteoro-logical offices and, as necessary, aeronautical meteorologicalstations and aerodrome control towers or approach controloffices shall permit communications by direct speech, thespeed with which the communications can be establishedbeing such that the required points may normally be contactedwithin approximately 15 seconds.

11.1.5 Recommendation.— Telecommunications facili-ties between meteorological offices and flight informationcentres, area control centres, rescue coordination centres andaeronautical telecommunications stations should permit:

a) communications by direct speech, the speed with whichthe communications can be established being such thatthe required points may normally be contacted withinapproximately 15 seconds; and

b) printed communications, when a record is required bythe recipients; the message transit time should notexceed 5 minutes.

Note.— In 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 “approximately 15 seconds”refers to telephony communications involving switchboardoperation and “5 minutes” refers to printed communicationsinvolving retransmission.

11.1.6 Recommendation.— The telecommunicationsfacilities required in accordance with 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 shouldbe supplemented, as and where necessary, by other forms ofvisual or audio communications, for example, closed-circuittelevision or separate information processing systems.

11.1.7 Recommendation.— As agreed between themeteorological authority and operators, provision should bemade to enable operators to establish suitable telecommuni-cations facilities for obtaining meteorological informationfrom aerodrome meteorological offices or other appropriatesources.

11.1.8 Suitable telecommunications facilities shall bemade available to permit meteorological offices to exchangeoperational meteorological information with other meteoro-logical offices.

11.1.9 Recommendation.— The telecommunications fa-cilities used for the exchange of operational meteorologicalinformation should be the aeronautical fixed service.

11.2 Use of aeronautical fixed servicecommunications — meteorological bulletins

in alphanumeric format

Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorologicalinformation to be transmitted via the aeronautical fixed serviceshall be originated by the appropriate meteorological office oraeronautical meteorological station.

Note.— Meteorological bulletins containing operationalmeteorological information authorized for transmission via the



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25/11/04 11-2

aeronautical fixed service are listed in Annex 10, Volume II,Chapter 4, together with the relevant priorities and priorityindicators.

11.3 Use of aeronautical fixed servicecommunications — world area forecast

system products

Recommendation.— World area forecast system productsin digital form should be transmitted using binary datacommunications techniques. The method and channels used forthe dissemination of the products should be as determined byregional air navigation agreement.

11.4 Use of aeronautical mobile servicecommunications

The content and format of meteorological informationtransmitted to aircraft and by aircraft shall be consistent withthe provisions of this Annex.

11.5 Use of aeronautical data link service —contents of D-VOLMET

D-VOLMET shall contain current METAR and SPECI,together with trend forecasts where available, TAF and

SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by a SIGMET and,where available, AIRMET.

Note.— The requirement to provide METAR and SPECImay be met by the data link-flight information service (D-FIS)application entitled “Data link-aerodrome routine meteoro-logical report (D-METAR) service”; the requirement toprovide TAF may be met by the D-FIS application entitled“Data link-aerodrome forecast (D-TAF) service”; and therequirement to provide SIGMET and AIRMET messages maybe met by the D-FIS application entitled “Data link-SIGMET(D-SIGMET) service”. The details of these data link servicesare specified in the Manual of Air Traffic Services Data LinkApplications (Doc 9694).

11.6 Use of aeronautical broadcasting service —contents of VOLMET broadcasts

11.6.1 Continuous VOLMET broadcasts, normally onvery high frequencies (VHF), shall contain current METARand SPECI, together with trend forecasts where available.

11.6.2 Scheduled VOLMET broadcasts, normally on highfrequencies (HF), shall contain current METAR and SPECI,together with trend forecasts where available and, where sodetermined by regional air navigation agreement, TAF andSIGMET.



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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

PART II

APPENDICES AND ATTACHMENTS



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ANNEX 3 APP 1-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 1. FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION — MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS(See Chapter 9 of this Annex.)

MODEL A — Aerodrome forecasts Example 1 — Tabular formExample 2 — TAF

MODEL TA — Tabular forecast of en-route conditionsExample 1 — Low levelExample 2 — Medium level

MODEL TB — Tabular forecast of upper winds and upper-air temperaturesExample — Spot locations

MODEL IS — Upper wind and temperature chart for standard isobaric surfaceExample 1 — Arrows, feathers and pennants (Mercator projection)Example 2 — Arrows, feathers and pennants (Polar stereographic projection)

MODEL SWH — Significant weather chart (high level)Example 1 — Mercator projectionExample 2 — Polar stereographic projectionExample 3 — Polar stereographic projection (showing the jet stream vertical extent and

crossing jet stream depictions)

Note.— In accordance with Appendix 8, 4.3.1.1 m) additional information related tovolcanic ash should be placed at the side of the charts.

MODEL SWM — Significant weather chart (medium level)

MODEL SWL — Significant weather chart (low level)Example 1Example 2

MODEL VAG — Volcanic ash advisory information in graphical format

MODEL SN — Sheet of notations used in flight documentation



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PP

1-2

Model A. Aerodrome forecastsExample 1 — Tabular form

ISSUED BY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE DATE . . . . . . . . . . . TIME . . . . . . . . (UTC)

HEIGHTS ABOVE AERODROME ELEVATION

Aerodrome

Date andtime ofissue

Period ofvalidity(UTC)

Type andtime ofchange

Surface wind meandirection

(degrees true)mean wind speed

maximum wind speedPrevailingvisibility Weather

Cloud

Forecasttemperature

(degrees Celsius) Remarks

Lowest layeramount, height ofbase (feet) and

type (if CB)

Higher layersamount, height ofbase (feet) and

type (if CB)

MOMBASA 150350 06–06TEMPO 09–12

150/15 KTVRB/20 KTMAX 30 KT

10 KM200 M HVY SHRA

FEW 1500SCT 1000 CB BKN 1500 MAX 30 AT 1200 Z

MIN 20 AT 0400 Z

NAIROBI 142140 03–15PROB 40

TEMPO 03–05BECMG 05–06

060/05 KT

VRB/03 KT060/10 KT

2 000 M

500 M10 KM

FGNSW

OVC 0200

SCT 1500

N/AEXTRACTED

FROMTAF 00–24

KHARTOUM 150400 12–18PROB 30

TEMPO 12–15

030/05 KT

030/20 KT

10 KM

100 M MOD BLSA

SCT 2500

MAX 30 AT 1300 Z

EXTRACTEDFROM

TAF 06–06

CAIRO 150345 06–06 060/10 KTC A V O K

MAX 25 AT 1400 ZMIN 06 AT 0500 Z

ROME 151120 12–06FM 1400FM 1800

270/10 KT270/10 KT330/15 KT

2 000 M5 000 M10 KM

HVY DZRAMOD RA

NSW

BKN 500BKN 1200BKN 2500

OVC 1500OVC 2000 MAX 06 AT 1500 Z

MIN MS 02 AT 0400 Z

TAF 06–06AMENDED

Copyright International C

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under license with IC

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o reproduction or networking perm

itted without license from

IHS

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Appendix 1 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

APP 1-3 25/11/04

Model A. Aerodrome forecastsExample 2 — TAF

ISSUED BY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE (DATE, TIME UTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTENSITY

“–” (light); no indicator (moderate); “+” (heavy, or well-developed in the case of dust/sand whirls (dust devils) and funnel clouds) are used to indicate the forecast intensity of certain phenomena

DESCRIPTORS

MI — shallow DR— low drifting SH— shower(s) FZ — freezing (supercooled)BC— patches BL — blowing TS — thunderstormPR— partial

FORECAST WEATHER ABBREVIATIONS

DZ — drizzle BR — mist PO — dust/sand whirls (dust devils)RA — rain FG — fog SQ — squallSN — snow FU — smoke FC — funnel cloud(s) (tornado or waterspout)SG — snow grains VA — volcanic ash SS — sandstormIC — ice crystals (diamond dust) DU — widespread dust DS — duststormPL — ice pellets SA — sandGR — hail HZ — hazeGS — small hail and/or snow pellets

EXAMPLES

+SHRA — heavy shower of rain TSSN — thunderstorm with moderate snow+FZDZ — moderate freezing drizzle SNRA — moderate snow and rain+TSSNGR — thunderstorm with heavy snow and hail

SELECTED ICAO LOCATION INDICATORS

CYUL Montreal/Pierre Elliot Trudeau Intl KJFK New York/John F. Kennedy Intl RJTT Tokyo IntlEDDF Frankfurt/Main LFPG Paris/Charles de Gaulle SBGL Rio de Janeiro/Galeão IntlEGLL London/Heathrow NZAA Auckland Intl YSSY Sydney/Kingsford Smith IntlHKJK Nairobi/Jomo Kenyatta OBBI Bahrain Intl ZBAA Beijing/Capital

RJTT 122130Z 130024 VRB03KT 4000 SCT025 BECMG 0305 9999 T30/12Z T20/06Z =

EGLL 090845Z 091212 27010KT 9999 SCT020 FM2100 30015KT3000 FZDZ BKN006 FM0000 30015KT 0800 +RASNBKN004 BECMG 0305 33020KT 5000 NSW SCT020BECMG 0709 9999 =

LFPG 160910Z 161212 10008KT CAVOK FM2000 VRB03KT 8000SCT012 FM0400 VRB03KT 0800 FG FM0900 10008KT CAVOK =

OBBI 030300Z 030624 03010KT 9999 SCT010 PROB30 TEMPO0915 03030KT 0500 BLSA FM1800 VRB02KT 8000 SCT020 =

HKJK 280215Z 280624 06010KT 9999 SCT025 TEMPO 12163000 SHRA BKN015 PROB40 TEMPO 1416 VRB20G30KT+TSRA SCT010CB BKN015 =



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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 1

25/11/04 APP 1-4

Model TA. Tabular forecast of en-route conditionsExample 1 — Low level

DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HEIGHTS IN FEET ABOVE MSL

ROUTE FROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VALID FOR DEPARTURE BETWEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND

FOR ARRIVAL BETWEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION:

ACTIVE COLD FRONT FROM HUMBER TO CHANNEL ISLES AT 1000 UTC MOVING EAST AT 20 KNOTS TO LIE NORTH/SOUTH ACROSS TRACK ABOUT 40 NM WEST OF AMSTERDAM BY 1900 UTC.

ZONE LONDON 02° E AMSTERDAM

UPPER WINDS(DEGREES TRUE AND KNOTS) 10 000 ftTEMPERATURES 5 000 ft(DEGREES CELSIUS) 2 000 ft

280/30 MS 12290/25 MS 03290/20 PS 03

250/45 MS 09240/35 00230/30 PS 06

CLOUD

SCT CU XXX1500

ISOL EMBD CB XXX1000

BKN SC 50002500

BKN ST 800500

BKN AC LYR XXX8000

OVC SC XXXAS LYR 2000

SURFACE VISIBILITY 1 500 M IN SHOWERS 4 000 M IN MODERATE RAIN AND1 000 M IN THUNDERSTORMS

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER

MODERATE OCNL 10000SEVERE ICING 3500

ISOL THUNDERSTORMS

MODERATE OCNL XXXSEVERE ICING 5000

MODERATE OCNL SEVERETURBULENCE IN XXXFRONTAL ZONE 1000

HEIGHT OF 0°C ISOTHERM 3500 5000

FORECAST LOWEST QNH (hPa) 1008 1004

Issued by . . . . . . . . . . at . . . . . . . . . . . UTC on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . by . . . . . . . . . . Forecaster.

Notes: 1. Positive and negative values are indicated by the prefix “PS” (plus) and “MS” (minus), respectively.2. When a single numerical value of an element is given in a forecast it is to be interpreted as representing the most

probable mean of a range of values which the element may assume during the period of the forecast.

Abbreviations: SKC — 0 oktas, FEW — 1 to 2 oktas, SCT — 3 to 4 oktas, BKN — 5 to 7 oktas, OVC — 8 oktas, LYR — Layered,LOC — Locally, ISOL — Isolated, OCNL — Occasional, FRQ — Frequent, EMBD — Embedded.

1500 1700

1700 2100

BIGGIN HILL AMSTERDAM AIRWAYS



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APP 1-5 25/11/04

Model TA. Tabular forecast of en-route conditionsExample 2 — Medium level

DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HEIGHTS IN PRESSURE ALTITUDE IN HUNDREDS OF FEET

ROUTE FROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VALID FOR DEPARTURE BETWEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND

FOR ARRIVAL BETWEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . UTC

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION (SURFACE CENTRES AND FRONTS):

ACTIVE COLD FRONT FROM HUMBER TO CHANNEL ISLES AT 1000 UTC MOVING EAST AT 20 KNOTS TOLIE NORTH/SOUTH ACROSS TRACK ABOUT 40 NM WEST OF AMSTERDAM BY 1900 UTC.

ZONE LONDON 02° E AMSTERDAM

UPPER WINDS(DEGREES TRUE AND KNOTS) FL 240TEMPERATURES FL 180(DEGREES CELSIUS) FL 100

260/40 MS 40270/35 MS 26280/30 MS 12

240/60 MS 36240/50 MS 24250/45 MS 09

SIGNIFICANT WEATHERAND ASSOCIATED CLOUD

MODERATE TURBULENCE 180XXX

ISOL THUNDERSTORMS

MODERATE TO SEVERE 240ICING AND TURBULENCE XXX

* TROPOPAUSE HEIGHT —————— ——————

* JET STREAM —————— ——————

* Above planned cruise level if not specified.

Issued by . . . . . . . . . . at . . . . . . . . . . UTC on . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . by . . . . . . . . . . Forecaster.

Notes: 1. Pressure altitude is the height in feet of a level in the standard atmosphere above the datum level corresponding to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa.

2. Positive and negative values are indicated by the prefix “PS” (plus) and “MS” (minus) respectively.

3. Only cloud associated with significant weather is shown. Low stratus and fog, when expected, will be shown for terminal areas in appropriate aerodrome forecasts.

4. When a single numerical value of an element is given in a forecast, it is to be interpreted as representing the most probable mean of a range of values which the element may assume during the period of the forecast.

Abbreviations: SKC — 0 oktas, FEW — 1 to 2 oktas, SCT — 3 to 4 oktas, BKN — 5 to 7 oktas, OVC — 8 oktas, LYR — Layered, LOC — Locally, ISOL — Isolated, OCNL — Occasional, FRQ — Frequent, EMBD — Embedded.

BIGGIN HILL AMSTERDAM AIRWAYS

1500 1700

1700 2100



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25/11/04 APP 1-6

Model TB. Tabular forecast of upper winds and upper-air temperaturesExample — Spot locations

24 280 40 - 32

18 270 25 - 21

10 VRB 05 - 08

05 090 15 - 03

02 080 15 + 03

24 290 55 - 32

18 290 40 - 22

10 340 10 - 09

05 050 10 - 03

02 VRB 05 + 03

24 250 30 - 29

18 250 30 - 18

10 230 10 - 03

05 140 15 + 04

02 110 30 + 05

24 260 30 - 29

18 260 25 - 18

10 250 10 - 03

05 150 10 + 03

02 090 25 + 04

24 270 40 - 29

18 270 35 - 19

10 290 15 - 04

05 090 10 + 01

02 080 15 + 05

24 210 30 - 28

18 220 35 - 17

10 210 25 + 00

05 180 10 + 10

02 150 15 + 12

24 250 35 - 28

18 250 30 - 17

10 270 20 + 00

05 VRB 05 + 09

02 090 15 + 09

24 260 40 - 28

18 260 30 - 16

10 280 20 + 00

05 VRB 05 + 08

02 080 15 + 09

24 180 30 - 29

18 180 35 - 17

10 170 30 + 01

05 140 20 + 14

02 140 20 + 16

24 190 25 - 29

18 200 25 - 17

10 170 15 + 02

05 140 10 + 13

02 140 15 + 15

24 210 25 - 28

18 220 25 - 16

10 VRB 05 + 02

05 VRB 05 + 14

02 120 10 + 15

24 220 25 - 28

18 240 20 - 14

10 VRB 05 + 01

05 VRB 05 + 14

02 VRB 05 +15

24 240 25 - 25

18 250 20 - 13

10 230 10 + 04

05 180 10 + 13

02 VRB 05 + 18

24 160 30 - 29

18 180 30 - 17

10 140 25 + 03

05 140 20 + 13

02 150 15 + 16

24 170 25 - 28

18 180 25 - 16

10 130 15 + 04

05 150 10 + 13

02 169 10 + 16

24 190 20 - 26

18 180 15 - 13

10 220 10 + 04

05 240 15 + 12

02 230 10 + 17

Boxes refer to spot winds degrees true and knots atintersections of the LAT/LONG lines covered by the box;temperatures in degrees Celsius; heights are above MSL(thousands of feet).

ISSUED BY

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART VALID AT UTC ON

BASED ON UTC DATA ON NEXT ISSUE VALID AT UTC

60°N

0°

0°

10°W

5°E

5°E

55°N

50°N

50°N



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Appendix 1

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AP

P 1-7

25/11/04

Model IS. Upper wind and temperature chart for standard isobaric surfaceExample 1 — Arrows, feathers and pennants (Mercator projection)

ISSUED BY WAFC………………………WIND/TEMPERATURE

FL………………………………………

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART

VALID………… UTC………… 20……

BASED ON…… UTC DATA ON………

Units used: knots; degrees Celsius

Temperatures negative

unless prefixed by +


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Appendix 1

25/11/04A

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1-8

Model IS. Upper wind and temperature chart for standard isobaric surfaceExample 2 — Arrows, feathers and pennants (Polar stereographic projection)

ISSUED BY WAFC…………………..WIND/TEMPERATUREFL………………………………..…FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHARTVALID… …UTC…… 20……BASED ON…… UTC DATA ON…Units used: knots; degrees CelsiusTemperatures negative unless prefixed by +


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Appendix 1

Annex 3 —


ir Navigation

AP

P 1-9

25/11/04

ISSUED BY WAFC…………SIGWX ABOVE FL 250

TROPOPAUSE/JET STREAM


VALID….. UTC….. 20….

Symbols and CB imply

moderate or severe turbulence,

icing and hail.

Units used: knots; altitudes in flight

levels. Check SIGMETs for volcanic

ash.

1

2

3

4

5

CAT AREAS

400300420320420330380280350250

Model SWH. Significant weather chart (high level)Example 1 — Mercator projection


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ISSUED BY WAFC…………SIGWX ABOVE FL 250



VALID….. UTC….. 20….

Symbols and CB imply

moderate or severe turbulence,

icing and hail.

Units used: knots; altitudes in flight

levels. Check SIGMETs for volcanic

ash.

1

2

3

4

5

CAT AREAS

400300420320350250370270350250

Model SWH. Significant weather chart (high level)Example 2 — Polar stereographic projection


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AP

P 1-11

25/11/04

ISSUED BY WAFC……….......…SIGWX ABOVE FL 250



VALID….. UTC….. 20….Symbols and CB imply moderateor severe turbulence, icing and hail.

Units used: knots; altitudes in flight levels.

Check SIGMETs for volcanic ash.

2

1

4

3

1

2

3

4

400300

310XXX

370XXX

310XXX

CAT AREAS

Model SWH. Significant weather chart (high level)Example 3 — Polar stereographic projection (showing the jet stream vertical extent and crossing jet stream depictions)


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25/11/04A

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1-12

ISSUED BY WAFC………………………SIGWX FL 100 – 250


VALID……… UTC………20……

Symbols and CB imply moderate or

severe turbulence, icing and hail.

Units used: knots; altitudes in flight levels.

POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSTANDARD PARALLEL 60°N SCALE

CAT AREAS

xxx1501

Model SWM. Significant weather chart (medium level)


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APP 1-13 25/11/04

Model SWL. Significant weather chart (low level)Example 1

ISSUED BY………………………SIGWX SFC – 10 000 FTFIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHARTVALID……… UTC …………20……Symbols and CB imply moderate orsevere turbulence, icing and hail.Units used: knots; visibility in metres orkilometres; altitude in hectofeet abovemean sea level.

40

35

XXX

XXX

XXX



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1-14

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART VALID …………… UTC……………… 20… BASED ON ……… UTC DATA ON…………………

VARIANT VISSIGNIFICANT

WEATHER CLOUD, TURBULENCE, ICING 0°C

AREA A

AREA B

AREA C

AREA D

AREA E

AREA F

AREA G

AREA J

SCT CU 025/080

ISOL

ISOL 1000

2000 DRIZZLE

THUNDERSTORM

OCNL 4000 HEAVY RAIN EMBD CB 008/XXX

BKN CU 015/XXX 050/XXX

OVC LYR ST NS 015/XXX 050/XXX

LOC SOUTH COT HILLS OVC ST SC 003/050

OVC LYR ST NS 005/XXX 090/XXXLOC NORTH

LOC HILLS NORTH

LOC NORTH

4500

0500

RAIN

OVC LYR SC NS 010/XXX

SCT SC 020/030

LOC LAND

LOC COT HILLS

FOG

MIST

FOG

RAIN

FOG

2000

0200

4500

0500

BKN to OVC ST 002/010

BKN to OVC ST SC 010/040

OVC ST SFC/015

OVC ST SFC/010

SCT CU SC 030/050

BLW 070

OVC CU SC NS 010/XXX 030/XXX

50

50

100

90

40

30

30

40

REMARKS:EAST TO NE GALES SHETLAND TO HEBRIDES - SEVERE MOUNTAIN WAVES NW SCOTLAND -FOG PATCHES EAST ANGLIA - WDSPR FOG OVER NORTH FRANCE, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS

SIGWX SFC – 10 000 FTISSUED BY ………………………… AT ……… UTC

Notes:1. Pressure in hPa and speeds in knots.2. Vis in m included if less than 5 000 m. implies vis 200 m or less.3. Altitude in hectofeet above MSL XXX = above 10 000 ft.4. and CB imply MOD/SEV icing and turbulence.5. Only significant weather and/or weather phenomena causing visibility reduction below 5 000 m included.

Model SWL. Significant weather chart (low level)Example 2


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APP 1-15 25/11/04

Model VAG. Volcanic ash advisory information in graphical format

FL550FL350

FL350FL200

FL550SURFACE

(COMPOSITE)

FL200SURFACE

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART VALID………UTC………20…(ERUPTION + XX H) BASED ON……UTC DATA ON……20…

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART VALID………UTC………20…(ERUPTION + YY H) BASED ON……UTC DATA ON……20…

VAAC……………………………………Volcanic ash advisorty information in graphical format (VAG)

Volcano (Name…………) Lat.……N (or S) Long.……E (or W)Date and time of first eruption…………UTC………20….Duration ……… Hour(s)Height of ash column of FL…… Visibile ash cloud

(Centrelat=17, Centrelon=82, Radius=30)



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25/11/04 APP 1-16


Model SN. Sheet of notations used in flight documentation

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ANNEX 3 APP 2-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATEDTO WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES

(See Chapter 3 of this Annex.)

1. WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM

1.1 Formats and codes

WAFCs shall adopt uniform formats and codes for the supplyof forecasts and amendments.

1.2 Upper-air wind, temperature and humidity information

1.2.1 The forecasts of upper winds; upper-air tempera-tures; and humidity; direction, speed and height of maximumwinds and tropopause heights and temperatures prepared fourtimes daily by a WAFC shall be valid for 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and36 hours after the time (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC) ofthe synoptic data on which the forecasts were based and shallbe available for start of transmission in the above order notlater than 6 hours after standard time of observation.

1.2.2 Recommendation.— The grid point forecastsprepared by a WAFC should comprise:

a) wind and temperature data for flight levels 50(850 hPa), 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa), 180(500 hPa), 240 (400 hPa), 300 (300 hPa), 340(250 hPa), 390 (200 hPa) and 450 (150 hPa);

b) tropopause height and temperature, and direction, speedand height of maximum wind;

c) humidity data for flight levels 50 (850 hPa), 100(700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa) and 180 (500 hPa); and

d) wind and temperature data for flight levels 530(100 hPa) and 600 (70 hPa) when and where required.

1.2.3 The foregoing grid point forecasts shall be issued bya WAFC in binary code form using the GRIB code formprescribed by WMO.

Note 1.— The GRIB code form is contained in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.2, Part B —Binary Codes.

Note 2.— WAFCs continue to issue forecasts of upper-airwind and temperature in chart form in accordance withregional air navigation plans until 1 July 2005.

1.2.4 The foregoing grid point forecasts shall be preparedby a WAFC in a fixed grid with a horizontal resolution of140 km.

Note.— 140 km represents a distance of about 1.25° oflatitude.

1.3 Significant weather information

1.3.1 Forecasts of significant weather phenomenaprepared by WAFCs shall be issued four times a day for fixedvalid times of 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC. The transmis-sion of each forecast shall be completed as soon as technicallyfeasible but at least 12 hours before its validity time.

1.3.2 Forecasts of significant weather phenomena shall beissued in binary code form, using the BUFR code formprescribed by WMO.

Note 1.— The BUFR code form is contained in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.2, Part B —Binary Codes.

Note 2.— WAFCs continue to issue forecasts of significantweather in chart form in accordance with regional airnavigation plans until 1 July 2005.

1.3.3 Forecasts of significant weather phenomena shallinclude all the items listed in Appendix 8, 4.3.1.1. Theforecasts shall be issued for the following flight levels:

a) between flight levels 250 to 630; and

b) between flight levels 100 to 250 for limited geographi-cal areas, as determined by regional air navigationagreement. If the average elevation of the topography ofthe area could extend a significant topographical effectto flight level 100, a higher level should be specified forthe base of the charts, in consultation with the WAFCconcerned, and in accordance with regional airnavigation agreement.

1.3.4 Recommendation.— Amendments to forecasts ofsignificant weather phenomena should be issued with the mini-mum possible delay in accordance with the criteria in 1.4 andsupplied in the form of amended BUFR files.



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25/11/04 APP 2-2

1.4 Criteria for amendments to WAFS products

Recommendation.— WAFCs should apply the followingcriteria for the amendment of significant en-route weatherforecasts:

SWH forecasts:turbulence, and occasional, frequent or embedded cumulonimbus

Newly expected occurrence or non-occurrence

SWM forecasts:aircraft icing, turbulence, cumulonimbus, and sandstorms/duststorms

Newly expected occurrence or non-occurrence

Volcanic eruptions or the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere, of significance to aircraft operations:

Inclusion or removal of volcanic activity symbol, or radiation symbol.

2. METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES

2.1 Use of WAFS products

2.1.1 The extent to which an aerodrome meteorologicaloffice prepares forecasts and/or makes use of products fromWAFCs and other sources shall be determined by the meteoro-logical authority concerned.

2.1.2 Recommendation.— Aerodrome meteorologicaloffices should use output products of the world area forecastsystem in the preparation of flight documentation.

2.1.3 In order to ensure uniformity and standardization offlight documentation, the WAFS GRIB and BUFR datareceived shall be decoded into standard WAFS charts in ac-cordance with relevant provisions in this Annex, and thecontent and identification of the originator of the WAFSforecasts shall not be amended.

2.2 Notification of WAFC concerningsignificant discrepancies

Meteorological offices using WAFS GRIB and/or BUFR datashall notify the WAFC concerned immediately if significantdiscrepancies in accordance with 1.4 are detected or reportedin respect of WAFS data and products. The WAFC receivingthe message shall acknowledge its receipt to the originator,together with a brief comment on the report and any actiontaken, using the same means of communication employed by

the originator. If it is considered necessary to issue an amend-ment, an appropriate ADMIN message shall be transmitted toall users through satellite broadcasts.

Note 1.— There is no requirement for meteorologicaloffices to report incidents of radiological emergencies.

Note 2.— Guidance on reporting significant discrepanciesis provided in the Manual of Aeronautical MeteorologicalPractice (Doc 8896).

3. METEOROLOGICAL WATCH OFFICES

3.1 Use of WAFS products

The extent to which a meteorological watch office makes useof products from WAFCs and other sources shall bedetermined by the meteorological authority concerned.

4. VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRES (VAAC)

4.1 Volcanic ash advisory information

4.1.1 Recommendation.— The advisory information onvolcanic ash issued in abbreviated plain language, usingapproved ICAO abbreviations and numerical values of self-explanatory nature, should be in accordance with the templateshown in Table A2-1. When no approved ICAO abbreviationsare available, English plain language text, to be kept to aminimum, should be used.

4.1.2 Recommendation.— The volcanic ash advisoryinformation listed in Table A2-1, when issued in graphical for-mat, should be as specified in Appendix 1. When issued inbinary format, the BUFR code form should be used.

Note.— The BUFR code form is contained in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.2, Part B —Binary Codes.

5. STATE VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES

5.1 Information from Statevolcano observatories

Recommendation.— The information required to be sentby State volcano observatories to their associated ACCs,MWO and VAAC should comprise for:



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APP 2-3 25/11/04

a) significant pre-eruption volcanic activity: the date/time(UTC) of report; name and, if known, number of thevolcano; location (latitude/longitude); and descriptionof volcanic activity; and

b) volcanic eruption: the date/time (UTC) of report andtime of eruption (UTC) if different from time of report;name and, if known, number of the volcano; location(latitude/longitude); and description of the eruptionincluding whether an ash column was ejected and, if so,an estimate of height of ash column and the extent ofany visible volcanic ash cloud, during and following aneruption.


6. TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRES (TCAC)

6.1 Tropical cyclone advisory information

6.1.1 Recommendation.— The advisory information ontropical cyclones should be in accordance with the templateshown in Table A2-2.

6.1.2 Recommendation.— When the tropical cycloneadvisory information is issued in binary format, the BUFRcode form should be used.




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25/11/04 APP 2-4

Table A2-1. Template for advisory message for volcanic ash

Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of everymessage;

O = inclusion optional;

= = a double line indicates that the textfollowing it should be placed on thesubsequent line

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in advisory messages for volcanic ash areshown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.

Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can befound in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — ICAOAbbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

Note 3.— Inclusion of a “colon” after each elementheading is mandatory.

Note 4.— The numbers 1 to 18 are included only for clarityand they are not part of the advisory message, as shown in theexample.

Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples

1 Identification of the type of message (M)

Type of message VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY

2 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day, time in UTC or day, month, year, time in UTC

ISSUED: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZornnmonth1nnnn/nnnnZ

ISSUED:

ISSUED:

20000402/0700Z

02APR2000/0700Z

3 Name of VAAC (M)

Name of VAAC VAAC: nnnnnnnnnnnn VAAC: TOKYO

4 Name of volcano (M)

Name and IAVCEI2 number of volcano

VOLCANO: nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn [nnnnnn] orUNKNOWN or UNNAMED

VOLCANO:

VOLCANO:

USUZAN 805-03

UNNAMED

5 Location of volcano (M)

Location of volcano in degrees and minutes

LOCATION: Nnnnn or SnnnnWnnnnn or Ennnnn orUNKNOWN orUNNAMED

LOCATION:

LOCATION:

N4230 E14048

UNKNOWN

6 State or region (M)

State, or region if ash is not reported over a State

AREA: nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn AREA: JAPAN

7 Summit elevation (M)

Summit elevation in m (or ft)

SUMMIT ELEVATION:nnnnM (or nnnnnFT)

SUMMIT ELEVATION: 732M

8 Advisory number (M)

Advisory number: year in full and message number (separate sequence for each volcano)

ADVISORY NUMBER:nnnn/nnnn

ADVISORY NUMBER: 2000/432

9 Information source (M)

Information source using free text

INFORMATION SOURCE:

free text up to 32 characters INFORMATION SOURCE: GMS-JMA

10 Colour code (O) Aviation colour code AVIATION COLOUR CODE:

RED or ORANGE or YELLOW or GREEN or UNKNOWN or NOT GIVEN or NIL

AVIATION COLOUR CODE: RED

11 Eruption details (M)

Eruption details (including date/time of eruption(s))

ERUPTION DETAILS: free text up to 64 charactersorUNKNOWN

ERUPTION DETAILS:

ERUPTED 20000402/0641Z ERUPTION OBS ASH TO ABV FL300

12 Time of observation of ash (M)

Day and time (in UTC) of observation of volcanic ash

OBS ASH DATE/TIME: nn/nnnnZ OBS ASH DATE/TIME:

02/0645Z



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APP 2-5 25/11/04

13 Observed ash cloud (M)

Horizontal (in degrees and minutes) and vertical extent of the observed ash cloud or, if the base is unknown, the top of the observed ash cloud;

movement of the observed ash cloud

OBS ASH CLOUD: TOP FLnnn or SFC/FLnnn or FLnnn/nnn Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]3

TOP FLnnn or SFC/FLnnn or FLnnn/nnn MOV N nnKMH (or KT) orMOV NE nnKMH (or KT) or MOV E nnKMH (or KT) or MOV SE nnKMH (or KT) or MOV S nnKMH (or KT) or MOV SW nnKMH (or KT) or MOV W nnKMH (or KT) or MOV NW nnKMH (or KT)4

or4

ASH NOT IDENTIFIABLE FROM SATELLITE DATA WINDS FLnnn/nnn nnn/nn[n] KMH (KT)3

OBS ASH CLOUD: FL150/350 N4230 E14048 -N4300 E14130 -N4246 E14230 -N4232 E14150 -N4230 E14048 SFC/FL150 MOVNE 25KT FL150/350 MOV E 30KT

TOP FL240 MOV W 40KMH

14 Forecast height and position of the ash clouds (+ 6 HR) (M)

Day and time (in UTC) (6 hours from the “Time of observation of ash” given in Item 12);

Forecast height and position (in degrees and minutes) for each cloud mass for that fixed valid time

FCST ASH CLOUD+6HR:

nn/nnnnZSFC or FLnnn/[FL]nnnNnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]-Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]3

or NO ASH EXP

FCST ASH CLOUD+6HR:

02/1245Z SFC/FL200N4230 E14048 -N4232 E14150 -N4238 E14300 -N4246 E14230 FL200/350 N4230 E14048 -N4232 E14150 -N4238 E14300 -N4246 E14230 FL350/600 NO ASH EXP

15 Forecast height and position of the ash clouds (+12 HR) (M)



FCST ASH CLOUD+12HR:


or NO ASH EXP


02/1845Z SFC/FL300N4230 E14048 -N4232 E14150 -N4238 E14300 -N4246 E14230 FL300/600NO ASH EXP




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25/11/04 APP 2-6

Notes.—

1. Use abbreviations for months of the year from the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400), for example, “JAN”.2. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI).3. Up to 4 selected layers. 4. If ash reported (e.g. AIREP) but not identifiable from satellite data.

16 Forecast height and position of the ash clouds (+18 HR) (M)





or NO ASH EXP


03/0045Z SFC/FL600NO ASH EXP

17 Next advisory (M) Year, month, day and time in UTCor day, month, year and time in UTC of issuance of next advisory

NEXT ADVISORY: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZor nnmonth1nnn/nnnnZ or NO LATER THAN nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ ornnmonth1nnnn/nnnnZ orNO FURTHER ADVISORIES or WILL BE ISSUED BYnnnnnnnn/nnnnZ ornnmonth1nnnn/nnnnZ

NEXT ADVISORY: 20000402/1300Z

18 Remarks (M) Remarks, as necessary

REMARKS: Free text up to 256 charactersorNIL

REMARKS: ASH CLD CAN NO LONGER BE DETECTED ON SATELLITE IMAGE




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APP 2-7 25/11/04

Example A2-1. Advisory message for volcanic ash

VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY

ISSUED: 20000402/0700ZVAAC: TOKYOVOLCANO: USUZAN 805-03LOCATION: N4230 E14048AREA: JAPANSUMMIT ELEVATION: 732MADVISORY NUMBER: 2000/432INFORMATION SOURCE: GMS JMAAVIATION COLOUR CODE: REDERUPTION DETAILS: ERUPTED 20000402/0614Z ERUPTION OBS ASH TO ABV FL300OBS ASH DATE/TIME: 02/0645ZOBS ASH CLD: FL150/350 N4230 E14048 – N4300 E14130 – N4246 E14230 – N4232 E14150 –

N4230 E14048 SFC/FL150 MOV NE 25KT FL150/350 MOV E 30KT FCST ASH CLD + 6 HR: 02/1245Z SFC/FL200 N4230 E14048 – N4232 E14150 – N4238 E14300 – N4246

E14230 FL200/350 N4230 E14048 – N4232 E14150 – N4238 E14300 – N4246 E14230 FL350/600 NO ASH EXP

FCST ASH CLD + 12 HR: 02/1845Z SFC/FL300 N4230 E14048 – N4232 E14150 – N4238 E14300 – N4246 E14230 FL300/600 NO ASH EXP

FCST ASH CLD + 18 HR: 03/0045Z SFC/FL600 NO ASH EXPNEXT ADVISORY: 20000402/1300ZREMARKS: ASH CLD CAN NO LONGER BE DETECTED ON SATELLITE IMAGE

15/10/04Corr.



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25/11/04 APP 2-8

Table A2-2. Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones

Key: = = a double line indicates that the textfollowing it should be placed on thesubsequent line

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in advisory messages for tropical cyclonesare shown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.

Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can befound in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — ICAO

Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

Note 3.— All the elements are mandatory.

Note 4.— Inclusion of a “colon” after each elementheading is mandatory.

Note 5.— The numbers 1 to 16 are included only for clarityand they are not part of the advisory message, as shown in theexample.


1 Identification of the type of message

Type of message TC ADVISORY TC ADVISORY

2 Time of origin Year, month, day and time in UTC of issue

DTG: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ DTG: 20040925/1600Z

3 Name of TCAC Name of TCAC(location indicator or full name)

TCAC: nnnn or nnnnnnnnnn TCAC:

TCAC:

YUFO1

MIAMI

4 Name of tropical cyclone

Name of tropical cyclone

TC: nnnnnnnnnnnn TC: GLORIA

5 Advisory number Advisory number (starting with “01” for each cyclone)

NR: nn NR: 01

6 Position of the centre

Position of the centre of the tropical cyclone (in degrees and minutes)

PSN: Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]

PSN: N2706 W07306

7 Direction and speed of movement

Direction and speed of movement respectively to at least eight compass points in km/h (or kt), or stationary

MOV: N nnKMH (or KT) orNE nnKMH (or KT) orE nnKMH (or KT) orSE nnKMH (or KT) orS nnKMH (or KT) orSW nnKMH (or KT) orW nnKMH (or KT) orNW nnKMH (or KT) or STNR

MOV: NW 20KMH

8 Central pressure Central pressure (in hPa)

C: nnnHPA C: 965HPA

9 Maximum surface wind

Maximum surface wind near the centre (mean over 10 minutes, inkm/h (or kt))

MAX WIND: nn[n]KMH (or nn[n]KT)

MAX WIND: 90KMH

10 Forecast of centre position(+12 HR)

Day and time (in UTC) (12 hours from the “DTG” given in Item 2);

Forecast position (in degrees and minutes) of the centre of the tropical cyclone

FCST PSN +12 HR: nn/nnnnZ Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]

FCST PSN +12 HR: 26/0400Z N2830 W07430



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APP 2-9 25/11/04

Note.—

1. Fictitious location.

11 Forecast of maximum surface wind (+12 HR)

Forecast of maximum surface wind (12 hours after the “DTG” given in Item 2)

FCST MAX WIND +12 HR:

nn[n]KMH(or nn[n]KT)


90KMH





FCST PSN +18 HR: 26/1000ZN2852 W07500



FCST MAX WIND+18 HR:



85KMH





FCST PSN +24 HR: 26/1600Z N2912 W07530



FCST MAX WIND+24 HR:



80KMH

16 Expected time of issuance of next advisory

Expected year, month, day and time (in UTC) of issuance of next advisory

NXT MSG: [BFR] nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ or NO MSG EXP

NXT MSG: 20040925/2000Z




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25/11/04 APP 2-10

Example A2-2. Advisory message for tropical cyclones

TC ADVISORY

DTG: 19970925/1600ZTCAC: YUFOTC: GLORIANR: 01PSN: N2706 W07306MOV: NW 20KMHC: 965HPAMAX WIND: 90KMHFCST PSN + 12 HR: 26/0400Z N2830 W07430FCST MAX WIND + 12 HR: 90KMHFCST PSN + 18 HR: 26/1000Z N2852 W07500FCST MAX WIND + 18 HR: 85KMH FCST PSN + 24 HR: 26/1600Z N2912 W07530FCST MAX WIND + 24 HR: 80KMHNXT MSG: 19970925/2000Z



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ANNEX 3 APP 3-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS


1. GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATED TOMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

1.1 Recommendation.— The meteorological instrumentsused at an aerodrome should be situated in such a way as tosupply data which are representative of the area for which themeasurements are required.

Note.— Specifications concerning the siting and construc-tion of equipment and installations on operational areas,aimed at reducing the hazard to aircraft to a minimum, arecontained in Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 8.

1.2 Recommendation.— Meteorological instruments ataeronautical meteorological stations should be exposed,operated and maintained in accordance with the practices,procedures and specifications promulgated by the WorldMeteorological Organization.

1.3 Recommendation.— The observers at an aerodromeshould be located, in so far as is practicable, so as to supplydata which are representative of the area for which theobservations are required.

1.4 Recommendation.— Where automated equipmentforms part of an integrated semi-automatic observing system,displays of data which are made available to the local ATSunits should be a subset of and displayed parallel to thoseavailable in the local meteorological service unit. In those dis-plays, each meteorological element should be annotated toidentify, as appropriate, the locations for which the element isrepresentative.

2. GENERAL CRITERIA RELATED TOMETEOROLOGICAL REPORTS

2.1 Format of meteorological reports

2.1.1 Local routine and special reports shall be issued inabbreviated plain language, in accordance with the templateshown in Table A3-1.

2.1.2 METAR and SPECI shall be issued in accordancewith the template shown in Table A3-2 and disseminated in theMETAR and SPECI code forms prescribed by the WorldMeteorological Organization.

Note.— The METAR and SPECI code forms are containedin WMO Publication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1,Part A — Alphanumeric Codes.

2.2 Use of CAVOK

When the following conditions occur simultaneously at thetime of observation:

a) visibility, 10 km or more;

Note.— In local routine and special reports, visibilityrefers to the value(s) to be reported in accordance with4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3; in METAR and SPECI, visibility refersto the value(s) to be reported in accordance with 4.2.4.4.

b) no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highestminimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and nocumulonimbus;

c) no weather of significance to aviation as given in 4.4.2.3and 4.4.2.4;

information on visibility, runway visual range, present weatherand cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloud base shall bereplaced in all meteorological reports by the term “CAVOK”.

2.3 Criteria for issuance of local special reportsand SPECI

2.3.1 The list of criteria for the issuance of local specialreports shall include the following:

a) those values which most closely correspond with theoperating minima of the operators using the aerodrome;

b) those values which satisfy other local requirements ofthe air traffic services units and of the operators;

c) an increase in air temperature of 2°C or more from thatgiven in the latest report, or an alternative thresholdvalue as agreed between the meteorological authority,the appropriate ATS authority and operators concerned;

d) the available supplementary information concerning theoccurrence of significant meteorological conditions inthe approach and climb-out areas as given inTable A3-1; and



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25/11/04 APP 3-2

e) those values which constitute criteria for SPECI.

2.3.2 Recommendation.— SPECI should be issuedwhenever changes in accordance with the following criteriaoccur:

a) when the mean surface wind direction has changedby 60° or more from that given in the latest report,the mean speed before and/or after the change being20 km/h (10 kt) or more;

b) when the mean surface wind speed has changed by20 km/h (10 kt) or more from that given in the latestreport;

c) when the variation from the mean surface wind speed(gusts) has increased by 20 km/h (10 kt) or more fromthat given in the latest report, the mean speed beforeand/or after the change being 30 km/h (15 kt) or more;

d) when the wind changes through values of operationalsignificance. The threshold values should be establishedby the meteorological authority in consultation with theappropriate ATS authority and operators concerned,taking into account changes in the wind which would:

1) require a change in runway(s) in use; and

2) indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswindcomponents have changed through values represent-ing the main operating limits for typical aircraftoperating at the aerodrome;

e) when the visibility is improving and changes to orpasses through one or more of the following values, orwhen the visibility is deteriorating and passes throughone or more of the following values:

1) 800, 1 500 or 3 000 m; and

2) 5 000 m, in cases where significant numbers offlights are operated in accordance with the visualflight rules;

Note.— In local special reports, visibility refers to thevalue(s) to be reported in accordance with 4.2.4.2 and4.2.4.3, in SPECI, visibility refers to the value(s) to bereported in accordance with 4.2.4.4.

f) when the runway visual range is improving and changesto or passes through one or more of the followingvalues, or when the runway visual range is deteriorat-ing and passes through one or more of the followingvalues: 150, 350, 600 or 800 m;

g) when the onset, cessation or change in intensity of anyof the following weather phenomena or combinationsthereof occurs:

— freezing precipitation— moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers

thereof)— duststorm — sandstorm;

h) when the onset or cessation of any of the followingweather phenomena or combinations thereof occurs:

— ice crystals— freezing fog— low drifting dust, sand or snow— blowing dust, sand or snow— thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)— squall— funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout);

i) when the height of base of the lowest cloud layer ofBKN or OVC extent is lifting and changes to or passesthrough one or more of the following values, or whenthe height of base of the lowest cloud layer of BKN orOVC extent is lowering and passes through one or moreof the following values:

1) 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or 1 000 ft); and

2) 450 m (1 500 ft), in cases where significant numbersof flights are operated in accordance with the visualflight rules;

j) when the amount of a cloud layer below 450 m(1 500 ft) changes:

1) from SKC, FEW or SCT to BKN or OVC; or

2) from BKN or OVC to SKC, FEW or SCT; and

k) when the sky is obscured and the vertical visibility isimproving and changes to or passes through one ormore of the following values, or when the vertical visi-bility is deteriorating and passes through one or more ofthe following values: 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200,500 or 1 000 ft).

2.3.3 When a deterioration of one weather element isaccompanied by an improvement in another element, a singleSPECI shall be issued; it shall then be treated as adeterioration report.

3. DISSEMINATION OF METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS

3.1 METAR and SPECI

3.1.1 METAR and SPECI shall be disseminated tointernational OPMET data banks and the centres designated



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APP 3-3 25/11/04

by regional air navigation agreement for the operation ofaeronautical fixed service satellite distribution systems, inaccordance with regional air navigation agreement.

3.1.2 METAR and SPECI shall be disseminated to otheraerodromes in accordance with regional air navigationagreement.

3.1.3 Recommendation.— SPECI representing a deteri-oration in conditions should be disseminated immediately afterthe observation. A SPECI representing an improvement in con-ditions should be disseminated only after the improvement hasbeen maintained for 10 minutes; it should be amended beforedissemination, if necessary, to indicate the conditions prevail-ing at the end of that 10-minute period. A SPECI representinga deterioration of one weather element and an improvement inanother element should be disseminated immediately after theobservation.

3.2 Local routine and special reports

3.2.1 Local routine reports shall be transmitted to local airtraffic services units and shall be made available to theoperators and to other users at the aerodrome.

3.2.2 Local special reports shall be transmitted to local airtraffic services units as soon as the specified conditions occur.However, by agreement between the meteorological authorityand the appropriate ATS authority, they need not be issued inrespect of:

a) any element for which there is in the local air trafficservices unit a display corresponding to the one in themeteorological station, and where arrangements are inforce for the use of this display to update informationincluded in local routine and special reports; and

b) runway visual range, when all changes of one or moresteps on the reporting scale in use are being reported tothe local air traffic services unit by an observer on theaerodrome.

Local special reports shall also be made available to theoperators and to other users at the aerodrome.

4. OBSERVING AND REPORTING OFMETEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Introductory Note.— Selected criteria applicable tometeorological information referred to under 4.1 to 4.8 forinclusion in aerodrome reports are given in tabular form atAttachment D.

4.1 Surface wind

4.1.1 Siting

4.1.1.1 Recommendation.— Surface wind should beobserved at a height of approximately 10 m (30 ft) above therunway(s).

4.1.1.2 Recommendation.— Representative surface windobservations should be obtained by the use of sensors appro-priately sited. Sensors for surface wind observations for localroutine and special reports should be sited to give the bestpracticable indication of conditions along the runway andtouchdown zones. At aerodromes where topography or preva-lent weather conditions cause significant differences in surfacewind at various sections of the runway, additional sensorsshould be provided.

Note.— Since, in practice, the surface wind cannot bemeasured directly on the runway, surface wind observationsfor take-off and landing are expected to be the best practicableindication of the winds which an aircraft will encounter duringtake-off and landing.

4.1.2 Displays

4.1.2.1 Surface wind displays relating to each sensor shallbe located in the meteorological station with correspondingdisplays in the appropriate air traffic services units. Thedisplays in the meteorological station and in the air traffic ser-vices units shall relate to the same sensors, and where separatesensors are required as specified in 4.1.1.2, the displays shallbe clearly marked to identify the runway and section of run-way monitored by each sensor.

4.1.2.2 Recommendation.— The mean values of, andsignificant variations in, the surface wind direction and speedfor each sensor should be derived and displayed by automatedequipment.

4.1.3 Averaging

4.1.3.1 The averaging period for surface wind obser-vations shall be:

a) 2 minutes for local routine and special reports and forwind displays in air traffic services units; and

b) 10 minutes for METAR and SPECI, except that whenthe 10-minute period includes a marked discontinuity inthe wind direction and/or speed, only data occurringsince the discontinuity shall be used for obtaining meanvalues, hence the time interval in these circumstancesshould be correspondingly reduced.



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25/11/04 APP 3-4

Note.— A marked discontinuity occurs when there is anabrupt and sustained change in wind direction of 30° or more,with a wind speed of 20 km/h (10 kt) before or after thechange, or a change in wind speed of 20 km/h (10 kt) or more,lasting at least 2 minutes.

4.1.3.2 Recommendation.— The averaging period formeasuring variations from the mean wind speed (gusts)reported in accordance with 4.1.4.2 c) should be 3 seconds forlocal routine and special reports and for METAR and SPECIand for wind displays used for depicting variations from themean wind speed (gusts) in air traffic services units.

4.1.4 Reporting

4.1.4.1 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI, the surface wind direction and speedshall be reported in steps of 10 degrees true and 1 kilometreper hour (or 1 knot), respectively. Any observed value whichdoes not fit the reporting scale in use shall be rounded to thenearest step in the scale.

4.1.4.2 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI:

a) the units of measurement used for the wind speed shallbe indicated;

b) variations from the mean wind direction during the past10 minutes shall be reported as follows, if the totalvariation is 60° or more:

1) when the total variation is between 60° and 180° andthe wind speed is 6 km/h (3 kt) or more such direc-tional variations shall be reported as the two extremedirections between which the surface wind hasvaried;

2) when the total variation is between 60° and 180° andthe wind speed is less than 6 km/h (3 kt), the winddirection shall be reported as variable with no meanwind direction; or

3) when the total variation is 180° or more, the winddirection shall be reported as variable with no meanwind direction;

c) variations from the mean wind speed (gusts) during thepast 10 minutes shall be reported when the maximumwind speed exceeds the mean speed by 20 km/h (10 kt)or more;

d) when a wind speed of less than 2 km/h (1 kt) isreported, it shall be indicated as calm;

e) when a wind speed of 200 km/h (100 kt) or more isreported, it shall be indicated to be more than 199 km/h(99 kt); and

f) when the 10-minute period includes a marked disconti-nuity in the wind direction and/or speed, only variationsfrom the mean wind direction and mean wind speedoccurring since the discontinuity shall be reported.

Note.— See note under 4.1.3.1.

4.1.4.3 In local routine and special reports:

a) if the surface wind is observed from more than onelocation along the runway, the locations for which thesevalues are representative shall be indicated;

b) when there is more than one runway in use and thesurface wind related to these runways is observed, theavailable wind values for each runway shall be given,and the runways to which the values refer shall bereported;

c) when variations from the mean wind direction arereported in accordance with 4.1.4.2 b) 2), the twoextreme directions between which the surface wind hasvaried shall be reported; and

d) when variations from the mean wind speed (gusts) arereported in accordance with 4.1.4.2 c), they shall bereported as the maximum and minimum values of thewind speed attained.

4.1.4.4 In METAR and SPECI, when variations from themean wind speed (gusts) are reported in accordance with4.1.4.2 c), the maximum value of the wind speed attained shallbe reported.

4.2 Visibility

4.2.1 Siting

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor the measurement of visibility, representative visibilityobservations should be obtained by the use of sensors appro-priately sited. Sensors for visibility observations for localroutine and special reports should be sited to give the bestpracticable indications of visibility along the runway andtouchdown zone. The visibility should be measured at a heightof approximately 2.5 m (7.5 ft) above the runway.

4.2.2 Displays

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor the measurement of visibility, visibility displays relating toeach sensor should be located in the meteorological stationwith corresponding displays in the appropriate air traffic ser-vices units. The displays in the meteorological station and inthe air traffic services units should relate to the same sensors,and where separate sensors are required as specified in 4.2.1,



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APP 3-5 25/11/04

the displays should be clearly marked to identify the area, e.g.runway and section of runway, monitored by each sensor.

4.2.3 Averaging

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor the measurement of visibility, their output should beupdated at least every 60 seconds to permit provision ofcurrent representative values. The averaging period should be:

a) 1 minute for local routine and special reports and forvisibility displays in air traffic services units; and

b) 10 minutes for METAR and SPECI, except that when the10-minute period immediately preceding the observationincludes a marked discontinuity in the visibility, onlythose values occurring after the discontinuity should beused for obtaining mean values.

Note.— A marked discontinuity occurs when there is anabrupt and sustained change in visibility, lasting at least2 minutes, which reaches or passes through criteria for theissuance of SPECI reports given in 2.3.

4.2.4 Reporting

4.2.4.1 In local routine and special reports and METARand SPECI, the visibility shall be reported in steps of 50 mwhen the visibility is less than 800 m; in steps of 100 m, whenit is 800 m or more but less than 5 km; in kilometre steps,when the visibility is 5 km or more but less than 10 km; andit shall be given as 10 km when the visibility is 10 km or more,except when the conditions for the use of CAVOK apply. Anyobserved value which does not fit the reporting scale in useshall be rounded down to the nearest lower step in the scale.

Note.— Specifications concerning the use of CAVOK aregiven in 2.2.

4.2.4.2 In local routine and special reports, visibilityalong the runway(s) shall be reported together with the units ofmeasurement.

4.2.4.3 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports, when instrumented systems are used for the measure-ment of visibility:

a) if the visibility is observed from more than one locationalong the runway as specified in Chapter 4, 4.6.2.2, thevalues representative of the touchdown zone should bereported first, followed, as necessary, by the valuesrepresentative of the mid-point and stop-end of the run-way, and the locations for which these values arerepresentative should be indicated; and

b) when there is more than one runway in use and thevisibility is observed related to these runways, the avail-able visibility values for each runway should bereported, and the runways to which the values refershould be indicated.

4.2.4.4 Recommendation.— In METAR and SPECI,visibility should be reported as prevailing visibility, as definedin Chapter 1. When the visibility is not the same in differentdirections and

a) when the lowest visibility is different from the prevailingvisibility, and less than 1 500 m or less than 50 per centof the prevailing visibility, the lowest visibility observedshould also be reported and its general direction in re-lation to the aerodrome indicated by reference to one ofthe eight points of the compass. If the lowest visibility isobserved in more than one direction, then the mostoperationally significant direction should be reported;and

b) when the visibility is fluctuating rapidly, and theprevailing visibility cannot be determined, only the low-est visibility should be reported, with no indication ofdirection.

4.3 Runway visual range

4.3.1 Siting

4.3.1.1 Recommendation.— Runway visual rangeshould be assessed at a height of approximately 2.5 m (7.5 ft)above the runway.

4.3.1.2 Recommendation.— Runway visual rangeshould be assessed at a lateral distance from the runwaycentre line of not more than 120 m. The site for observationsto be representative of the touchdown zone should be locatedabout 300 m along the runway from the threshold. The sites forobservations to be representative of the mid-point and stop-end of the runway should be located at a distance of 1 000 to1 500 m along the runway from the threshold and at a distanceof about 300 m from the other end of the runway. The exactposition of these sites and, if necessary, additional sites shouldbe decided after considering aeronautical, meteorological andclimatological factors such as long runways, swamps andother fog-prone areas.

4.3.2 Instrumented systems

Note.— Since accuracy can vary from one instrumentdesign to another, performance characteristics are to bechecked before selecting an instrument for assessing RVR. Thecalibration of a forward-scatter meter has to be traceable andverifiable to a transmissometer standard, the accuracy ofwhich has been verified over the intended operational range.



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Guidance on the use of transmissometers and forward-scattermeters in instrumented RVR systems is given in the Manual ofRunway Visual Range Observing and Reporting Practices(Doc 9328).

4.3.2.1 Instrumented systems based on transmissometersor forward-scatter meters shall be used to assess runway visualrange on runways intended for Category II and III instrumentapproach and landing operations.

4.3.2.2 Recommendation.— Instrumented systems basedon transmissometers or forward-scatter meters should be usedto assess runway visual range on runways intended forCategory I instrument approach and landing operations.

4.3.3 Display

4.3.3.1 Where runway visual range is determined byinstrumented systems, one display or more if required, shall belocated in the meteorological station with corresponding dis-plays, in the appropriate air traffic services units. The displaysin the meteorological station and in the air traffic servicesunits shall be related to the same sensors, and where separatesensors are required as specified in 4.3.1.2, the displays shallbe clearly marked to identify the runway and section of run-way monitored by each sensor.

4.3.3.2 Recommendation.— Where runway visual rangeis determined by human observers, runway visual rangeshould be reported to the appropriate local air traffic servicesunits, whenever there is a change in the value to be reportedin accordance with the reporting scale (except where the pro-visions of 3.2.2 a) or b) apply). The transmission of suchreports should normally be completed within 15 seconds afterthe termination of the observation.

4.3.4 Averaging

Where instrumented systems are used for the assessment ofrunway visual range, their output shall be updated at leastevery 60 seconds to permit the provision of current, represen-tative values. The averaging period for runway visual rangevalues shall be:

a) 1 minute for local routine and special reports and forrunway visual range displays in air traffic services units;and

b) 10 minutes for METAR and SPECI, except that whenthe 10-minute period immediately preceding the obser-vation includes a marked discontinuity in runway visualrange values, only those values occurring after thediscontinuity shall be used for obtaining mean values.

Note.— A marked discontinuity occurs when there is anabrupt and sustained change in runway visual range, lastingat least 2 minutes, which reaches or passes through criteriafor the issuance of SPECI reports given in 2.3.2 f).

4.3.5 Runway light intensity

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor the assessment of runway visual range, computationsshould be made separately for each available runway. RVRshould not be computed for a light intensity of 3 per cent orless of the maximum light intensity available on a runway. Forlocal routine and special reports, the light intensity to be usedfor the computation should be:

a) for a runway with the lights switched on, the lightintensity actually in use on that runway; and

b) for a runway with lights switched off (or at the lowestsetting pending the resumption of operations), theoptimum light intensity that would be appropriate foroperational use in the prevailing conditions.

In METAR and SPECI, the runway visual range should bebased on the maximum light intensity available on the runway.

Note.— Guidance on the conversion of instrumentedreadings into runway visual range is given at Attachment E.

4.3.6 Reporting

4.3.6.1 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI, the runway visual range shall be reportedin steps of 25 m when the runway visual range is less than400 m; in steps of 50 m when it is between 400 m and 800 m;and in steps of 100 m when the runway visual range is morethan 800 m. Any observed value w hich does not fit thereporting scale in use shall be rounded down to the neareststep in the scale.

4.3.6.2 Recommendation.— Fifty metres should beconsidered the lower limit and 2 000 metres the upper limit forrunway visual range. Outside of these limits, local routine andspecial reports and METAR and SPECI should merely indicatethat the runway visual range is less than 50 m or more than2 000 m.

4.3.6.3 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI:

a) when runway visual range is above the maximum valuethat can be determined by the system in use, it shall bereported using the abbreviation “ABV” in local routineand special reports and the abbreviation “P” in METARand SPECI, followed by the maximum value that can bedetermined by the system; and

b) when the runway visual range is below the minimumvalue that can be determined by the system in use, itshall be reported using the abbreviation “BLW” in localroutine and special reports and the abbreviation “M” inMETAR and SPECI, followed by the minimum valuethat can be determined by the system.



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a) the units of measurement used shall be included;

b) if runway visual range is observed from only onelocation along the runway, i.e. the touchdown zone, itshall be included without any indication of location;

c) if the runway visual range is observed from more thanone location along the runway, the value representativeof the touchdown zone shall be reported first, followedby the values representative of the mid-point andstop-end and the locations for which these values arerepresentative shall be indicated; and

d) when there is more than one runway in use, the availablerunway visual range values for each runway shall bereported and the runways to which the values refer shallbe indicated.

4.3.6.5 Recommendation.— In METAR and SPECI:

a) only the value representative of the touchdown zoneshould be reported and no indication of location on therunway should be included; and

b) where there is more than one runway available for land-ing, touchdown zone runway visual range values shouldbe included for all such runways, up to a maximum offour, and the runways to which the values refer shouldbe indicated.

4.3.6.6 Recommendation.— In METAR and SPECIwhen instrumented systems are used for the assessment of run-way visual range, the variations in runway visual range duringthe 10-minute period immediately preceding the observationshould be included as follows:

a) if the runway visual range values during the 10-minuteperiod have shown a distinct tendency, such that themean during the first 5 minutes varies by 100 m or morefrom the mean during the second 5 minutes of theperiod, this should be indicated. When the variation ofthe runway visual range values shows an upward ordownward tendency, this should be indicated by theabbreviation “U” or “D” respectively. In circumstanceswhen actual fluctuations during the 10-minute periodshow no distinct tendency, this should be indicated usingthe abbreviation “N”. When indications of tendency arenot available, no abbreviations should be included; and

b) if the 1-minute runway visual range values during the10-minute period vary from the mean value by morethan 50 m or more than 20 per cent of the mean value,whichever is greater, the 1-minute mean minimum andthe 1-minute mean maximum values should be reportedinstead of the 10-minute mean value. If the 10-minuteperiod immediately preceding the observation includes amarked discontinuity in runway visual range values,

only those values occurring after the disconti-nuityshould be used to obtain variations.

Note.— A marked discontinuity occurs when there is anabrupt and sustained change in runway visual range, lastingat least 2 minutes, which reaches or passes through criteria forthe issuance of SPECI given in 2.3.2 f).

4.4 Present weather

4.4.1 Siting

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor observing present weather phenomena listed under 4.4.2.3and 4.4.2.4, representative information should be obtained bythe use of sensors appropriately sited.

4.4.2 Reporting

4.4.2.1 In local routine and special reports, observedpresent weather phenomena shall be reported in terms of typeand characteristics and qualified with respect to intensity, asappropriate.

4.4.2.2 In METAR and SPECI, observed present weatherphenomena shall be reported in terms of type and character-istics and qualified with respect to intensity or proximity to theaerodrome, as appropriate.

4.4.2.3 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI, the following types ofpresent weather phenomena should be reported, using theirrespective abbreviations and relevant criteria, as appropriate:

a) Precipitation

Drizzle DZ

Rain RA

Snow SN

Snow grains SG

Ice pellets PL

Ice crystals (very small ice crystals in suspension,also known as diamond dust)— Reported only when associated visibility is

5 000 m or less.

IC

Hail— Reported when diameter of largest hailstones

is 5 mm or more.

GR

Small hail and/or snow pellets— Reported when diameter of largest hailstones is

less than 5 mm;

GS



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4.4.2.4 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI, the following character-istics of present weather phenomena, as necessary, should bereported, using their respective abbreviations and relevantcriteria, as appropriate:

4.4.2.5 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI, the relevant intensity or, asappropriate, the proximity to the aerodrome of the reportedpresent weather phenomena should be indicated as follows:

b) Obscurations (hydrometeors)

Fog— Reported when visibility is less than 1 000 m,

except when qualified by “MI”, “BC”, “PR” or“VC” (see 4.4.2.4 and 4.4.2.5).

FG

Mist— Reported when visibility is at least 1 000 m but not

more than 5 000 m;

BR

c) Obscurations (lithometeors)— The following should be used only when the

obscuration consists predominantly of lithometeorsand the visibility is 5 000 m or less except “SA”when qualified by “DR” (see 4.4.2.4) and volcanicash.

Sand SA

Dust (widespread) DU

Haze HZ

Smoke FU

Volcanic ash VA

d) Other phenomena

Dust/sand whirls (dust devils) PO

Squall SQ

Funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout) FC

Duststorm DS

Sandstorm SS

Thunderstorm— Used to report a thunderstorm with rain “TSRA”,

snow “TSSN”, ice pellets “TSPL”, hail “TSGR” orsmall hail and/or snow pellets “TSGS” orcombinations thereof, for example, “TSRASN”.When thunder is heard or lightning is detected atthe aerodrome during the 10-minute periodpreceding the time of observation but no precipi-tation is observed at the aerodrome, theabbreviation “TS” should be used withoutqualification.

TS

Shower— Used to report showers of rain “SHRA”, snow

“SHSN”, ice pellets “SHPL”, hail “SHGR”, smallhail and/or snow pellets “SHGS”, or combinationsthereof, for example “SHRASN”. Showers observedin the vicinity of the aerodrome (see 4.4.2.5) shouldbe reported as “VCSH” without qualificationregarding type or intensity of precipitation.

SH

Freezing— Supercooled water droplets or precipitation, used

only with FG, DZ and RA.

FZ

Blowing— Used to report DU, SA or SN raised by the wind to

a height of 2 m (6 ft) or more above the ground.

BL

Low drifting— Used with DU, SA or SN raised by the wind to less

than 2 m (6 ft) above ground level.

DR

Shallow— Less than 2 m (6 ft) above ground level.

MI

Patches— Fog patches randomly covering the aerodrome.

BC

Partial— A substantial part of the aerodrome covered by fog

while the remainder is clear.

PR

(local routine and special reports) (METAR and SPECI)

Light FBL —

Moderate MOD (no indication)

Heavy HVY +

Used only with DZ, GR, GS, PL, RA, SG and SN (or incombinations involving these present weather types; inthese cases, intensity refers to precipitation in accordancewith 4.4.2.6); DS and SS (in the cases of DS and SS, onlymoderate and heavy intensities to be indicated).

Vicinity— Not at the aerodrome but not further away than

approximately 8 km from the aerodrome perimeterand used only in METAR and SPECI with DS, SS,FG, FC, SH, PO, BLDU, BLSA, BLSN, TS and VAwhen not reported under 4.4.2.4.

VC



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4.4.2.6 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI, one or more up to a maxi-mum of three of the present weather abbreviations given in4.4.2.3 and 4.4.2.4 should be used, as necessary, together withan indication, where appropriate, of the characteristics andintensity or proximity to the aerodrome, so as to convey acomplete description of the present weather of significance toflight operations. In reporting this information, the indicationof intensity or proximity as appropriate, should be reportedfirst followed respectively by the characteristics and the typeof weather phenomena. Where two different types of weatherare observed, they should be reported in two separate groups,where the intensity or proximity indicator refers to the weatherphenomenon which follows the indicator. However, differenttypes of precipitation occurring at the time of observationshould be reported as one single group with the dominant typeof precipitation reported first and preceded by only oneintensity qualifier which refers to the intensity of the totalprecipitation.

4.5 Clouds

4.5.1 Siting

Recommendation.— When instrumented systems are usedfor the measurement of the cloud amount and the height ofcloud base, representative observations should be obtained bythe use of sensors appropriately sited. For local routine andspecial reports, in the case of aerodromes with precisionapproach runways, sensors for cloud amount and height ofcloud base should be sited to give the best practicable indi-cations of the height of cloud base and cloud amount at themiddle marker site of the instrument landing system or, ataerodromes where a middle marker beacon is not used, at adistance of 900 to 1 200 m (3 000 to 4 000 ft) from the landingthreshold at the approach end of the runway.

Note.— Specifications concerning the middle marker site ofan instrument landing system are given in Annex 10, Volume I,Chapter 3 and at Attachment C, Table C-5.

4.5.2 Display

Recommendation.— When automated equipment is usedfor the measurement of the height of cloud base, height ofcloud base display(s) should be located in the meteorologicalstation with corresponding display(s) in the appropriate airtraffic services units. The displays in the meteorologicalstation and in the air traffic services units should relate to thesame sensor, and where separate sensors are required asspecified in 4.5.1, the displays should clearly identify the areamonitored by each sensor.

4.5.3 Reference level

Recommendation.— The height of cloud base shouldnormally be reported above aerodrome elevation. When a

precision approach runway is in use which has a thresholdelevation 15 m (50 ft) or more below the aerodrome elevation,local arrangements should be made in order that the height ofcloud bases reported to arriving aircraft should refer to thethreshold elevation. In the case of reports from off-shorestructures, the height of cloud base should be given abovemean sea level.

4.5.4 Reporting

4.5.4.1 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI:

a) cloud amount should be reported using the abbrevi-ations “FEW” (1 to 2 oktas), “SCT” (3 to 4 oktas),“BKN” (5 to 7 oktas) or “OVC” (8 oktas);

b) cumulonimbus clouds and towering cumulus cloudsshould be indicated as “CB” and “TCU”, respectively;

c) the height of cloud base should be reported in steps of30 m (100 ft) up to 3 000 m (10 000 ft) and in steps of300 m (1 000 ft) above 3 000 m (10 000 ft);

d) the vertical visibility should be reported in steps of 30 m(100 ft) up to 600 m (2 000 ft);

e) if there are no clouds and no restriction on verticalvisibility and the abbreviation “CAVOK” is notappropriate, the abbreviation “SKC” should be used;

f) if there are no clouds of operational significance, nocumulonimbus and no restriction on vertical visibilityand the abbreviations “CAVOK” and “SKC” are notappropriate, the abbreviation “NSC” should be used;

g) when several layers or masses of cloud of operationalsignificance are observed, their amount and height ofcloud base should be reported in increasing order of theheight of cloud base, and in accordance with thefollowing criteria:

1) the lowest layer or mass, regardless of amount to bereported as FEW, SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;

2) the next layer or mass, covering more than 2/8 to bereported as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;

3) the next higher layer or mass, covering more than4/8 to be reported as BKN or OVC as appropriate;and

4) cumulonimbus and/or towering cumulus clouds,whenever observed and not reported in 1) to 3);

h) when the cloud base is diffuse or ragged or fluctuatingrapidly, the minimum height of cloud base, or cloudfragments, should be reported; and



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i) when an individual layer (mass) of cloud is composed ofcumulonimbus and towering cumulus clouds with acommon cloud base, the type of cloud should bereported as cumulonimbus only.

Note.— Towering cumulus indicates cumulus congestusclouds of great vertical extent.


a) the units of measurement used for the height of cloudbase and vertical visibility shall be indicated; and

b) when there is more than one runway in use and theheights of cloud bases are observed by instruments forthese runways, the available heights of cloud bases foreach runway shall be reported and the runways to whichthe values refer shall be indicated.

4.6 Air temperature and dew-point temperature

4.6.1 Display

Recommendation.— When automated equipment is usedfor the measurement of air temperature and dew-point tem-perature, air temperature and dew-point temperature displaysshould be located in the meteorological station with corre-sponding displays in the appropriate air traffic services units.The displays in the meteorological station and in the air trafficservices units should relate to the same sensors.

4.6.2 Reporting

4.6.2.1 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI, the air temperature and the dew-pointtemperature shall be reported in steps of whole degreesCelsius. Any observed value which does not fit the reportingscale in use shall be rounded to the nearest whole degreeCelsius, with observed values involving 0.5E rounded up tothe next higher whole degree Celsius.

4.6.2.2 In local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI, a temperature below 0°C shall beidentified.

4.7 Atmospheric pressure

4.7.1 Display

When automated equipment is used for the measurement ofpressure, QNH and, if required in accordance with 4.7.3.2 b),QFE displays relating to the barometer shall be located in themeteorological station with corresponding displays in theappropriate air traffic services units. When QFE values are

displayed for more than one runway, as specified in 4.7.3.2 d),the displays shall be clearly marked to identify the runway towhich the QFE value displayed refers.

4.7.2 Reference level

Recommendation.— The reference level for the compu-tation of QFE should be the aerodrome elevation. Fornon-precision approach runways, the thresholds of which are2 m (7 ft) or more below or above the aerodrome elevation,and for precision approach runways, the QFE, if required,should refer to the relevant threshold elevation.

4.7.3 Reporting

4.7.3.1 For local routine and special reports and inMETAR and SPECI, QNH and QFE shall be computed intenths of hectopascals and reported therein in steps of wholehectopascals, using four digits. Any observed value whichdoes not fit the reporting scale in use shall be rounded downto the nearest lower whole hectopascal.


a) QNH shall be included;

b) QFE shall be included if required by users or, if soagreed locally between the meteorological and air trafficservices authorities and operators concerned, on aregular basis;

c) the units of measurement used for QNH and QFE valuesshall be included; and

d) if QFE values are required for more than one runway,the required QFE values for each runway shall bereported and the runways to which the values refer shallbe indicated.

4.7.3.3 In METAR and SPECI, only QNH values shall beincluded.

4.8 Supplementary information

4.8.1 Reporting

4.8.1.1 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports and in METAR and SPECI, the following recentweather phenomena, i.e. weather phenomena observed at theaerodrome during the period since the last issued routinereport or last hour, whichever is the shorter, but not at the timeof observation, should be reported, up to a maximum of threegroups, in the supplementary information:



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4.8.1.2 Recommendation.— In local routine and specialreports, the following significant meteorological conditions, orcombinations thereof, should be reported in supplementaryinformation:

The location of the condition should be indicated. Wherenecessary, additional information should be included usingabbreviated plain language.

4.8.1.3 Recommendation.— In METAR and SPECI,where local circumstances so warrant, information on windshear should be added.

Note.— The local circumstances referred to in 4.8.1.3include, but are not necessarily limited to, wind shear of anon-transitory nature such as might be associated with low-level temperature inversions or local topography.

4.8.1.4 Recommendation.— In METAR and SPECI, thefollowing information should be included in the supplementaryinformation, in accordance with regional air navigationagreement:

a) information on sea-surface temperature and the state ofthe sea from aeronautical meteorological stations estab-lished on off-shore structures in support of helicopteroperations; and

b) information on the state of the runway provided by theappropriate airport authority.

Note 1.— The state of the sea is specified in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A —Alphanumeric Codes, Code Table 3700.

Note 2.— The state of the runway is specified in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A —Alphanumeric Codes, Code Tables 0366, 0519, 0919 and1079.

4.9 Meteorological informationfrom automatic observing systems

4.9.1 Reporting

4.9.1.1 Recommendation.— In automated METAR andSPECI, surface wind, runway visual range, air temperatureand dew-point temperature, and atmospheric pressure shouldbe reported in accordance with provisions relevant to METARand SPECI included in Sections 4.1, 4.3, 4.6 and 4.7,respectively.

4.9.1.2 Recommendation.— In automated METAR andSPECI, visibility should be reported in accordance with pro-visions relevant to METAR and SPECI included in Section 4.2.However, when visibility sensors are sited in such a mannerthat no directional variations can be given, visibility valuereported should be followed by the abbreviation “NDV”.

4.9.1.3 Recommendation.— In automated METAR andSPECI, present weather should be reported in accordance withprovisions relevant to METAR and SPECI included inSection 4.4. However, in addition to the precipitation typeslisted under 4.4.2.3 a), the abbreviation UP should be used forunidentified precipitation when the type of precipitation cannotbe identified by the automatic observing system.

4.9.1.4 Recommendation.— In automated METAR andSPECI, clouds and vertical visibility should be reported inaccordance with provisions relevant to METAR and SPECIincluded in Section 4.5. However:

a) when the cloud type cannot be observed by theautomatic observing system, the cloud type in eachcloud group should be replaced by “///”; and

b) when no clouds are detected by the automatic observingsystem, it should be indicated by using the abbreviation“NCD”.

4.9.1.5 Recommendation.— In automated METAR andSPECI, supplementary information should be reported inaccordance with provisions relevant to METAR and SPECIincluded in Section 4.8. However, in addition to the recentweather phenomena listed under 4.8.1.2, the abbreviationREUP should be used for recent precipitation when the type ofprecipitation cannot be identified by the automatic observingsystem.

— freezing precipitation REFZDZ, REFZRA— moderate or heavy precipitation

(including showers thereof)REDZ, RERA, RESN, RESG, REPL, RESHRA, RESHSN, RESHGR, RESHGS

— blowing snow REBLSN— duststorm, sandstorm REDS, RESS— thunderstorm RETS— funnel cloud (tornado or

water spout)REFC

— volcanic ash REVA.

— cumulonimbus clouds CB— thunderstorm TS — moderate or severe turbulence MOD TURB, SEV TURB— wind shear WS— hail GR— severe squall line SEV SQL— moderate or severe icing MOD ICE, SEV ICE— freezing precipitation FZDZ, FZRA— severe mountain waves SEV MTW— duststorm, sandstorm DS, SS— blowing snow BLSN — funnel cloud (tornado or

water spout)FC.



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25/11/04 APP 3-12

Table A3-1. Template for the local routine (MET REPORT) and local special (SPECIAL) reports

Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every messageC = inclusion conditional, dependent on

meteorological conditionsO = inclusion optional

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in the local routine and special reports areshown in Table A3-4 of this appendix.

Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations used canbe found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services —ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

Element as specified in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples

Identification of the type of report (M)

Type of report MET REPORT or SPECIAL MET REPORTSPECIAL

Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1

Time of the observation (M)

Day and actual time of the observation in UTC

nnnnnnZ 221630Z

Surface wind (M) Name of the element (M) WIND WIND 240/15KMH(WIND 240/8KT)

Runway (O)2 RWY nn[n] WIND RWY 18 TDZ 190/22KMH(WIND RWY 18 TDZ 190/11KT)Runway section (O)3 TDZ

Wind direction (M) nnn/ VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/ or VRB

CALM WIND VRB4KMH WIND CALM(WIND VRB2KT)WIND VRB BTN 350/ AND 050/4KMH(WIND VRB BTN 350/ AND 050/2KT)

Wind speed (M) [ABV] n[n][n]KMH (or [ABV] n[n]KT) WIND 270/ABV 199KMH(WIND 270/ABV 99KT)

Significant speedvariations (C)4

MAX [ABV] nn [n] MNM n [n] WIND 120/12KMH MAX35 MNM8(WIND 120/6KT MAX18 MNM4)

Significant directional variations (C)5

VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/

—WIND 020/20KMH VRB BTN 350/ AND 070/(WIND 020/10KT VRB BTN 350/ AND 070/)

Runway section (O)3 MID WIND RWY 14R MID 140/22KMH(WIND RWY 14R MID 140/11KT)

Wind direction (O)3 nnn/ VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/ orVRB

CALM

Wind speed (O)3 [ABV] n[n][n]KMH (or [ABV] n[n]KT)


MAX [ABV] nn [n] MNM n [n]



—



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APP 3-13 25/11/04

Runway section (O)3 END WIND RWY 27 TDZ 240/32KMH MAX54 MNM20 END 250/28KMH(WIND RWY 27 TDZ 240/16KT MAX27 MNM10 END 250/14KT)

Wind direction (O)3 nnn/ VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/ or VRB

CALM

Wind speed (O)3 [ABV] n[n][n]KMH (or [ABV] n[n]KT)


MAX [ABV] nn [n] MNM n [n]



—

Visibility (M) Name of the element (M) VIS CAVOK VIS 350M CAVOKVIS 7KMVIS 10KM

Runway (O)2 RWY nn[n]VIS RWY 09 TDZ 800M END 1200M

Runway section (O)3 TDZ

Visibility (M) nn[n][n]M or n[n]KM

Runway section (O)3 MID

Visibility (O)3 nn[n][n]M or n[n]KM

Runway section (O)3 END VIS RWY 18 TDZ 6KM RWY 27 TDZ 4000M

Visibility (O)3 nn[n][n]M or n[n]KM

RVR (C)6 Name of the element (M) RVR RVR RWY 32 400MRVR RWY 20 500M

Runway (C)7 RWY nn[n]

Runway section (C)8 TDZ

RVR (M) [ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M RVR RWY 10 BLW 50MRVR RWY 14 ABV 2000MRVR RWY 10 BLW 150MRVR RWY 12 ABV 1200M

Runway section (C)8 MID RVR RWY 12 TDZ 1100M MID ABV 1400M

RVR (C)8 [ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M

Runway section (C)8 END RVR RWY 16 TDZ 600M MID 500M END 400MRVR RWY 26 500M RWY 20 800MRVR (C)8 [ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M

Present weather (C)9, 10

Intensity of present weather (C)9

FBL or MOD orHVY

—




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25/11/04 APP 3-14

Characteristics and type of present weather (C)9,11

DZ or RA or SN or SG or PL or DS or SS or FZDZ or FZRA or SHGR or SHGS or SHRA or SHSN or TSGR or TSGS or TSPL or TSRA or TSSN

IC or FG or BR or SA or DU or HZ orFU or VA or SQ or PO or FC or TS or BCFG or BLDU or BLSA or BLSN or DRDU or DRSA or DRSN or FZFG or MIFG or PRFG

MOD RA HZHVY TSRA FGHVY DZ VAFBL SN MIFG

HVY TSRASNFBL SNRA

FBL DZ FGHVY SHSN BLSN

Cloud (M)12 Name of the element (M) CLD

Runway (O)2 RWY nn[n]

Cloud amount (M) or vertical visibility (O)9

FEW orSCT orBKN or OVC

OBSC SKC or NSC CLD SCT 300M OVC 600M CLD NSC(CLD SCT 1000FT OVC 2000FT)

CLD OBSC VER VIS 150M CLD SKC(CLD OBSC VER VIS 500FT)

Cloud type (C)9 CB or TCU — CLD BKN TCU 270M(CLD BKN TCU 900FT)

Height of cloud base or the value of vertical visibility (C)9

nn[n][n]M (or nnn[n]FT)

[VER VIS nn[n]M (or VER VIS nnn[n]FT)]

CLD RWY 08 BKN 60M RWY 26 BKN 90M(CLD RWY 08 BKN 200FT RWY 26 BKN 300FT)

Air temperature (M)Name of the element (M) T T17

TMS08Air temperature (M) [MS]nn

Dew-pointtemperature (M)

Name of the element (M) DP DP15DPMS18Dew-point temperature (M) [MS]nn

Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) QNH QNH 0995HPAQNH 1009HPAQNH (M) nnnnHPA

Name of the element (O) QFE QNH 1022HPA QFE 1001HPAQNH 0987HPA QFE RWY 18 0956HPARWY 24 0955HPAQFE (O)

[RWY nn[n]] nnnnHPA [RWY nn[n] nnnnHPA]

Supplementary information (C)9

Significant meteorological phenomena (C)9

CB or TS or MOD TURB or SEV TURB or WS or GR or SEV SQL or MOD ICE or SEV ICE or FZDZ or FZRA or SEV MTW or SS or DS or BLSN or FC13

FC IN APCHWS IN APCH 60M-WIND: 360/50KMHWS RWY 12

Location of the phenomenon (C)9

IN APCH [nnnM-WIND nnn/nnKMH] orIN CLIMB-OUT [nnnM-WIND nnn/nnKMH](IN APCH [nnnFT-WIND nnn/nnKT] orIN CLIMB-OUT [nnnFT-WIND nnn/nnKT]) orRWY nn[n]

Recent weather (C)9, 10 REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSPL or RETSGR or RETSGS or REFC or REPL or REVA

REFZRACB IN CLIMB-OUT RETSRA


15/10/04Corr.



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APP 3-15 25/11/04

Notes.—

1. Fictitious location.2. Optional values for one or more runways.3. Optional values for one or more sections of the runway.4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.4.2 c).5. To be included in accordance with 4.1.4.2 b) 1).6. To be included if visibility or RVR < 1 500 m.7. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 d).8. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 c).9. To be included whenever applicable.10. One or more, up to a maximum of three groups in accordance with 4.4.2.6, 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.

Trend forecast (O)14 Name of the element (M) TREND

Change indicator (M)15 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO TREND NOSIG TREND BECMG FEW 600M(TREND BECMG FEW 2000FT)

Period of change (C)9 FMnnnn and/or TLnnnnorATnnnn

Wind (C)9 nnn/ [ABV] n[n][n]KMH [MAX[ABV]nn[n]] (or nnn/ [ABV] n[n]KT [MAX[ABV]nn])

TREND TEMPO 250/70KMH MAX 100(TREND TEMPO 250/35KT MAX 50)

Visibility (C)9 VIS nn[n][n]M orVIS n[n]KM

CAVOK TREND BECMG AT1800 VIS 10KM NSWTREND BECMG TL1700 VIS 800M FGTREND BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK

Weather phenomenon: intensity (C)9

FBL orMOD orHVY

— NSW TREND TEMPO TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG AT1230 VIS 8KM NSW NSC

Weather phenomenon: characteristics andtype (C)9, 10, 12


IC or FG or BR or SA or DU or HZ or FU or VA or SQ or PO or FC or TS or BCFG or BLDU or BLSA or BLSN or DRDU or DRSA or DRSN or FZFG or MIFG or PRFG

TREND TEMPO FM0300 TL0430 MOD FZRATREND BECMG FM1900 VIS 500M HVY SNRATREND BECMG FM1100 MOD SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN

Name of the element (C)9 CLD

Cloud amount and vertical visibility (C)9

FEW or SCT or BKN or OVC

OBSC SKC or NSC

TREND BECMG AT1130 CLD OVC 300M(TREND BECMG AT1130 CLD OVC 1000FT)

Cloud type (C)9 CB or TCU

— TREND TEMPO TL1530 HVY SHRA CLD BKN CB 360M(TREND TEMPO TL1530 HVY SHRA CLD BKN CB 1200FT)

Height of cloud base or the value of vertical visibility (C)9

nn[n][n]M (or nnn[n]FT)

[VER VIS nn[n]M (or VER VIS nnn[n]FT)]


15/10/04Corr.



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25/11/04 APP 3-16

11. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.6 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to beindicated in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.

12. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.1 g).13. Abbreviated plain language may be used in accordance with 4.8.1.2.14. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.15. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.



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APP 3-17 25/11/04

Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI


meteorological conditions or method ofobservation

O = inclusion optional

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in METAR and SPECI are shown inTable A3-5 of this appendix.



Identification of the type of report (M)

Type of report (M) METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METARMETAR CORSPECI


Time of the observation (M)

Day and actual time of the observation in UTC (M)

nnnnnnZ 221630Z

Identification of an automated or missing report (C)2

Automated or missing report identifier (C)

AUTO or NIL AUTONIL

END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.

Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) nnn VRB 24015KMH VRB4KMH(24008KT) (VRB2KT)19022KMH(19011KT)00000KMH(00000KT)140P199KMH(140P99KT)

Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n]

Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12012G35KMH(12006G18KT)24032G54KMH(24016G27KT)

Units of measurement (M) KMH (or KT)

Significant directionalvariations (C)4

nnnVnnn — 02020KMH 350V070(02010KT 350V070)

Visibility (M) Prevailing or minimum visibility (M)5

nnnn CAVOK

0350 CAVOK7000NDV9999

Unidirectional visibility (C)6

NDV 0800

Minimum visibility (C)7 nnnn 2000 1200NW6000 2800E

Direction of the minimumvisibility (C)7

N or NE or E or SE or S or SW or W or NW

RVR (C)8 Name of the element (M) R R32/0400

R10/M0050R14L/P2000

Runway (M) nn[n]/

RVR (M) [P or M]nnnn R16L/0650 R16C/0500R16R/0450 R17L/0450



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25/11/04 APP 3-18

RVR variations (C)9 V[P or M]nnnn R20/0700V1200R19/0350VP1200

RVR past tendency (C)10 U, D or N R12/1100UR26/0550N R20/0800D

R09/0375V0600UR10/M0150V0500D

Present weather (C)2,11

Intensity or proximity of present weather (C)12

– or + — VC

Characteristics and type of present weather (M)13

DZ or RA or SN or SG or PL or DS or SS or FZDZ or FZRA or FZUP or SHGR or SHGS or SHRA or SHSN or TSGR or TSGS or TSPL or TSRA or TSSN or UP6


FG or PO orFC orDS orSS orTS orSH orBLSN orBLSAorBLDU or VA

RA HZ VCFG+TSRA FG VCSH+DZ VA VCTS–SN MIFG VCBLSA

+TSRASN–SNRA

DZ FG+SHSN BLSNUPFZUP

Cloud (M)14 Cloud amount and height of cloud base or vertical visibility (M)

FEWnnn orSCTnnnorBKNnnn orOVCnnn

VVnnn or VV///

SKCorNSCor NCD6

FEW015 VV005 SKCOVC030 VV/// NSC

SCT010 OVC020 BKN025///

Cloud type (C)2 CB or TCU or III

— BKN009TCU NCD

SCT008 BKN025CB

Air and dew-point temperature (M)

Air and dew-point temperatures (M)

[M]nn/[M]nn 17/1002/M08M01/M10

Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) Q Q0995Q1009Q1022Q0987

QNH (M) nnnn

Supplementary information (C)

Recent weather (C)2, 11 REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSPL or RETSGR or RETSGS or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP

REFZRARETSRA

Wind shear (C)2 WS RWYnn[n] or WS ALL RWY WS RWY03WS ALL RWY

Sea-surface temperature and state of the sea (C)15

W[M]nn/Sn W15/S2


15/10/04Corr.



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APP 3-19 25/11/04

Stateof the runway (C)16

Runway designator (M)

nn SNOCLO 99421594SNOCLO14CLRD//

Runway deposits (M) n or / CLRD//

Extent of runway contamination (M)

n or /

Depth of deposit (M) nn or //

Friction coefficient or braking action (M)

nn or //

Trend forecast (O)17 Change indicator (M)18 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO NOSIG BECMG FEW020

TEMPO 25070G100KMH(TEMPO 25035G50KT)

BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK

BECMG TL1700 0800 FG

BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW

BECMG FM1900 0500 +SNRA

BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN

TEMPO FM0330 TL0430 FZRA

Period of change (C)2 FMnnnn and/orTLnnnnorATnnnn

Wind (C)2 nnn[P]nn[n][G [P]nn[n]]KMH(ornnn[P]nn[G[P] nn]KT)

Prevailing visibility (C)2 nnnn CAVOK

Weather phenomenon:intensity (C)12

– or + — NSW

Weather phenomenon:characteristics and type (C)2,11,13



TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW NSC

BECMG AT1130 OVC010

TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA BKN012CB

Cloud amount and height of cloud base or vertical visibility (C)2

FEWnnn orSCTnnnorBKNnnnorOVCnnn

VVnnn orVV///

SKC

or

NSC

Cloud type (C)2 CB or TCU —


15/10/04Corr.



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25/11/04 APP 3-20

Notes.—

1. Fictitious location.2. To be included whenever applicable.3. To be included in accordance with 4.1.4.2 c).4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.4.2 b) 1).5. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).6. For automated reports only, in accordance with Section 4.9.7. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).8. To be included if visibility or RVR < 1 500 m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).9. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6 b).10. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6 a).11. One or more, up to a maximum of three, groups in accordance with 4.4.2.6, 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.12. To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.5.13. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.6 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to be

indicated in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.14. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.1 g).15. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.4 a).16. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.4 b).17. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.18. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1; normally not exceeding three groups.

Table A3-3. Use of change indicators in trend forecasts

Change indicator Time indicator and period Meaning

NOSIG — no significant changes are forecast

BECMG FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2 the change is forecast to

commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and be completed by n2n2n2n2 UTC

TLnnnn commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and be completed by nnnn UTC

FMnnnn commence at nnnn UTC and be completed by the end of the trend forecast period

ATnnnn occur at nnnn UTC (specified time)

— a) commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and be completed by the end of the trend forecast period; or

b) the time is uncertain

TEMPO FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2 temporary fluctuations are forecast to

commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and cease by n2n2n2n2 UTC

TLnnnn commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and cease by nnnn UTC

FMnnnn commence at nnnn UTC and cease by the end of the trend forecast period

— commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and cease by the end of the trend forecast period



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APP 3-21 25/11/04

Table A3-4. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elementsincluded in local reports

Table A3-5. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI

Element as specified in Chapter 4 Range Resolution

Runway: 01 – 36 1

Wind direction: °true 010 – 360 10

Wind speed: KMHKT

1 – 399*1 – 199*

11

Visibility: MM

KM

0 – 800800 – 5 000

5 – 10

50100

1

RVR: MMM

0 – 400400 – 800

800 – 2 000

2550

100

Vertical visibility: MFT

0 – 6000 – 2 000

30100

Clouds: height of cloud base:

MFT

0 – 1 5000 – 5 000

30100

Air temperature;Dew-point temperature:

°C –80 – +60 1

QNH; QFE: hPa 0500 – 1 100 1

* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 200 km/h (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to399 km/h (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.


Runway: (no units) 01 – 36 1

Wind direction: ° true 000 – 360 10

Wind speed: KMHKT

00 – 399*00 – 199*

11

Visibility: MMMM

0000 – 08000800 – 5 0005 000 – 9 0009 000 – 9 999

50100

1 000999

RVR: MMM

0000 – 04000400 – 08000800 – 2 000

2550

100

Vertical visibility: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 020 1

Clouds: height of cloud base:

30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 050 1

Air temperature;Dew-point temperature: °C –80 – +60 1

QNH: hPa 0850 – 1 100 1

Sea-surface temperature: °C –10 – +40 1

State of the sea: (no units) 0 – 9 1



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25/11/04 APP 3-22

Example A3-1. Routine report

State of the runway Runway designator: (no units) 01 – 36; 51 – 86; 88; 99 1

Runway deposits: (no units) 0 – 9 1

Extent of runway contamination: (no units) 1; 2; 5; 9 —

Depth of deposit: (no units) 00 – 90; 92 – 99 1

Friction coefficient/braking action: (no units) 00 – 95; 99 1

* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 200 km/h (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to399 km/h (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.

a) Local routine report (same location and weather conditions as METAR):

MET REPORT YUDO 221630Z WIND 240/15KMH VIS 600M RVR RWY 12 TDZ 1000M MOD DZ FG CLD SCT300M OVC 600M T17 DP16 QNH 1018 HPA TREND BECMG TL1700 VIS 800M FG BECMG AT1800 VIS 10KMNSW

b) METAR for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:

METAR YUDO 221630Z 24015KMH 0600 R12/1000U DZ FG SCT010 OVC020 17/16 Q1018 BECMG TL1700 0800FG BECMG AT1800 9999 NSW

Meaning of both reports:

Routine report for Donlon/International* issued on the 22nd of the month at 1630 UTC; surface wind direction240 degrees; wind speed 15 kilometres per hour; visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailingvisibility in METAR) 600 metres; runway visual range representative of the touchdown zone for runway 12 is1 000 metres and the runway visual range values have shown an upward tendency during previous 10 minutes (RVRtendency to be included in METAR only); and moderate drizzle and fog; scattered cloud at 300 metres; overcast at600 metres; air temperature 17 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 16 degrees Celsius; QNH 1 018 hectopascals; trendduring next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming800 metres in fog by 1700 UTC; at 1800 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailingvisibility in METAR) becoming 10 kilometres or more and nil significant weather.

* Fictitious location

Note.— In this example, the primary units “kilometre per hour” and “metre” were used for wind speed and height of cloud base, respectively.However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative units “knot” and “foot” may be used instead.




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APP 3-23 25/11/04

Example A3-2. Special report

Example A3-3. Volcanic activity report

a) Local special report (same location and weather conditions as SPECI):

SPECIAL YUDO 151115Z WIND 050/25KT MAX37 MNM10 VIS 1200M HVY TSRA CLD BKN CB 500FT T25DP22 QNH 1008 HPA TREND TEMPO TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG AT1200 VIS 8KM NSW NSC

b) SPECI for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:

SPECI YUDO 151115Z 05025G37KT 3000 1200NE+TSRA BKN005CB 25/22 Q1008 TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMGAT1200 8000 NSW NSC

Meaning of both reports:

Special report for Donlon/International* issued on the 15th of the month at 1115 UTC; surface wind direction 050 degrees;wind speed 25 knots gusting between 10 and 37 knots (minimum wind speed not to be included in SPECI) visibility 1 200metres (along the runway(s) in the local special report); prevailing visibility 3 000 metres (in SPECI) with minimumvisibility 1 200 metres to north east (directional variations to be included in SPECI only); thunderstorm with heavy rain;broken cumulonimbus cloud at 500 feet; air temperature 25 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 22 degrees Celsius;QNH 1 008 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report; prevailingvisibility in SPECI) temporarily 600 metres from 1115 to 1200, becoming at 1200 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) inthe local special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) 8 kilometres, thunderstorm ceases and nil significant weather andnil significant cloud.


Note.— In this example, the non-SI alternative units “knot” and “foot” were used for wind speed and height of cloud base, respectively.However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding primary units “kilometre per hour” and “metre” may be used instead.

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT YUSB* 231500 MT TROJEEN* VOLCANO N5605 W12652 ERUPTED 231445LARGE ASH CLOUD EXTENDING TO APPROX 30000 FEET MOVING SW

Meaning:

Volcanic activity report issued by Siby/Bistock meteorological station at 1500 UTC on the 23rd of the month. Mt. Trojeenvolcano 56 degrees 5 minutes north 126 degrees 52 minutes west erupted at 1445 UTC on the 23rd; a large ash cloudwas observed extending to approximately 30 000 feet and moving in a south-westerly direction.


15/10/04Corr.



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ANNEX 3 APP 4-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS


1. CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS

1.1 Routine air-reports by air-ground data link

1.1.1 When air-ground data link is used and automaticdependent surveillance (ADS) is being applied, the elementscontained in routine air-reports shall be:

Message type designatorAircraft identification

Data block 1Latitude LongitudeLevel Time

Data block 2Wind directionWind speedWind quality flagTemperatureTurbulence (if available)Humidity (if available)

Note.— When ADS is being applied, the requirements ofroutine air-reports may be met by the combination of the basicADS data block (data block 1) and the meteorological infor-mation data block (data block 2), available from ADS reports.The ADS message format is specified in the PANS-ATM(Doc 4444), Part II, Section 14.4 and in Annex 10, Volume III,Part I — Digital Data Communication Systems.

1.1.2 When air-ground data link is used while ADS is notbeing applied, the elements contained in routine reports shallbe in accordance with 1.3.

Note.— When air-ground data link is used while ADS is notbeing applied, the requirements of routine air-reports may bemet by the controller-pilot data link communication (CPDLC)application entitled “Position report”. The details of this datalink application are specified in the Manual of Air TrafficServices Data Link Applications (Doc 9694) and in Annex 10,Volume III, Part I.

1.2 Special air-reports by air-ground data link

When air-ground data link is used, the elements contained inspecial air-reports shall be:

Message type designatorAircraft identification

Data block 1Latitude LongitudeLevelTime

Data block 2Wind directionWind speedWind quality flagTemperatureTurbulence (if available)Humidity (if available)

Data block 3Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report(one condition to be selected from the list presented inTable A4-3).

Note 1.— The requirements of special air-reports may bemet by the data link flight information service (D-FIS) appli-cation entitled “Special air-report service”. The details of thisdata link application are specified in Doc 9694.

Note 2.— In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruptionvolcanic activity, volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud,additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.

1.3 Routine air-reports by voice communications

When voice communications are used, the elements containedin routine air-reports shall be:

Message type designator

Section 1 (Position information)Aircraft identification Position or latitude and longitudeTimeFlight level or altitudeNext position and time over Ensuing significant point

Section 2 (Operational information)Estimated time of arrivalEndurance



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25/11/04 APP 4-2

Section 3 (Meteorological information) Air temperature Wind direction Wind speed Turbulence Aircraft icing Humidity (if available)

1.4 Special air-reports by voice communications

When voice communications are used, the elements containedin special air-reports shall be:

Message type designator

Section 1 (Position information)Aircraft identification Position or latitude and longitudeTimeFlight level or altitude

Section 3 (Meteorological information) Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report,to be selected from the list presented in Table A4-3.

Note 1.— Air-reports are considered routine by default. Themessage type designator for special air-reports is specified inthe PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Appendix 1.

Note 2.— In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruptionvolcanic activity, volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud,additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.

2. CRITERIA FOR REPORTING

2.1 When air-ground data link is used, the wind direction,wind speed, wind quality flag, temperature, turbulence andhumidity included in air-reports shall be reported in accord-ance with the following criteria.

2.2 Wind direction

The wind direction shall be reported in terms of degrees true,rounded to the nearest whole degree.

2.3 Wind speed

The wind speed shall be reported in kilometres per hour orknots, rounded to the nearest 2 km/h (1 knot). The units usedshall be indicated.

2.4 Wind quality flag

The wind quality flag shall be reported as 0 when the rollangle is less than 5 degrees and as 1 when the roll angle is5 degrees or more.

2.5 Temperature

The temperature shall be reported to the nearest tenth of adegree Celsius.

2.6 Turbulence

The turbulence shall be observed in terms of the eddy dissi-pation rate (EDR).

2.6.1 Routine air-reports

The turbulence shall be reported during the en-route phase ofthe flight and shall refer to the 15-minute period immediatelypreceding the observation. Both the average and peak value ofturbulence, together with the time of occurrence of the peakvalue to the nearest minute, shall be observed. The averageand peak values shall be reported in terms of a turbulenceindex comprising seven intensity levels of EDR as indicated inTable A4-1. The time of occurrence of the peak value shall bereported as indicated in Table A4-2.

2.6.2 Interpretation of the turbulence index

Turbulence shall be considered:

a) severe when the turbulence index is between 15 and 27(i.e. the peak value of the EDR is exceeding 0.5);

b) moderate when the turbulence index is between 6 and 14(i.e. the peak value of the EDR is exceeding 0.3 whilenot exceeding 0.5);

c) light when the turbulence index is between 1 and 5 (i.e.the peak value of the EDR is between 0.1 and 0.3); and

d) nil when the turbulence index is 0 (i.e. the peak value ofthe EDR is less than 0.1).

Note.— The EDR is an aircraft-independent measure ofturbulence. However, the relationship between the EDR indexand the perception of turbulence is a function of aircraft type,and the mass, altitude, configuration and airspeed of theaircraft.

2.6.3 Special air-reports

Special air-reports on turbulence shall be made during anyphase of the flight whenever the peak value exceeds the EDR



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APP 4-3 25/11/04

value of 0.5. The special air-report on turbulence shall bemade with reference to the 1-minute period immediately pre-ceding the observation. Both the average and peak value ofturbulence shall be observed. The average and peak valuesshall be reported in terms of a turbulence index as indicated inthe shaded part of Table A4-1. Special air-reports shall beissued every minute until such time that the peak values ofturbulence fall below the EDR value of 0.5.

2.7 Humidity

The humidity shall be reported as the relative humidity,rounded to the nearest whole per cent.

Note.— The ranges and resolutions for the meteorologicalelements included in air-reports are shown in Table A4-4.

3. EXCHANGE OF AIR-REPORTS

3.1 Responsibilities of the meteorologicalwatch offices

3.1.1 The meteorological watch offices shall assemble theroutine air-reports received by voice communications and shalldisseminate them to WAFCs and other meteorological officesin accordance with regional air navigation agreement.

Note.— The exchange of collectives on an hourly basis maybe found desirable when reports are numerous.

3.1.2 The meteorological watch office shall transmitwithout delay the special air-reports received by voicecommunications to WAFCs.

3.1.3 The meteorological watch office shall transmitwithout delay special air-reports of pre-eruption volcanicactivity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud received tothe associated VAACs.

3.1.4 When a special air-report is received at the meteoro-logical watch office but the forecaster considers that thephenomenon causing the report is not expected to persist and,therefore, does not warrant issuance of a SIGMET, the specialair-report shall be disseminated in the same way that SIGMETmessages are disseminated in accordance with Appendix 6,1.2.1, i.e. to meteorological watch offices, WAFCs, and othermeteorological offices in accordance with regional air navi-gation agreement.

3.2 Responsibilities of world area forecast centres

Air-reports received at WAFCs shall be further disseminatedas basic meteorological data.

Note.— The dissemination of basic meteorological data isnormally carried out on the WMO global telecommunicationsystem.

3.3 Supplementary dissemination of air-reports

Recommendation.— Where supplementary disseminationof air-reports is required to satisfy special aeronautical ormeteorological requirements, such dissemination should bearranged between the meteorological authorities concerned.

3.4 Format of air-reports

Air-reports shall be exchanged in the format in which they arereceived, except that when voice communications are used, ifthe position is given by reference to an ATS reporting point, itshall be converted, by the meteorological watch office, into thecorresponding latitude and longitude.

4. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS RELATED TOREPORTING WIND SHEAR AND VOLCANIC ASH

4.1 Reporting of wind shear

4.1.1 Recommendation.— When reporting aircraftobservations of wind shear encountered during the climb-outand approach phases of flight, the aircraft type should beincluded.

4.1.2 Recommendation.— Where wind shear conditionsin the climb-out or approach phases of flight were reported orforecast but not encountered, the pilot-in-command shouldadvise the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon aspracticable unless the pilot-in-command is aware that theappropriate air traffic services unit has already been soadvised by a preceding aircraft.

4.2 Post-flight reportingof volcanic activity

Note.— The detailed instructions for recording andreporting volcanic activity observations are given in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Appendix 1.

4.2.1 On arrival of a flight at an aerodrome, thecompleted report of volcanic activity shall be delivered by theoperator or a flight crew member, without delay, to the aero-drome meteorological office, or if such office is not easilyaccessible to arriving flight crew members, the completedform shall be dealt with in accordance with local arrangementsmade by the meteorological authority and the operator.

4.2.2 The completed report of volcanic activity receivedby a meteorological office shall be transmitted without delayto the meteorological watch office responsible for the pro-vision of meteorological watch for the flight informationregion in which the volcanic activity was observed.



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25/11/04 APP 4-4

Table A4-1. Turbulence index to be reported as a function of the average and peak value of turbulence(Classes corresponding to severe turbulence are shaded)

Table A4-2. Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported

Peak value of turbulence

Average value of turbulence EDR (m2/3 s–1) Nil report

EDR (m2/3 s–1) < 0. 1 0.1 – 0.2 0.2 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.4 0.4 – 0.5 0.5 – 0.8 > 0.8

< 0.1 0 1 3 6 10 15 21

0.1 – 0.2 2 4 7 11 16 22

0.2 – 0.3 5 8 12 17 23

0.3 – 0.4 9 13 18 24

0.4 – 0.5 14 19 25

0.5 – 0.8 20 26

> 0.8 27

Nil report 28

Peak value of turbulence occurring during the one-minute period....... minutes prior to the observation Value to be reported

0 – 1 0

1 – 2 1

2 – 3 2

. . . . . .

13 – 14 13

14 – 15 14

No timing information available 15



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APP 4-5 25/11/04

Table A4-3. Template for the special air-report (downlink)

Key: M = mandatory, part of every messageC = inclusion conditional; included whenever

available

Note.— Message to be prompted by the pilot-in-command.Currently only the condition “SEV TURB” can be automated(see 2.6.3).

Notes.—

1. The index and the time of occurrence to be reported in accordance with Tables A4-1 and A4-2, respectively.2. The turbulence index to be reported in accordance with 2.6.3 and Table A4-1.3. Obscured, embedded or widespread thunderstorms or thunderstorms in squall lines.4. Duststorm or sandstorm.5. Pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.


Message type designator (M) Type of the air-report (M) ARS ARS

Aircraft identification (M) Aircraft radiotelephony call sign (M) nnnnnn VA812

DATA BLOCK 1

Latitude (M) Latitude in degrees and minutes (M) Nnnnn or Snnnn S4506

Longitude (M) Longitude in degrees and minutes (M) Wnnnnn or Ennnnn E01056

Level (M) Flight level (M) FLnnn FL330

Time (M) Time of occurrence in hours and minutes (M) OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1216Z

DATA BLOCK 2

Wind direction (M) Wind direction in degrees true (M) nnn/ 262/

Wind speed (M) Wind speed in kilometres per hour (or knots) (M)

nnnKMH (or nnnKT) 158KMH(079KT)

Wind quality flag (M) Wind quality flag (M) n 1

Temperature (M) Air temperature in tenths of degrees C (M) T[M]nnn T127TM455

Turbulence (C) Turbulence index and the time of occurrence of the peak value (C)1

EDRnn/nn EDR16/08

Humidity (C) Relative humidity in per cent (C) RHnnn RH054

DATA BLOCK 3

Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report (M)

SEV TURB [EDRnn]2 orSEV ICE orSEV MTW orTS GR3 orTS3 orHVY SS4 orVA CLD [FL nnn/nnn] orVA5 [MT nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn]

SEV TURB EDR16;VA CLD FL050/100



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25/11/04 APP 4-6

Table A4-4. Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports


Wind direction: °true 000 – 360 1

Wind speed: KMHKT

00 – 50000 – 250

21

Wind quality flag: (index)* 0 – 1 1

Temperature: °C –80 – +60 0.1

Turbulence: routine air-report: (index)*(time of

occurrence)*

0 – 280 – 15

11

Turbulence: special air-report: (index)* 15 – 27 1

Humidity: % 0 – 100 1

* Non-dimensional



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ANNEX 3 APP 5-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSRELATED TO FORECASTS


1. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF

1.1 TAF format

TAF shall be issued in accordance with the template shown inTable A5-1 and disseminated in the TAF code form prescribedby the World Meteorological Organization.

Note.— The TAF code form is contained in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A —Alphanumeric Codes.

1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF

Note.— Guidance on operationally desirable accuracy offorecasts is given in Attachment B.

1.2.1 Surface wind

Recommendation.— In forecasting surface wind, theexpected prevailing direction should be given. When it is notpossible to forecast a prevailing surface wind direction due toits expected variability, for example, during light wind condi-tions (less than 6 km/h (3 kt)) or thunderstorms, the forecastwind direction should be indicated as variable using “VRB”.When the wind is forecast to be less than 2 km/h (1 kt) the fore-cast wind speed should be indicated as calm. When theforecast maximum speed (gust) exceeds the forecast meanwind speed by 20 km/h (10 kt) or more, the forecast maximumwind speed should be indicated. When a wind speed of200 km/h (100 kt) or more is forecast, it should be indicated tobe more than 199 km/h (99 kt).

1.2.2 Visibility

Recommendation.— When the visibility is forecast to beless than 800 m it should be expressed in steps of 50 m; whenit is forecast to be 800 m or more but less than 5 km, in stepsof 100 m; 5 km or more but less than 10 km in kilometre stepsand when it is forecast to be 10 km, or more it should beexpressed as 10 km, except when conditions of CAVOK areforecast to apply. The prevailing visibility should be forecast.When visibility is forecast to vary in different directions andthe prevailing visibility cannot be forecast, the lowest forecastvisibility should be given.

1.2.3 Weather phenomena

Recommendation.— One or more, up to a maximum ofthree, of the following weather phenomena or combinationsthereof, together with their characteristics and, where appro-priate, intensity should be forecast if they are expected tooccur at the aerodrome:

— freezing precipitation— freezing fog— moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers

thereof)— low drifting dust, sand or snow— blowing dust, sand or snow — duststorm— sandstorm— thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)— squall— funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout)— other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3

only if they are expected to cause a significant changein visibility.

The expected end of occurrence of those phenomena should beindicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.

1.2.4 Cloud

Recommendation.— Cloud amount should be forecastusing the abbreviations “FEW”, “SCT”, “BKN” or “OVC”as necessary. If no clouds are forecast, and the abbreviation“CAVOK” is not appropriate, the abbreviation “SKC” shouldbe used. When it is expected that the sky will remain orbecome obscured and clouds cannot be forecast and infor-mation on vertical visibility is available at the aerodrome, thevertical visibility should be forecast in the form “VV” followedby the forecast value of the vertical visibility. When severallayers or masses of cloud are forecast, their amount and heightof base should be included in the following order:

a) the lowest layer or mass regardless of amount, to beforecast as FEW, SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;

b) the next layer or mass covering more than 2/8, to beforecast as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;

c) the next higher layer or mass covering more than 4/8, tobe forecast as BKN or OVC as appropriate; and



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25/11/04 APP 5-2

d) cumulonimbus clouds, whenever forecast and notalready included under a) to c).

Cloud information should be limited to cloud of operationalsignificance, i.e. cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or the highestminimum sector altitude whichever is greater, and cumulo-nimbus whenever forecast. In applying this limitation, when nocumulonimbus and no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or belowthe highest minimum sector altitude whichever is greater areforecast, and “CAVOK” or “SKC” are not appropriate, theabbreviation “NSC” should be used.

1.2.5 Temperature

Recommendation.— When forecast temperatures areincluded in accordance with regional air navigation agree-ment, the maximum and minimum temperatures expected tooccur during the period of validity of the TAF should be given,together with their corresponding times of occurrence.

1.3 Use of change groups

1.3.1 Recommendation.— The criteria used for theinclusion of change groups in TAF or for the amendment ofTAF should be based on the following:

a) when the surface wind is forecast to change throughvalues of operational significance the threshold valuesshould be established by the meteorological authority inconsultation with the appropriate ATS authority andoperators concerned, taking into account changes in thewind which would:


2) indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswindcomponents will change through values representingthe main operating limits for typical aircraft operat-ing at the aerodrome;

b) when the visibility is forecast to improve and change toor pass through one or more of the following values, orwhen the visibility is forecast to deteriorate and passthrough one or more of the following values:

1) 150, 350, 600, 800, 1 500 or 3 000 m; or

2) 5 000 m in cases where significant numbers of flightsare operated in accordance with the visual flightrules;

c) when any of the following weather phenomena orcombinations thereof are forecast to begin or end orchange in intensity:

— freezing precipitation

— moderate or heavy precipitation (including showersthereof)

— duststorm — sandstorm— other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3,

4.4.2.3 only if they are expected to cause asignificant change in visibility;

d) when the onset or cessation of any of the followingweather phenomena or combinations thereof areforecast to begin or end:

— ice crystals— freezing fog— low drifting dust, sand or snow— blowing dust, sand or snow— thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)— squall— funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout);

e) when the height of base of the lowest layer or mass ofcloud of BKN or OVC extent is forecast to lift andchange to or pass through one or more of the followingvalues, or when the height of the lowest layer or massof cloud of BKN or OVC extent is forecast to lower andpass through one or more of the following values:

1) 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or 1 000 ft); or

2) 450 m (1 500 ft), in cases where significant numbersof flights are operated in accordance with the visualflight rules;

f) when the amount of a layer or mass of cloud below450 m (1 500 ft) is forecast to change:

1) from SKC, FEW or SCT to BKN or OVC; or

2) from BKN or OVC to SKC, FEW or SCT;

g) when cumulonimbus clouds are forecast to develop ordissipate;

h) when the vertical visibility is forecast to improve andchange to or pass through one or more of the followingvalues, or when the vertical visibility is forecast todeteriorate and pass through one or more of the follow-ing values: 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or1 000 ft); and

i) any other criteria based on local aerodrome operatingminima, as agreed between the meteorological authorityand the operators.

1.3.2 Recommendation.— When a change in any of theelements given in Chapter 6, 6.2.3 is required to be indicatedin accordance with the criteria given in 1.3.1, the change indi-cators “BECMG” or “TEMPO” should be used followed bythe time period during which the change is expected to occur.



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APP 5-3 25/11/04

The time period should be indicated as the beginning and endof the period in whole hours UTC. Only those elements forwhich a significant change is expected should be included fol-lowing a change indicator. However, in the case of significantchanges in respect of cloud, all cloud groups, including layersor masses not expected to change, should be indicated.

1.3.3 Recommendation.— The change indicator“BECMG” and the associated time group should be used todescribe changes where the meteorological conditions areexpected to reach or pass through specified threshold values ata regular or irregular rate and at an unspecified time duringthe time period. The time period should normally not exceed2 hours but in any case should not exceed 4 hours.

1.3.4 Recommendation.— The change indicator“TEMPO” and the associated time group should be used todescribe expected frequent or infrequent temporary fluctu-ations in the meteorological conditions which reach or passspecified threshold values and last for a period of less thanone hour in each instance and, in the aggregate, cover lessthan one-half of the forecast period during which the fluctu-ations are expected to occur. If the temporary fluctuation isexpected to last one hour or longer, the change group“BECMG” should be used in accordance with 1.3.3 or thevalidity period should be subdivided in accordance with 1.3.5 .

1.3.5 Recommendation.— Where one set of prevailingweather conditions is expected to change significantly andmore or less completely to a different set of conditions, theperiod of validity should be subdivided into self-containedperiods using the abbreviation “FM” followed immediately bya four-figure time group in whole hours and minutes UTCindicating the time the change is expected to occur. The sub-divided period following the abbreviation “FM” should beself-contained and all forecast conditions given before theabbreviation should be superseded by those following theabbreviation.

1.4 Use of probability groups

Recommendation.— The probability of occurrence of analternative value of a forecast element or elements should beindicated, as necessary, by use of the abbreviation “PROB”followed by the probability in tens of per cent and the timeperiod during which the alternative value(s) is (are) expectedto apply. The probability information should be placed afterthe element or elements forecast and be followed by thealternative value of the element or elements. The probability ofa forecast of temporary fluctuations in meteorologicalconditions should be indicated, as necessary, by use of theabbreviation “PROB” followed by the probability in tens ofper cent, placed before the change indicator “TEMPO” andassociated time group. A probability of an alternative value orchange of less than 30 per cent should not be considered

sufficiently significant to be indicated. A probability of analternative value or change of 50 per cent or more, for avi-ation purposes, should not be considered a probability butinstead should be indicated, as necessary, by use of the changeindicators “BECMG” or “TEMPO” or by subdivision of thevalidity period using the abbreviation “FM”. The probabilitygroup should not be used to qualify the change indicator“BECMG” nor the time indicator “FM”.

1.5 Numbers of change and probability groups

Recommendation.— The number of change and prob-ability groups should be kept to a minimum and should notnormally exceed five groups.

1.6 Dissemination of TAF

TAF and amendments thereto shall be disseminated tointernational OPMET data banks and the centres designated byregional air navigation agreement for the operation ofaeronautical fixed service satellite distribution systems, inaccordance with regional air navigation agreement.

2. CRITERIA RELATED TOTREND FORECASTS

2.1 Format of trend forecasts

Trend forecasts shall be issued in accordance with thetemplates shown in Appendix 3, Tables A3-1 and A3-2. Theunits and scales used in the trend forecast shall be the same asthose used in the report to which it is appended.

Note.— Examples of trend forecasts are given inAppendix 3.

2.2 Inclusion of meteorological elementsin trend forecasts

2.2.1 General provisions

The trend forecast shall indicate significant changes in respectof one or more of the elements: surface wind, visibility,weather and clouds. Only those elements shall be included forwhich a significant change is expected. However, in the caseof significant changes in respect of cloud, all cloud groups,including layers or masses not expected to change, shall beindicated. In the case of a significant change in visibility, thephenomenon causing the reduction of visibility shall also beindicated. When no change is expected to occur, this shall beindicated by the term “NOSIG”.



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25/11/04 APP 5-4

2.2.2 Surface wind

The trend forecast shall indicate changes in the surface windwhich involve:

a) a change in the mean wind direction of 60° or more, themean speed before and/or after the change being 20 km/h(10 kt) or more;

b) a change in mean wind speed of 20 km/h (10 kt) ormore; and

c) changes in the wind through values of operationalsignificance. The threshold values should be establishedby the meteorological authority in consultation with theappropriate ATS authority and operators concerned,taking into account changes in the wind which would:


2) indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswindcomponents will change through values representingthe main operating limits for typical aircraft operat-ing at the aerodrome.

2.2.3 Visibility

When the visibility is expected to improve and change to orpass through one or more of the following values, or when thevisibility is expected to deteriorate and pass through one ormore of the following values: 150, 350, 600, 800, 1 500 or3 000 m, the trend forecast shall indicate the change. Whensignificant numbers of flights are conducted in accordancewith the visual flight rules, the forecast shall additionallyindicate changes to or passing through 5 000 m.

Note.— In trend forecasts appended to local routine andspecial reports, visibility refers to the forecast visibility alongthe runway(s); in trend forecasts appended to METAR andSPECI, visibility refers to the forecast prevailing visibility.

2.2.4 Weather phenomena

2.2.4.1 The trend forecast shall indicate the expectedonset, cessation or change in intensity of one or more, up to amaximum of three, of the following weather phenomena orcombinations thereof:

— freezing precipitation— moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers

thereof)— duststorm— sandstorm— other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3,

only if they are expected to cause a significant change invisibility.

2.2.4.2 The trend forecast shall indicate the expectedonset or cessation of one or more, up to a maximum of three,of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof:

— ice crystals— freezing fog— low drifting dust, sand or snow— blowing dust, sand or snow— thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)— squall— funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).

2.2.4.3 The expected end of occurrence of the weatherphenomena shall be indicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.

2.2.5 Clouds

When the height of the base of a cloud layer of BKN or OVCextent is expected to lift and change to or pass through one ormore of the following values, or when the height of the baseof a cloud layer of BKN or OVC extent is expected to lowerand pass through one or more of the following values: 30, 60,150, 300 and 450 m (100, 200, 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft), thetrend forecast shall indicate the change. When the height of thebase of a cloud layer is below or is expected to fall below orrise above 450 m (1 500 ft), the trend forecast shall also indi-cate changes in cloud amount from SKC, FEW, or SCTincreasing to BKN or OVC, or changes from BKN or OVCdecreasing to SKC, FEW or SCT. When no cumulonimbus andno cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest mini-mum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and“CAVOK” and “SKC” are not appropriate, the abbreviation“NSC” shall be used.

2.2.6 Vertical visibility

When the sky is expected to remain or become obscured andvertical visibility observations are available at the aerodrome,and the vertical visibility is forecast to improve and change toor pass through one or more of the following values, or whenthe vertical visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass throughone or more of the following values: 30, 60, 150 or 300 m(100, 200, 500 or 1 000 ft), the trend forecast shall indicate thechange.

2.2.7 Additional criteria

Criteria for the indication of changes based on local aerodromeoperating minima, additional to those specified in 2.2.2 to2.2.6, shall be used as agreed between the meteorologicalauthority and the operator(s) concerned.

2.3 Use of change indicators

2.3.1 When a change is expected to occur, the trendforecast shall begin with one of the change indicators“BECMG” or “TEMPO”.



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APP 5-5 25/11/04

2.3.2 The change indicator “BECMG” shall be used todescribe forecast changes where the meteorological conditionsare expected to reach or pass through specified values at aregular or irregular rate. The period during which, or the timeat which, the change is forecast to occur shall be indicated,using the abbreviations “FM”, “TL”, or “AT”, as appropriate,each followed by a time group in hours and minutes. When thechange is forecast to begin and end wholly within the trendforecast period, the beginning and end of the change shall beindicated by using the abbreviations “FM” and “TL”, res-pectively, with their associated time groups. When the changeis forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecastperiod but be completed before the end of that period, theabbreviation “FM” and its associated time group shall be omit-ted and only “TL” and its associated time group shall be used.When the change is forecast to begin during the trend forecastperiod and be completed at the end of that period, the abbrevi-ation “TL” and its associated time group shall be omitted andonly “FM” and its associated time group shall be used. Whenthe change is forecast to occur at a specified time during thetrend forecast period, the abbreviation “AT” followed by itsassociated time group shall be used. When the change is fore-cast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast periodand be completed by the end of that period or when the changeis forecast to occur within the trend forecast period but thetime is uncertain, the abbreviations “FM”, “TL” or “AT” andtheir associated time groups shall be omitted and the changeindicator “BECMG” shall be used alone.

2.3.3 The change indicator “TEMPO” shall be used todescribe forecast temporary fluctuations in the meteorologicalconditions which reach or pass specified values and last for aperiod of less than one hour in each instance and, in the aggre-gate, cover less than one-half of the period during which thefluctuations are forecast to occur. The period during which thetemporary fluctuations are forecast to occur shall be indicated,using the abbreviations “FM” and/or “TL”, as appropriate,each followed by a time group in hours and minutes. When theperiod of temporary fluctuations in the meteorological con-ditions is forecast to begin and end wholly within the trendforecast period, the beginning and end of the period of tempor-ary fluctuations shall be indicated by using the abbreviations“FM” and “TL”, respectively, with their associated timegroups. When the period of temporary fluctuations is forecastto commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period butcease before the end of that period, the abbreviation “FM” andits associated time group shall be omitted and only “TL” andits associated time group shall be used. When the period oftemporary fluctuations is forecast to begin during the trendforecast period and cease by the end of that period, theabbreviation “TL” and its associated time group shall be omit-ted and only “FM” and its associated time group shall be used.When the period of temporary fluctuations is forecast to com-mence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and ceaseby the end of that period, both abbreviations “FM” and “TL”and their associated time groups shall be omitted and thechange indicator “TEMPO” shall be used alone.

2.4 Use of the probability indicator

The indicator “PROB” shall not be used in trend forecasts.

3. CRITERIA RELATED TO FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF

3.1 Format of forecasts for take-off

Recommendation.— The format of the forecast should beas agreed between the meteorological authority and the oper-ator concerned. The order of the elements and the terminology,units and scales used in forecasts for take-off should be thesame as those used in reports for the same aerodrome.

3.2 Amendments to forecasts for take-off

Recommendation.— The criteria for the issuance ofamendments for forecasts for take-off for surface winddirection and speed, temperature and pressure and any otherelements agreed locally should be agreed between themeteorological authority and the operators concerned. Thecriteria should be consistent with the corresponding criteriafor special reports established for the aerodrome in accord-ance with Appendix 3, 2.3.1.

4. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA ANDROUTE FORECASTS, OTHER THAN

FORECASTS ISSUED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORKOF THE WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM

4.1 Format of area and route forecasts

4.1.1 Area and route forecasts and amendments thereto,disseminated locally, shall be in one of the forms prescribedfor the exchange of such information between meteorologicaloffices or in another form as agreed locally.

4.1.2 Route forecasts and amendments thereto which areexchanged between meteorological offices shall be in theROFOR code form prescribed by the World MeteorologicalOrganization.

Note.— The ROFOR code form is contained in WMOPublication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A —Alphanumeric Codes.

4.1.3 Recommendation.— The order of the elements inarea and route forecasts (or amendments thereto) in abbrevi-ated plain language should normally follow that of the



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25/11/04 APP 5-6

corresponding coded form of message. The terminology andunits employed should be consistent with those used in therelated aerodrome reports and forecasts. The identifieremployed should be “AREA FCST” or “ROUTE FCST”,respectively, preceded in the case of amendments by “AMD”.The CAVOK procedure applied in TAF should not be used inarea and route forecasts.

4.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts

4.2.1 A list of criteria to be used for amendments to areaand route forecasts shall be established by the meteorologicalauthority, in consultation with operators and other usersconcerned.

4.2.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts shall beissued in accordance with criteria in Appendix 2, 1.4.

5. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREAFORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS

5.1 Format and content ofGAMET area forecasts

When prepared in GAMET format, they shall contain twosections: Section I related to information on en-route weatherphenomena hazardous to low-level flights, prepared in supportof the issuance of AIRMET information, and Section II relatedto additional information required by low-level flights. Thearea forecasts shall contain the following information asnecessary and, when prepared in GAMET format, in the orderindicated. Additional elements in Section II shall be includedin accordance with regional air navigation agreement:

a) location indicator of the air traffic services unit servingthe flight information region(s) to which the area fore-cast for low-level flights refers; for example, “YUCC”;

b) message identification using the abbreviation “GAMET”;

c) date-time groups indicating the period of validity inUTC; for example, “VALID 220600/221200”;

d) location indicator of the meteorological office originat-ing the message, followed by a hyphen to separate thepreamble from the text; for example, “YUDO-”;

e) on the next line, name of the flight information region,or a sub-area thereof, for which the area forecast forlow-level flights is issued; for example “AMSWELLFIR/2 BLW FL120”;

f) on the next line, indication of the beginning of the firstsection of the area forecast using the abbreviation“SECN I”;

g) widespread mean surface wind speed exceeding 60 km/h(30 kt); for example, “SFC WSPD: 10/12 65 KMH”;

h) widespread areas of surface visibility below 5 000 mincluding the weather phenomena causing the reductionof visibility; for example, “SFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BRN OF N51”;

i) significant weather conditions encompassing thunder-storms and heavy sand- and duststorm (except forphenomena for which a SIGMET message has alreadybeen issued); for example, “SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TS”;

j) mountain obscuration; for example, “MT OBSC: MTPASSES S OF N48”;

k) widespread areas of broken or overcast cloud withheight of base less than 300 m (1 000 ft) above groundlevel (AGL) or above mean sea level (AMSL) and/orany occurrence of cumulonimbus (CB) or toweringcumulus (TCU) clouds, giving height indications oftheir bases and tops; for example, “SIG CLD: 06/09OVC 800/1100 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU1200/8000 FT AGL”;

l) icing (except for that occurring in convective clouds andfor severe icing for which a SIGMET message hasalready been issued); for example, “ICE: MODFL050/080”;

m) turbulence (except for that occurring in convectiveclouds and for severe turbulence for which a SIGMETmessage has already been issued); for example, “TURB:MOD ABV FL090”;

n) mountain wave (except for severe mountain wave forwhich a SIGMET message has already been issued); forexample, “MTW: MOD ABV FL080 E OF N63”;

o) SIGMET messages applicable to the FIR concerned orthe sub-area thereof, for which the area forecast is valid;for example, “SIGMET APPLICABLE: 3,5”;

p) on the next line, indication of the beginning of thesecond section of the area forecast using the abbrevi-ation “SECN II”;

q) pressure centres and fronts and their expectedmovements and developments; for example, “PSYS: 06L 1004 HPA N5130 E01000 MOV NE 25 KT WKN”;

r) upper winds and upper-air temperatures for at least thefollowing altitudes: 600, 1 500 and 3 000 m (2 000,5 000 and 10 000 ft); for example, “WIND/T: 2000 FT270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02 10000FT 240/85 KMH MS11”;

s) cloud information not included under k), giving cloudamount, type and height indications of the bases and



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APP 5-7 25/11/04

tops above ground level (AGL) or above mean sea level(AMSL); for example, “CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FTAGL”;

t) height indication of 0° C level(s) above ground level(AGL) or above mean sea level (AMSL), if lower thanthe top of the airspace for which the forecast is supplied;for example, “FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL”;

u) forecast lowest QNH during the period of validity; forexample, “MNM QNH: 1004 HPA”;

v) sea-surface temperature and state of the sea if requiredby regional air navigation agreement; for example,“SEA: T15 HGT 5 M”; and

w) location of volcanic eruptions which are producing ashclouds of significance to aircraft operations, name ofvolcano and time of first eruption, if known; forexample, “VA: MT. HOKKAIDO KOMAGATAKEPSN N4255 E14040 ERUPTED VA CLD TOP 4900 FTMOV SE”.

Each of the items g) to o) and q) to w) shall, when applicable,be included in the GAMET area forecast beginning on a newline and include an indication of the location (referring wherepossible, to latitude and longitude and/or locations orgeographic features well known internationally) and level,where appropriate. Items g) to o) for which no hazardous

phenomenon is expected to occur, or which are alreadycovered by a SIGMET message, shall be omitted from the areaforecast. When no weather phenomena hazardous to low-levelflights occur and no SIGMET information is applicable, theterm “HAZARDOUS WX NIL” shall replace all items listedunder g) to o).

5.2 Amendments to GAMET area forecasts

When a weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level flightshas been included in the GAMET area forecast and thephenomenon forecast does not occur, or is no longer forecast,a GAMET AMD shall be issued, amending only the weatherelement concerned.

Note.— Specifications regarding the issuance of AIRMETinformation amending the area forecast in respect of weatherphenomena hazardous for low-level flights are given inAppendix 6.

5.3 Exchange of area forecasts for low-level flights

Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared in support of theissuance of AIRMET information shall be exchanged betweenmeteorological offices responsible for the issuance of flightdocumentation for low-level flights in the flight informationregions concerned.



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25/11/04 APP 5-8

Table A5-1. Template for TAF


meteorological conditions or method ofobservation

O = inclusion optional

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in TAF are shown in Table A5-3 of thisappendix.



Identification of the type of forecast (M)

Type of forecast (M) TAF or TAF AMD or TAF COR TAFTAF AMD


Time of issue of forecast (M)

Day and time of issue of the forecast in UTC (M)

nnnnnnZ 160000Z

Identification of a missing forecast (C)

Missing forecast identifier (C) NIL NIL

END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS MISSING.

Day and period of validity of forecast (M)

Day and period of the validity of the forecast in UTC (M)

nnnnnn 160624080918

Identification of a cancelled forecast (C)

Cancelled forecast identifier (C) CNL CNL

END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS CANCELLED.

Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) nnn or VRB2 24015KMH; VRB04KMH(24008KT); (VRB02KT)19022KMH(19011KT)

Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n] 00000KMH(00000KT)140P199KMH(140P99KT)

Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12012G35KMH(12006G18KT)24032G54KMH(24016G27KT)Units of measurement (M) KMH (or KT)

Visibility (M) Prevailing visibility (M) nnnn CAVOK

0350 CAVOK700090009999



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APP 5-9 25/11/04

Weather (C)4, 5 Intensity of weatherphenomena (C)6

– or + —

Characteristics and type of weather phenomena (C)7

DZ or RA or SN or SG or PL or DS or SS or FZDZ or FZRA orSHGR or SHGS or SHRA or SHSN or TSGR or TSGS or TSPL or TSRA or TSSN


RA HZ+TSRA FG–FZDZ PRFG

+TSRASN

SNRA FG

Cloud (M)8 Cloud amount andheight of base orvertical visibility (M)

FEWnnnorSCTnnn orBKNnnn orOVCnnn

VVnnn orVV ///

SKC orNSC

FEW010 VV005 SKCOVC020 VV/// NSC

SCT005 BKN012

Cloud type (C)4 CB — SCT008 BKN025CB

Temperature (O)9 Name of the element (M) TX TX25/13Z TN09/05ZTX05/12Z TNM02/03Z

Maximum temperature (M) [M]nn/

Time of occurrence of the maximum temperature (M)

nnZ

Name of the element (M) TN

Minimum temperature (M) [M]nn/

Time of occurrence of the minimum temperature (M)

nnZ

Expected significant changes to one or more of the above elements during the period of validity (C)4, 10

Change or probability indicator (M) PROB30 [TEMPO] or PROB40 [TEMPO] or BECMG or TEMPO or FM

Period of occurrenceor change (M)

nnnn

Wind (C)4 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]KMHorVRBnnKMH(ornnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KTorVRBnnKT)

TEMPO 1518 25070G100KMH(TEMPO 1518 25035G50KT)

TEMPO 1214 17025G50KMH 1000TSRA SCT010CB BKN020(TEMPO 1214 17012G25KT 1000TSRA SCT010CB BKN020)


15/10/04Corr.



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25/11/04 APP 5-10

Notes.—

1. Fictitious location.2. To be used in accordance with 1.2.1.3. To be included in accordance with 1.2.1.4. To be included whenever applicable.5. One or more, up to a maximum of three, groups in accordance with 1.2.3.6. To be included whenever applicable in accordance with 1.2.3. No qualifier for moderate intensity.7. Weather phenomena to be included in accordance with 1.2.3.8. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 1.2.4.9. To be included in accordance with 1.2.5.10. To be included in accordance with 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5.

Prevailing visibility (C)4 nnnn CAVOK

BECMG 1011 00000KMH 2400 OVC010(BECMG 1011 00000KT 2400 OVC010)

PROB30 1214 0800 FG

Weather phenomenon:intensity (C)6

– or + — NSW BECMG 1214 RATEMPO 0304 FZRA

TEMPO 1215 BLSN

PROB40 TEMPO 0608 0500 FG

Weather phenomenon: characteristics and type (C)4, 7

DZ or RA orSN or SG or PL or DS or SS or FZDZ or FZRA or SHGR or SHGS or SHRA or SHSN or TSGR or TSGS or TSPL orTSRA or TSSN

IC or FG or BR or SA or DU or HZ or FU or VA or SQ or PO or FC or TS or BCFG or BLDU or BLSA or BLSN or DRDU or DRSA orDRSN or FZFG orMIFG or PRFG

Cloud amount and height of base or vertical visibility (C)4

FEWnnn or SCTnnn orBKNnnn orOVCnnn

VVnnn orVV///

SKC or NSC FM1230 15015KMH 9999 BKN020(FM1230 15008KT 9999 BKN020)

BECMG 1820 8000 NSW NSC

Cloud type (C)4 CB — BECMG 0608 SCT015CB BKN020


15/10/04Corr.



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APP 5-11 25/11/04

Table A5-2. Use of change and time indicators in TAF

Table A5-3. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF

Change or time indicator Time period Meaning

FM nhnhnmnm used to indicate a significant change in most weather elements occurring at nhnh hours and nmnm minutes (UTC);all the elements given before “FM” are to be included following “FM” (i.e. they are all superseded by those following the abbreviation)

BECMG n1n1n2n2 the change is forecast to commence at n1n1 hours (UTC) and be completed by n2n2 hours (UTC);only those elements for which a change is forecast are to be given following “BECMG”;the time period n1n1n2n2 should normally be less than 2 hours and in any case should not exceed 4 hours

TEMPO n1n1n2n2 temporary fluctuations are forecast to commence at n1n1 hours (UTC) and cease by n2n2 hours (UTC);only those elements for which fluctuations are forecast are to be given following “TEMPO”;temporary fluctuations should not last more than one hour in each instance, and in the aggregate, cover less than half of the period n1n1n2n2

PROBnn — n1n1n2n2 probability of occurrence (in %) of an alternative value of a forecast element or elements;nn = 30 or nn = 40 only;to be placed after the element(s) concerned

—

TEMPO n1n1n2n2 probability of occurrence of temporary fluctuations


Wind direction: ° true 000 – 360 10

Wind speed: KMHKT

00 – 399*00 – 199*

1 1

Visibility: MMMM

0000 – 08000800 – 5 0005 000 – 9 0009 000 – 9 999

50 100

1 000 999

Vertical visibility: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 020 1

Cloud: height of base: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 050 1

Air temperature (maximum and minimum):

°C –80 – +60 1

* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 200 km/h (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speedsup to 399 km/h (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.



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25/11/04 APP 5-12

Example A5-1. TAF

Example A5-2. Cancellation of TAF

TAF for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:

TAF YUDO 160000Z 160624 13018KMH 9000 BKN020 BECMG 0608 SCT015CB BKN020 TEMPO 081217025G45KMH 1000 TSRA SCT010CB BKN020 FM1230 15015KMH 9999 BKN020

Meaning of the forecast:

TAF for Donlon/International* issued on the 16th of the month at 0000 UTC valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC on the16th of the month; surface wind direction 130 degrees; wind speed 18 kilometres per hour; visibility 9 kilometres, brokencloud at 600 metres; becoming between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC, scattered cumulonimbus cloud at 450 metres and bro-ken cloud at 600 metres; temporarily between 0800 UTC and 1200 UTC surface wind direction 170 degrees; wind speed25 kilometres per hour gusting to 45 kilometres per hour; visibility 1 000 metres in a thunderstorm with moderate rain,scattered cumulonimbus cloud at 300 metres and broken cloud at 600 metres; from 1230 UTC surface wind direction 150degrees; wind speed 15 kilometres per hour; visibility 10 kilometres or more; and broken cloud at 600 metres.


Note.— In this example, the primary units “kilometre per hour” and “metre” were used for wind speed and height of cloud base, respectively.However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative units “knot” and “foot” may be used instead.

Cancellation of TAF for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:

TAF AMD YUDO 161500Z 160624 CNL

Meaning of the forecast:

Amended TAF for Donlon/International* issued on the 16th of the month at 1500 UTC cancelling the previously issuedTAF valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC on the 16th of the month.




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APP 5-13 25/11/04

Example A5-3. GAMET area forecast

YUCC GAMET VALID 220600/221200 YUDOAMSWELL FIR/2 BLW FL100SECN ISFC WSPD: 10/12 65 KMHSFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BR N OF N51SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TSSIG CLD: 06/09 OVC 800/1100 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU 1200/8000 FT AGLICE: MOD FL050/080TURB: MOD ABV FL090SIGMETS APPLICABLE: 3, 5SECN IIPSYS: 06 L 1004 HPA N5130 E01000 MOV NE 25 KT WKNWIND/T: 2000 FT 270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02 10000 FT 240/85 KMH

MS11CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FT AGLFZLVL: 3000 FT AGLMNM QNH: 1004 HPASEA: T15 HGT 5MVA: NIL

Meaning: An area forecast for low-level flights (GAMET) issued for sub-area two of theAmswell* flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell area control centre)for below flight level 100 by the Donlon/International* meteorological office (YUDO);the message is valid from 0600 UTC to 1200 UTC on the 22nd of the month.

Section I:surface wind speeds: between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC 65 kilometres per hour; surface visibility: between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC 3 000 metres north of 51 degrees north (due to

mist);significant weather phenomena: between 1100 UTC and 1200 UTC isolated thunderstorms without hail;significant clouds: between 0600 UTC and 0900 UTC overcast base 800, top 1 100 feet above ground level

north of 51 degrees north; between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC isolated toweringcumulus base 1 200, top 8 000 feet above ground level;

icing: moderate between flight level 050 and 080; turbulence: moderate above flight level 090 (at least up to flight level 100); SIGMET messages: 3 and 5 applicable to the validity period and sub-area concerned.

Section II:pressure systems: at 0600 UTC low pressure of 1 004 hectopascals at 51.5 degrees north 10.0 degrees

east, expected to move north-eastwards at 25 knots and to weaken; winds and temperatures: at 2 000 feet above ground level wind direction 270 degrees; wind speed 70 kilometres

per hour, temperature plus 3 degrees Celsius; at 5 000 feet above ground level winddirection 250 degrees; wind speed 80 kilometres per hour, temperature minus 2 degreesCelsius; at 10 000 feet above ground level wind direction 240 degrees; wind speed85 kilometres per hour, temperature minus 11 degrees Celsius;

clouds: broken stratocumulus, base 2 500 feet, top 8 000 feet above ground level; freezing level: 3 000 feet above ground level; minimum QNH: 1 004 hectopascals; sea: surface temperature 15 degrees Celsius; and state of sea 5 metres; volcanic ash: nil.

* Fictitious locations



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ANNEX 3 APP 6-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS

AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS


Note.— Data type designators to be used in abbreviatedheadings for SIGMET, AIRMET, tropical cyclone and volcanicash advisory messages are given in WMO PublicationNo. 386, Manual on the Global Telecommunication System.

1. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOSIGMET INFORMATION

1.1 Format of SIGMET messages

1.1.1 The content and order of elements in a SIGMETmessage shall be in accordance with the template shown inTable A6-1.

1.1.2 Messages containing SIGMET information forsubsonic aircraft shall be identified as “SIGMET”, those con-taining SIGMET information for supersonic aircraft duringtransonic or supersonic flight shall be identified as “SIGMETSST”.

1.1.3 The sequence number referred to in the template inTable A6-1 shall correspond with the number of SIGMETmessages issued for the flight information region since 0001UTC on the day concerned. Separate series of sequencenumbers shall be used for “SIGMET” and “SIGMET SST”messages. The meteorological watch offices whose area ofresponsibility encompasses more than one FIR and/or CTAshall issue separate SIGMET messages for each FIR and/orCTA within its area of responsibility.

1.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1, onlyone of the following phenomena shall be included in aSIGMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:

a) at a subsonic cruising levels:

thunderstorm— obscured OBSC TS— embedded EMBD TS— frequent FRQ TS— squall line SQL TS— obscured with hail OBSC TSGR— embedded with hail EMBD TSGR— frequent, with hail FRQ TSGR— squall line with hail SQL TSGR

tropical cyclone— tropical cyclone TC (+ cyclone name)

with 10-minutemean surface wind speed of 63 km/h (34 kt) or more

turbulence— severe turbulence SEV TURB

icing— severe icing SEV ICE— severe icing due to SEV ICE (FZRA)

freezing rain

mountain wave— severe mountain wave SEV MTW

duststorm— heavy duststorm HVY DS

sandstorm— heavy sandstorm HVY SS

volcanic ash— volcanic ash VA (+ volcano name,

(irrespective of altitude) if known)

b) at transonic levels and supersonic cruising levels:

turbulence— moderate turbulence MOD TURB — severe turbulence SEV TURB

cumulonimbus— isolated cumulonimbus ISOL CB— occasional cumulonimbus OCNL CB— frequent cumulonimbus FRQ CB

hail— hail GR

volcanic ash— volcanic ash VA (+ volcano name,

(irrespective of altitude) if known)

1.1.5 SIGMET information shall not contain unnecessarydescriptive material. In describing the weather phenomena forwhich the SIGMET is issued, no descriptive material



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25/11/04 APP 6-2

additional to that given in 1.1.4 shall be included. SIGMETinformation concerning thunderstorms or a tropical cycloneshall not include references to associated turbulence and icing.

1.1.6 Recommendation.— Meteorological watch officesin a position to do so should issue SIGMET information forvolcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones in graphical formatusing the WMO BUFR code form, in addition to the issuanceof this SIGMET information in abbreviated plain language inaccordance with 1.1.1.


1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages

1.2.1 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated tometeorological watch offices, WAFCs and to other meteoro-logical offices in accordance with regional air navigationagreement. SIGMET messages for volcanic ash shall also bedisseminated to VAACs.

1.2.2 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated to inter-national OPMET data banks and the centres designated byregional air navigation agreement for the operation ofaeronautical fixed service satellite distribution systems, inaccordance with regional air navigation agreement.

2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOAIRMET INFORMATION

2.1 Format of AIRMET messages

2.1.1 The content and order of elements in an AIRMETmessage shall be in accordance with the template shown inTable A6-1.

2.1.2 The sequence number referred to in the template inTable A6-1 shall correspond with the number of AIRMETmessages issued for the flight information region since0001 UTC on the day concerned. The meteorological watchoffices whose area of responsibility encompasses more thanone FIR and/or CTA shall issue separate AIRMET messagesfor each FIR and/or CTA within its area of responsibility.

2.1.3 The flight information region shall be divided insub-areas, as necessary.

2.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1, onlyone of the following phenomena shall be included in anAIRMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:

at cruising levels below flight level 100 (or below flight level150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary):

— surface wind speed – widespread mean surface SFC WSPD

wind speed above (+ wind speed and units)60 km/h (30 kt)

— surface visibility– widespread areas affected SFC VIS

by reduction of (+ visibility)visibility to less than (+ one of the following 5 000 m, including the weather phenomenaweather phenomenon or combinations thereof:causing the reduction of BR, DS, DU, DZ, FC, visibility FG, FU, GR, GS, HZ,

IC, PL, PQ, RA,SA, SG, SN, SQ, SSor VA)

— thunderstorms– isolated thunderstorms ISOL TS

without hail– occasional thunderstorms OCNL TS

without hail– isolated thunderstorms ISOL TSGR

with hail– occasional thunderstorms OCNL TSGR

with hail

— mountain obscuration– mountains obscured MT OBSC

— cloud– widespread areas of broken

or overcast cloud with height of base less than 300 m (1 000 ft) above ground level:– broken BKN CLD (+ height of

the base and top and units)

– overcast OVC CLD (+ height ofthe base and topand units)

– cumulonimbus clouds which are:– isolated ISOL CB– occasional OCNL CB– frequent FRQ CB

– towering cumulus clouds which are:– isolated ISOL TCU– occasional OCNL TCU– frequent FRQ TCU

— icing– moderate icing MOD ICE

(except for icingin convective clouds)



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APP 6-3 25/11/04

— turbulence– moderate turbulence MOD TURB

(except for turbulence inconvective clouds)

— mountain wave – moderate mountain wave MOD MTW

2.1.5 AIRMET information shall not contain unnecessarydescriptive material. In describing the weather phenomena forwhich the AIRMET is issued, no descriptive materialadditional to that given in 2.1.4 shall be included. AIRMETinformation concerning thunderstorms or cumulonimbusclouds shall not include references to associated turbulenceand icing.

Note.— The specifications for SIGMET information whichis also applicable to low-level flights are given in 1.1.4.

2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages

2.2.1 Recommendation.— AIRMET messages should bedisseminated to meteorological watch offices in adjacent flightinformation regions and to other meteorological offices, asagreed by the meteorological authorities concerned.

2.2.2 Recommendation.— AIRMET messages should betransmitted to international operational meteorological databanks and the centres designated by regional air navigationagreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service sat-ellite distribution systems, in accordance with regional airnavigation agreement.

3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATEDTO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS

Note.— This appendix deals with the uplink of special air-reports. The general specifications related to special air-reports are in Appendix 4.

3.1 Recommendation.— Special air-reports should beuplinked for 60 minutes after their issuance.

3.2 Recommendation.— Information on wind andtemperature included in automated special air-reports shouldnot be uplinked to other aircraft in flight.

4. DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TOSIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES

AND SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK)

4.1 Identification of the flight information region

Recommendation.— In cases where the airspace isdivided into a flight information region (FIR) and an upper

flight information region (UIR), the SIGMET should be ident-ified by the location indicator of the air traffic services unitserving the FIR.

Note.— The SIGMET message applies to the wholeairspace within the lateral limits of the FIR, i.e. to the FIR andto the UIR. The particular areas and/or flight levels affectedby the meteorological phenomena causing the issuance of theSIGMET are given in the text of the message.

4.2 Criteria related to phenomena includedin SIGMET and AIRMET messages

and special air-reports (uplink)

4.2.1 Recommendation.— An area of thunderstorms andcumulonimbus clouds should be considered:

a) obscured (OBSC) if it is obscured by haze or smoke orcannot be readily seen due to darkness;

b) embedded (EMBD) if it is embedded within cloud layersand cannot be readily recognized;

c) isolated (ISOL) if it consists of individual features whichaffect, or are forecast to affect, an area with a maximumspatial coverage less than 50 per cent of the areaconcerned (at a fixed time or during the period ofvalidity); and

d) occasional (OCNL) if it consists of well-separatedfeatures which affect, or are forecast to affect, an areawith a maximum spatial coverage between 50 and75 per cent of the area concerned (at a fixed time orduring the period of validity).

4.2.2 Recommendation.— An area of thunderstormsshould be considered frequent (FRQ) if within that area thereis little or no separation between adjacent thunderstorms witha maximum spatial coverage greater than 75 per cent of thearea affected, or forecast to be affected, by the phenomenon(at a fixed time or during the period of validity).

4.2.3 Recommendation.— Squall line (SQL) shouldindicate a thunderstorm along a line with little or no spacebetween individual clouds.

4.2.4 Recommendation.— Hail (GR) should be used asa further description of the thunderstorm, as necessary.

4.2.5 Recommendation.— Severe and moderateturbulence (TURB) should refer only to: low-level turbulenceassociated with strong surface winds; rotor streaming; or tur-bulence whether in cloud or not in cloud (CAT). Turbulenceshould not be used in connection with convective clouds.



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25/11/04 APP 6-4

4.2.6 Turbulence shall be considered:

a) severe whenever the turbulence index is between 15 and27 (i.e. the peak value of the eddy dissipation rate(EDR) exceeds 0.5); and

b) moderate whenever the turbulence index is between 6and 14 (i.e. the peak value of the eddy dissipation rate(EDR) exceeds 0.3 while not exceeding 0.5).

4.2.7 Recommendation.— Severe and moderate icing(ICE) should refer to icing in other than convective clouds.Freezing rain (FZRA) should refer to severe icing conditionscaused by freezing rain.

4.2.8 Recommendation.— A mountain wave (MTW)should be considered:

a) severe whenever an accompanying downdraft of 3.0 m/s(600 ft/min) or more and/or severe turbulence isobserved or forecast; and

b) moderate whenever an accompanying downdraft of1.75–3.0 m/s (350–600 ft/min) and/or moderate turbu-lence is observed or forecast.

4.2.9 Recommendation.— In the outlook of SIGMETmessages for volcanic ash, up to four layers or levels shouldbe included.

5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOAERODROME WARNINGS

5.1 Format and dissemination ofaerodrome warnings

5.1.1 The aerodrome warnings shall be issued in accord-ance with the template in Table A6-2 where required byoperators or aerodrome services, and shall be disseminated inaccordance with local arrangements to those concerned.

5.1.2 Recommendation.— In accordance with thetemplate in Table A6-2, aerodrome warnings should relate tothe occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of thefollowing phenomena:

— tropical cyclone (to be included if the 10-minute meansurface wind speed at the aerodrome is expected to be63 km/h (34 kt) or more)

— thunderstorm— hail— snow (including the expected or observed snow

accumulation)— freezing precipitation— hoar frost or rime— sandstorm— duststorm

— rising sand or dust— strong surface wind and gusts— squall— frost— volcanic ash— other phenomena as agreed locally.

5.1.3 Recommendation.— The use of text additional tothe abbreviations listed in the template in Table A6-2 shouldbe kept to a minimum. The additional text should be preparedin abbreviated plain language using approved ICAOabbreviations and numerical values. If no ICAO approvedabbreviations are available, English plain language textshould be used.

5.2 Quantitative criteria foraerodrome warnings

Recommendation.— When quantitative criteria arenecessary for the issue of aerodrome warnings covering, forexample, the expected maximum wind speed or the expectedtotal snowfall, the criteria should be established by agreementbetween the meteorological office and the users of thewarnings.

6. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOWIND SHEAR WARNINGS

6.1 Detection of wind shear

Recommendation.— Evidence of the existence of windshear should be derived from:

a) ground-based wind shear remote-sensing equipment, forexample, Doppler radar;

b) ground-based wind shear detection equipment, forexample, a system of surface wind and/or pressuresensors located in an array monitoring a specific run-way or runways and associated approach and departurepaths;

c) aircraft observations during the climb-out or approachphases of flight to be made in accordance withChapter 5; or

d) other meteorological information, for example, fromappropriate sensors located on existing masts or towersin the vicinity of the aerodrome or nearby areas of highground.

Note.— Wind shear conditions are normally associatedwith the following phenomena:

— thunderstorms, microbursts, funnel cloud (tornado orwaterspout), and gust fronts



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APP 6-5 25/11/04

— frontal surfaces— strong surface winds coupled with local topography— sea breeze fronts— mountain waves (including low-level rotors in the

terminal area)— low-level temperature inversions.

6.2 Format and dissemination ofwind shear warnings

Note.— Information on wind shear is also to be included assupplementary information in local routine and special reportsand METAR and SPECI in accordance with the templates inTables A3-1 and A3-2.

6.2.1 The wind shear warnings shall be prepared inabbreviated plain language in accordance with the template inTable A6-3 and disseminated for aerodromes where windshear is considered a factor in accordance with local arrange-ments with the appropriate ATS authority and operatorsconcerned and by the meteorological office designated to pro-vide service for the aerodrome or disseminated directly fromautomated ground-based wind shear remote-sensing ordetection equipment referred to in 6.1 a) and b).

6.2.2 Recommendation.— Where microbursts are ob-served, reported by pilots or detected by ground-based windshear detection or remote-sensing equipment, the wind shearwarning should include a specific reference to microburst.

6.2.3 Recommendation.— Where information fromground-based wind shear detection or remote-sensing

equipment is used to prepare a wind shear warning, the warn-ing should, if practicable, relate to specific sections of the run-way and distances along the approach path or take-off path asagreed between the meteorological authority, the appropriateATS authority and the operators concerned.

6.2.4 Recommendation.— When an aircraft report isused to prepare a wind shear warning, or to confirm a warn-ing previously issued, the corresponding aircraft report,including the aircraft type, should be given unchanged in thewarning.

Note 1.— Following reported encounters by both arrivingand departing aircraft two different wind shear warnings mayexist, one for arriving aircraft and one for departing aircraft.

Note 2.— Specifications for reporting the intensity of windshear are still undergoing development. It is recognized,however, that pilots, when reporting wind shear, may use thequalifying terms “moderate”, “strong” or “severe”, based toa large extent on their subjective assessment of the intensity ofthe wind shear encountered. In accordance with 6.2.4, suchreports are to be incorporated unchanged in wind shearwarnings.

6.2.5 Recommendation.— The use of text additional tothe abbreviations listed in the template in Table A6-3 shouldbe kept to a minimum. The additional text should be preparedin abbreviated plain language using approved ICAOabbreviations and numerical values. If no ICAO approvedabbreviations are available, English plain language textshould be used.



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25/11/04 APP 6-6

Table A6-1. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink)

Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every messageC = inclusion conditional, included whenever

applicable= = a double line indicates that the text

following it should be placed on thesubsequent line

Note.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in SIGMET/AIRMET messages and inspecial air-reports are shown in Table A6-4 of this appendix.

Element as specified in

Chapter 5 and Appendix 6 Detailed content

Template(s)

ExamplesSIGMET SIGMET SST1 AIRMETSPECIAL

AIR-REPORT2

Location indicator of FIR/CTA (M)3

ICAO location indicator of the ATS unit serving the FIR or CTA to which the SIGMET/AIRMET refers (M)

nnnn — YUCC4

YUDD4

Identification (M)

Message identification and sequence number5 (M)

SIGMET [nn]n SIGMET SST [nn]n AIRMET [nn]n ARS SIGMET 5SIGMET A3SIGMET SST 1AIRMET 2ARS

Validity period (M)

Date-time groups indicating the period of validity in UTC (M)

VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn —6 VALID 221215/221600VALID 101520/101800VALID 251600/252200

Location indicator of MWO (M)

Location indicator of MWO originating the message with a separating hyphen (M)

nnnn— YUDO—4

YUSO—4

Name of the FIR/CTA or aircraft identification (M)

Location indicator and name of the FIR/CTA7 for which the SIGMET/AIRMET is issued or aircraft radiotelephony call sign (M)

nnnn nnnnnnnnnn FIR[/UIR] or nnnnnnnnnnnnnn CTA

nnnn nnnnnnnnnn FIR[/n]

nnnnnn YUCC AMSWELL FIR4

YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR4

YUCC AMSWELL FIR/24

YUDD SHANLON FIR4

VA812

IF THE SIGMET IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.



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APP 6-7 25/11/04

Phenomenon (M)8 Description of phenomenon causing the issuance of SIGMET/AIRMET (C)

OBSC9 TS [GR10]EMBD12 TS [GR]FRQ13 TS [GR]SQL14 TS [GR]

TC nnnnnnnnnn

SEV TURB11

SEV ICE19

SEV ICE (FZRA)20

SEV MTW21

HVY DSHVY SS

VA[ERUPTION][MT nnnnnnnnnn] [LOC Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Ennn[nn] or Wnnn[nn]] VA CLD

MOD TURB11 SEV TURB

ISOL15 CB16

OCNL18 CBFRQ13 CB

GR

VA[ERUPTION] [MT nnnnnnnnnn] [LOCNnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Ennn[nn] or Wnnn[nn]] VA CLD

SFC WSPD nn[n]KMH (or SFC WSPD nn[n]KT)

SFC VIS nnnnM (nn)17

ISOL15 TS[GR]10

OCNL18 TS[GR]

MT OBSC

BKN CLDnnn/[ABV]nnnnM(or BKN CLDnnn/[ABV]nnnnFT)

OVC CLDnnn/[ABV]nnnnM(or OVC CLDnnn/[ABV]nnnnFT)ISOL15 CB16

OCNL18 CBFRQ13 CB

ISOL15 TCU16

OCNL18 TCU16

FRQ13 TCU

MOD TURB11

MOD ICE19

MOD MTW21

TSTSGR

SEV TURBSEV ICE

SEV MTW

HVY SS

VA CLD [FL nnn/nnn]VA [MT nnnnnnnnnn]

MOD TURB11

GR10

CB16

SEV TURBFRQ TSOBSC TSGREMBD TSGRTC GLORIA

VA ERUPTION MT ASHVAL LOC S15E073 VA CLD

MOD TURBMOD MTWISOL CB

BKN CLD 120/900M(BKN CLD400/3000FT)

OVC CLD270/ABV3000M(OVC CLD900/ABV10000FT)

SEV ICE

Observed or forecast phenomenon (M)

Indication whether the information is observed and expected to continue, or forecast (M)

OBS [AT nnnnZ]FCSTOBS [AT nnnnZ] AND FCST

OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1210ZOBSOBS AND FCST



Template(s)


AIR-REPORT2



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25/11/04 APP 6-8

Location (C) Location (referring to latitude and longitude (in degrees and minutes) or locations or geographic features well known internationally)

Nnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] orNnn[nn] Ennn[nn] orSnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] orSnn[nn] Ennn[nn] orN OF Nnn[nn] orS OF Nnn[nn] orN OF Snn[nn] orS OF Snn[nn] or [AND]W OF Wnnn[nn] orE OF Wnnn[nn] orW OF Ennn[nn] orE OF Ennn[nn]or[N OF, NE OF, E OF, SE OF, S OF, SW OF, W OF, NW OF] nnnnnnnnnnnnorWI Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] —Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] —Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] —[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] —Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]

NnnnnWnnnnn orNnnnnWnnnnn orSnnnnWnnnnn orSnnnnEnnnnn

S OF N54N OF N50N2020 W07005YUSB4

N2706 W07306

N48 E010

N OF N1515 ANDW OF E13530

W OF E1554

WI N6030 E02550 - N6055 E02500 - N6050 E02630

Level (C) Flight level andextent22(C)

FLnnn or FLnnn/nnn or TOP FLnnn or [TOP] ABV FLnnn or [TOP] BLW FLnnn or BLW nnnnM (or BLW nnnnFT)

or23

CB TOP [ABV] FLnnn WI nnnKM OF CENTRE (or CB TOP [ABV] FLnnn WI nnnNM OF CENTRE) orCB TOP [BLW] FLnnn WI nnnKM OF CENTRE (or CB TOP [BLW] FLnnn WI nnnNM OF CENTRE)

or24

FLnnn/nnn [APRX nnnKM BY nnnKM][Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]](or FLnnn/nnn [APRX nnnNM BY nnnNM][Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]])

FLnnn FL180FL050/080TOP FL390BLW FL200TOP ABV FL100FL310/450

CB TOP FL500 WI 270KM OF CENTRE(CB TOP FL500 WI 150NM OF CENTRE)

FL310/350 APRX 220KM BY 35KM

FL390

Movement or expected movement (C)

Movement or expected movement (direction and speed) with reference to one of the eight points of compass, or stationary (C)

MOV N [nnKMH] or MOV NE [nnKMH] or MOV E [nnKMH] or MOV SE [nnKMH] or MOV S [nnKMH] or MOV SW [nnKMH] or MOV W [nnKMH] or MOVNW[nnKMH](or MOV N [nnKT] or MOV NE [nnKT] or MOV E [nnKT] or MOV SE [nnKT] or MOVS[nnKT] or MOV SW [nnKT] or MOV W [nnKT] or MOV NW [nnKT]) orSTNR

— MOV E 40KMH(MOV E 20KT)

MOV SESTNR

Changes in intensity (C)

Expected changes in intensity (C)

INTSF or WKN or NC — WKN



Template(s)


AIR-REPORT2



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APP 6-9 25/11/04

Notes.—

1. In accordance with 1.1.2.2. No wind and temperature to be uplinked to other aircraft in flight in accordance with 3.2.3. See 4.1.4. Fictitious location.5. In accordance with 1.1.3 and 2.1.2.6. See 3.1.7. See 2.1.3.8. In accordance with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.9. In accordance with 4.2.1 a).10. In accordance with 4.2.4.11. In accordance with 4.2.5 and 4.2.6.12. In accordance with 4.2.1 b).

Forecast position (C)22

Forecast position of volcanic ash cloud or the centre of the TC at the end of the validity period of the SIGMET message (C)

FCST nnnnZ TC CENTRENnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] orFCST nnnnZ VA CLD APRXNnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] [ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]

— — FCST 2200Z TC CENTRE N2740 W07345

FCST 1700Z VA CLD APRX S15 E075 – S15 E081 – S17 E083 – S18 E079 – S15 E075

Outlook22 (C) Outlook providing information beyond the period of validity of the trajectory of the volcanic ash cloud and positions of the tropical cyclone centre (C)

OTLK nnnnnn TC CENTRENnnnn or SnnnnWnnnnn or Ennnnnnnnnnn TC CENTRE Nnnnn or SnnnnWnnnnn or EnnnnnorOTLK nnnnn VA CLD APRX[FLnnn/nnn]25 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]nnnnnn VA CLD APRXNnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] [ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]][ – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]

— OTLK 260400 TC CENTRE N28030 W07430 261000 TC CENTRE N3100 W07600

OTLK 212300 VA CLD APRX S16 E078 –S17 E084 – S18 E089 – S19 E081 – S16 E078 220300VA CLD APRX S17 E081 –S18 E086 – S20 E092 – S21 E084 –S17 E081

OR

Cancellation of SIGMET/AIRMET26 (C)

Cancellation of SIGMET/AIRMET referring to its identification

CNL SIGMET [nn]n nnnnnn/nnnnnn orCNL SIGMET [nn]n nnnnnn/nnnnnn [VA MOV TO nnnn FIR]24

CNL SIGMET SST [nn]n nnnnnn/nnnnnn

CNL AIRMET [nn]n nnnnnn/nnnnnn

— CNL SIGMET 2 101200/10160026

CNL SIGMET 3 251030/251430 VA MOV TO YUDO FIR26

CNL SIGMET SST 1 212330/22013026

CNL AIRMET 151520/15180026



Template(s)


AIR-REPORT2



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25/11/04 APP 6-10

13. In accordance with 4.2.2.14. In accordance with 4.2.3.15. In accordance with 4.2.1 c).16. The use of cumulonimbus, CB, is restricted to AIRMETs and SIGMETs related to SST flight during transonic and supersonic cruise; the use of towering

cumulus, TCU, is restricted to AIRMETs in accordance with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.17. In accordance with 2.1.4.18. In accordance with 4.2.1 d).19. In accordance with 4.2.7.20. In accordance with 4.2.7.21. In accordance with 4.2.8.22. Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones.23. Only for SIGMET messages for tropical cyclones.24. Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash.25. Up to four layers (or levels) in accordance with 4.2.9.26. End of the message (as the SIGMET/AIRMET message is being cancelled).

Note.— In accordance with 1.1.5 and 2.1.5, severe or moderate icing and severe or moderate turbulence (SEV ICE, MOD ICE,SEV TURB, MOD TURB) associated with thunderstorms, cumulonimbus clouds or tropical cyclones should not be included.



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APP 6-11 25/11/04

Table A6-2. Template for aerodrome warnings


applicable

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in aerodrome warnings are shown inTable A6-4 of this appendix.


Notes.—

1. Fictitious location.2. One phenomenon or a combination thereof, in accordance with 5.1.2.3. In accordance with 5.1.2.4. Hoar frost or rime in accordance with 5.1.2.5. In accordance with 5.1.3.6. End of the message (as the aerodrome warning is being cancelled).

Element Detailed content Template Example

Location indicator of the aerodrome (M)

Location indicator of the aerodrome nnnn YUCC1

Identification of the type of message (M)

Type of message and sequence number

AD WRNG n AD WRNG 2

Validity period (M) Day and time of validity period in UTC

VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn VALID 211230/211530

IF THE AERODROME WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.

Phenomenon (M)2 Description of phenomenon causing the issuance of the aerodrome warning

TC3 nnnnnnnnnn or[HVY] TS orGR or[HVY] SN [nnCM]3 or[HVY] FZRA or[HVY] FZDZ orRIME4 or[HVY] SS or[HVY] DS orSA orDU orSFC WSPD nn[n]KMH MAX nn[n](SFC WSPD nn[n]KT MAX nn[n]) orSQ orFROST orVA or free text up to 32 characters5

TC ANDREWHVY SN 25CMSFC WSPD 80KMH MAX 120VA

Observed or forecast phenomenon (M)

Indication whether the information is observed and expected to continue, or forecast

OBS [AT nnnnZ] orFCST orOBS [AT nnnnZ] AND FCST

OBS AT 1200ZOBSOBS AT 1220Z AND FCST

Changes in intensity (C) Expected changes in intensity INTSF orWKN orNC

WKN

OR

Cancellation of aerodrome warning6

Cancellation of aerodrome warning referring to its identification

CNL AD WRNG n nnnnnn/nnnnnn CNL AD WRNG 2 211230/2115306



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25/11/04 APP 6-12

Table A6-3. Template for wind shear warnings


applicable

Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numericalelements included in wind shear warnings are shown inTable A6-4 of this appendix.


Notes.—

1. Fictitious location.2. Additional provisions in 6.2.5.3. End of the message (as the wind shear warning is being cancelled).

Element Detailed content Template Example

Location indicator of the aerodrome (M)

Location indicator of the aerodrome

nnnn YUCC1

Identification of the type of message (M)

Type of message and sequence number

WS WRNG [nn] WS WRNG 01

Time of origin and validity period (M)

Day and time of issue and, where applicable, validity period in UTC

nnnnnn [VALID TL nnnnnn] or[VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn]

211230 VALID TL 211330

221200 VALID 221215/221315

IF THE WIND SHEAR WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.

Phenomenon (M) Identification of the phenomenon and its location

[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN APCH or[MOD] or [SEV] WS [APCH] RWYnnn or [MOD] or [SEV] WS IN CLIMB-OUT or[MOD] or [SEV] WS CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn orMBST IN APCH or MBST [APCH] RWYnnnor MBST IN CLIMB-OUT orMBST CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn

WS APCH RWY12MOD WS RWY34

WS IN CLIMB-OUT

MBST APCH RWY26

MBST IN CLIMB-OUT

Observed, reported or forecast phenomenon (M)

Identification whether the phenomenon is observed or reported and expected to continue or forecast

REP AT nnnn nnnnnnnn or OBS [AT nnnn] orFCST

REP AT 1510 B747OBS AT 1205 FCST

Details of the phenomenon (C)2 Description of phenomenon causing the issuance of the wind shear warning

SFC WIND: nnn/nnKMH (or nnn/nnKT) nnnM (nnnFT)-WIND: nnn/nnKMH (or nnn/nnKT)

or

nnKMH (or nnKT) ASPEEDL nnKM (or nnNM) FNA RWYnn

or

nnKMH (or nnKT) ASPEEDG nnKM (or nnNM) FNA RWYnn

SFC WIND: 320/20KMH 60M-WIND: 360/50KMH(SFC WIND: 320/10KT200FT-WIND: 360/25KT)

60KMH ASPEEDL 4KM FNA RWY13(30KT ASPEEDL 2NM FNA RWY13)

OR

Cancellation of wind shear warning3

Cancellation of wind shear warning referring to its identification

CNL WS WRNG n nnnnnn/nnnnnn CNL WS WRNG 1211230/2113303



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APP 6-13 25/11/04

Table A6-4. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages,

SIGMET/AIRMET messages and aerodrome and wind shear warnings

Element as specified in Appendices 2 and 6 Range Resolution

Summit elevation: MFT

000 – 8 100000 – 27 000

11

Advisory number: for VA (index)*for TC (index)*

000 – 2 00000 – 99

11

Maximum surface wind: KMHKT

00 – 39900 – 199

11

Central pressure: hPa 850 – 1 050 1

Surface wind speed: KMHKT

60 – 19930 – 99

1 1

Surface visibility: MM

0000 – 08000800 – 5 000

50 100

Cloud: height of base: MFT

000 – 300000 – 1 000

30 100

Cloud: height of top: MM

FTFT

000 – 3 0003 000 – 20 000000 – 10 000

10 000 – 60 000

30 300 100

1 000

Latitudes: ° (degrees)‘ (minutes)

00 – 9000 – 60

1 1

Longitudes: ° (degrees)‘ (minutes)

000 – 18000 – 60

1 1

Flight levels: 000 – 650 10

Movement: KMHKT

0 – 3000 – 150

10 5

* Non-dimensional



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25/11/04 APP 6-14

Example A6-1. SIGMET and AIRMET message and the corresponding cancellations

Example A6-2. SIGMET message for tropical cyclone

SIGMET Cancellation of SIGMET

YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 101200/101600 YUSO-YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR OBSC TS FCSTS OF N54 TOP FL390 MOV E WKN

YUDD SIGMET 3 VALID 101345/101600 YUSO-YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR CNL SIGMET 2 101200/101600

AIRMET Cancellation of AIRMET

YUDD AIRMET 1 VALID 151520/151800 YUSO-YUDD SHANLON FIR ISOL TS OBSN OF S50 TOP ABV FL100 STNR WKN

YUDD AIRMET 2 VALID 151650/151800 YUSO-YUDD SHANLON FIR CNL AIRMET 1 151520/151800

YUCC SIGMET 3 VALID 251600/252200 YUDO-YUCC AMSWELL FIR TC GLORIA OBS AT 1600Z N2706 W07306 CB TOP FL500 WI 150NM OF CENTRE MOV NW10KT NC FCST 2200Z TC CENTRE N2740 W07345OTLK TC CENTRE 260400 N2830 W07430 261000 N2912 W07530

Meaning:

The third SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell areacontrol centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is validfrom 1600 UTC to 2200 UTC on the 25th of the month; tropical cyclone Gloria was observed at 1600 UTC at 27 degrees06 minutes north and 73 degrees 6 minutes west with cumulonimbus top at flight level 500 within 150 nautical miles ofthe centre; the tropical cyclone is expected to move northwestwards at 10 knots and not to undergo any changes in inten-sity; the forecast position of the centre of the tropical cyclone at 2200 UTC is expected to be at 27 degrees 40 minutesnorth and 73 degrees 45 minutes west.

Outlook:

The centre of the tropical cyclone is expected to be on the 26th of the month at 0400 UTC and 1000 UTC located at 28degrees 30 minutes north and 74 degrees 30 minutes west, and at 29 degrees 12 minutes north and 75 degrees 30 minuteswest, respectively.


15/10/04Corr.



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APP 6-15 25/11/04

Example A6-3. SIGMET message for volcanic ash

Example A6-4. SIGMET message for severe turbulence

Example A6-5. AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave

YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 211100/211700 YUSO-YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR VA ERUPTION MT ASHVAL LOC S1500 E07348 VA CLD OBS AT 1100Z FL310/450 APRX220KM BY 35KM S1500 E07348 – S1530 E07642 MOV ESE 65KMH FCST 1700Z VA CLD APRX S1506 E07500 –S1518 E08112 – S1712 E08330 – S1824 E07836 OTLK 212300Z VA CLD APRX S1600 E07806 – S1642 E08412 – S1824 E08900 – S1906 E08100 220500Z VA CLD APRXS1700 E08100 – S1812 E08636 – S2000 E09224 – S2130 E08418

Meaning:

The second SIGMET message issued for the SHANLON* flight information region (identified by YUDD Shanlon areacontrol centre) by the Shanlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUSO) since 0001 UTC; the message is validfrom 1100 UTC to 1700 UTC on the 21st of the month; volcanic ash eruption of Mount Ashval* located at 15 degreessouth and 73 degrees 48 minutes east; volcanic ash cloud observed at 1100 UTC between flight levels 310 and 450 in anapproximate area of 220 km by 35 km between 15 degrees south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east, and 15 degrees30 minutes south and 76 degrees 42 minutes east; the volcanic ash cloud is expected to move east-southeastwards at65 kilometres per hour; at 1700 UTC the volcanic ash cloud is forecast to be located approximately in an area boundedby the following points: 15 degrees 6 minutes south and 75 degrees east, 15 degrees 18 minutes south and 81 degrees12 minutes south, 17 degrees 12 minutes south and 83 degrees 30 minutes east, and 18 degrees 24 minutes south and78 degrees 36 minutes east.

Outlook:

The volcanic ash cloud at 2300 UTC on the 21st of the month is expected to be located approximately in an area boundedby the following points: 16 degrees south and 78 degrees 6 minutes east, 16 degrees 42 minutes south and 84 degrees12 minutes east, 18 degrees 24 minutes south and 89 degrees east, and 19 degrees 6 minutes south and 81 degrees east;the volcanic ash cloud at 0500 UTC on the 22nd of the month is expected to be located approximately in an area boundedby the following points: 17 degrees south and 81 degrees east, 18 degrees 12 minutes south and 86 degrees 36 minuteseast, 20 degrees south and 92 degrees 24 minutes east, and 21 degrees 30 minutes south and 84 degrees 18 minutes east.


YUCC SIGMET 5 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO-YUCC AMSWELL FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1210Z YUSB FL250 MOV E 40KMH WKN

Meaning:

The fifth SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell areacontrol centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is validfrom 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; severe turbulence was observed at 1210 UTC over Siby/Bistock*aerodrome (YUSB) at flight level 250; the turbulence is expected to move eastwards at 40 kilometres per hour and toweaken in intensity.


YUCC AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO-YUCC AMSWELL FIR MOD MTW OBS AT 1205Z AND FCST N48 E10 FL080 STNR NC

Meaning:

The second AIRMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell areacontrol centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the message is validfrom 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; moderate mountain wave was observed at 1205 UTC at 48degrees north and 10 degrees east at flight level 080; the mountain wave is expected to remain stationary and not toundergo any changes in intensity.


15/10/04Corr.



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ANNEX 3 APP 7-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 7. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOAERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION


1. PROCESSING OF AERONAUTICALCLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Recommendation.— Meteorological observations forregular and alternate aerodromes should be collected,processed and stored in a form suitable for the preparation ofaerodrome climatological information.

2. EXCHANGE OF AERONAUTICALCLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Recommendation.— Aeronautical climatological infor-mation should be exchanged on request between meteorologi-cal authorities. Operators and other aeronautical usersdesiring such information should normally apply to themeteorological authority responsible for its preparation.

3. CONTENT OF AERONAUTICALCLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION

3.1 Aerodrome climatological tables

3.1.1 Recommendation.— An aerodrome climatologicaltable should give as applicable:

a) mean values and variations therefrom, includingmaximum and minimum values, of meteorologicalelements (for example, of air temperature); and/or

b) the frequency of occurrence of present weatherphenomena affecting flight operations at the aerodrome(for example, of sandstorms); and/or

c) the frequency of occurrence of specified values of one,or of a combination of two or more, elements (for

example, of a combination of low visibility and lowcloud).

3.1.2 Recommendation.— Aerodrome climatologicaltables should include information required for the preparationof aerodrome climatological summaries in accordancewith 3.2.

3.2 Aerodrome climatological summaries

Recommendation.— Aerodrome climatological summariesshould cover:

a) frequencies of the occurrence of runway visualrange/visibility and/or height of the base of the lowestcloud layer of BKN or OVC extent below specifiedvalues at specified times;

b) frequencies of visibility below specified values atspecified times;

c) frequencies of the height of the base of the lowest cloudlayer of BKN or OVC extent below specified values atspecified times;

d) frequencies of occurrence of concurrent wind directionand speed within specified ranges;

e) frequencies of surface temperature in specified ranges of5°C at specified times; and

f) mean values and variations therefrom, includingmaximum and minimum values of meteorologicalelements required for operational planning purposes,including take-off performance calculations.

Note.— Models of climatological summaries related to a)to e) are given in WMO Publication No. 49, TechnicalRegulations, Volume II, C.3.2.



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ANNEX 3 APP 8-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 8. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SERVICE FOR OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS


Note.— Specifications related to flight documentation(including the model charts and forms) are given inAppendix 1.

1. MEANS OF SUPPLY AND FORMAT OFMETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

1.1 Meteorological information shall be supplied tooperators and flight crew members by one or more of the fol-lowing, as agreed between the meteorological authority andoperator concerned, and with the order shown below notimplying priorities:

a) written or printed material, including specified chartsand forms;

b) data in digital form;

c) briefing;

d) consultation;

e) display; or

f) in lieu of a) to e), by means of an automated pre-flightinformation system providing self-briefing and flightdocumentation facilities while retaining access by oper-ators and aircrew members to consultation, as necessary,with the meteorological office, in accordance with 5.1.

1.2 The meteorological authority, in consultation with theoperator, shall determine:

a) the type and format of meteorological information to besupplied; and

b) methods and means of supplying that information.

1.3 Recommendation.— On request by the operator, themeteorological information supplied for flight planning shouldinclude data for the determination of the lowest usable flightlevel.

2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOINFORMATION FOR PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING

AND IN-FLIGHT RE-PLANNING

2.1 Format of upper-air information

Upper-air information supplied by WAFCs for pre-flight andin-flight re-planning shall be in the GRIB code form.

Note.— The GRIB code form is contained in WMO Publi-cation No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.2, Part B —Binary Codes.

2.2 Format of informationon significant weather

Information on significant weather supplied by WAFCs forpre-flight and in-flight re-planning shall be in the BUFR codeform.


2.3 Specific needs of supersonic aircraft

Recommendation.— Meteorological information forpre-flight planning and in-flight re-planning by operators forsupersonic aircraft should include data covering the levelsused for transonic and supersonic flight, together with thelevels that may be used for subsonic flight. Particular mentionshould be made of occurrence and expected occurrence,location and vertical extent of cumulonimbus clouds,turbulence and precipitation.

2.4 Specific needs of helicopter operations

Recommendation.— Meteorological information forpre-flight planning and in-flight re-planning by operators ofhelicopters flying to offshore structures should include datacovering the layers from sea level to flight level 100. Particu-lar mention should be made of the expected surface visibility,the amount, type (where available), base and tops of cloud



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25/11/04 APP 8-2

below flight level 100, sea state and sea surface temperature,mean sea-level pressure, and the occurrence and expectedoccurrence of turbulence and icing, as determined by regionalair navigation agreement.

3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOBRIEFING AND CONSULTATION

3.1 Specific needs of supersonic aircraft

Recommendation.— Briefing and/or consultation forflight crew members of supersonic aircraft should includemeteorological information covering the flight levels of tran-sonic and supersonic flight. Particular mention should bemade of occurrence and expected occurrence, location andvertical extent of cumulonimbus clouds, turbulence andprecipitation.

3.2 Specific needs of low-level flights

Recommendation.— Briefing and/or consultation forlow-level flights, including those in accordance with the visualflight rules, should include meteorological information cover-ing altitudes up to flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 inmountainous areas or higher, where necessary). Particularmention should be made of the occurrence or expected occur-rence of any phenomena causing widespread reduction ofvisibility to less than 5 000 m, as well as the occurrence orexpected occurrence of clouds which may affect the flight.

3.3 Information required to be displayed

3.3.1 To assist the flight crew members and othersconcerned with the preparation of the flight and for use inbriefing and consultation, the meteorological office shalldisplay the latest available:

a) METAR and SPECI;

b) TAF and trend forecasts;

c) aerodrome warnings relating to the local aerodrome;

d) forecasts for take-off;

e) SIGMET and AIRMET information and special air-reports not covered by a SIGMET;

f) current and prognostic charts;

g) meteorological satellite images or mosaics and/ornephanalyses; and

h) ground-based weather radar information.

3.3.2 Recommendation.— The material displayedshould be readily accessible to the flight crew members orother flight operations personnel concerned. By agreementbetween the meteorological authority and the user, the displaymay be used in lieu of briefing and/or consultation.

4. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOFLIGHT DOCUMENTATION

4.1 General

4.1.1 Presentation of flight documentation

4.1.1.1 Recommendation.— Charts included in flightdocumentation should have a high standard of clarity and legi-bility and should have the following physical characteristics:

a) for convenience, the largest size of charts should beabout 42 × 30 cm (standard size A3) and the smallestsize should be about 21 × 30 cm (standard size A4). Thechoice between these sizes should depend on the routelengths and the amount of detail that needs to be givenin the charts as agreed between meteorologicalauthorities and users;

b) major geographical features, such as coastlines, majorrivers and lakes should be depicted in a way that makesthem easily recognizable;

c) for charts prepared by computer, meteorological datashould take preference over basic chart information, theformer cancelling the latter wherever they overlap;

d) major aerodromes should be shown as a dot andidentified by the first letter of the name of the city theaerodrome serves as given in Table AOP of the relevantregional air navigation plan;

e) a geographical grid should be shown with meridiansand parallels represented by dotted lines at each 10°latitude and longitude; dots should be spaced onedegree apart;

f) latitude and longitude values should be indicated atvarious points throughout the charts (i.e. not only at theedges); and

g) labels on the charts for flight documentation should beclear and simple and should present the name of theworld area forecast centre or, for non-WAFS products,the originating centre, the type of chart, date and validtime and, if necessary, the types of units used in anunambiguous way.



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APP 8-3 25/11/04

4.1.1.2 Recommendation.— Meteorological informationincluded in flight documentation should be represented asfollows:

a) winds on charts should be depicted by arrows withfeathers and shaded pennants on a sufficiently densegrid;

b) temperatures should be depicted by figures on asufficiently dense grid;

c) wind and temperature data selected from the data setsreceived from a world area forecast centre should bedepicted in a sufficiently dense latitude/longitude grid;and

d) wind arrows should take precedence over temperaturesand either should take precedence over chartbackground.

4.1.1.3 Recommendation.— For short-haul flightscharts should be prepared covering limited areas at a scale of1:15 × 106 as required and subject to regional air navigationagreement.

4.1.2 Set of charts to be provided

4.1.2.1 Recommendation.— The minimum number ofcharts for flights between flight level 250 and flight level 630should include a high-level significant weather chart (flightlevel 250 to flight level 630) and a forecast 250 hPa wind andtemperature chart. The actual charts provided for pre-flightand in-flight planning and for flight documentation should beas agreed between meteorological authorities and other userswithin a service area.

4.1.2.2 Recommendation.— The set of charts to beprovided under the world area forecast system for flightsbelow flight level 250 should be as agreed between user Statesand other users.

4.1.3 Height indications

Recommendation.— In flight documentation height indi-cations should be given as follows:

a) all references to en-route meteorological conditions,such as height indications of upper winds, turbulence orbases and tops of clouds, should preferably be expressedin flight levels; they may also be expressed in pressure,altitude or, for low-level flights, height above groundlevel; and

b) all references to aerodrome meteorological conditions,such as height indications of the bases of clouds, shouldbe expressed in height above the aerodrome elevation.

4.2 Specifications related to upper windand upper-air temperature information

4.2.1 In chart form

4.2.1.1 Where upper wind and upper-air temperatureinformation is supplied in chart form to flight crew membersbefore departure, the charts shall be fixed time prognosticcharts for standard flight levels. In tropical areas, or for shortflights, current charts may be provided in lieu of prognosticcharts; in such cases, the levels depicted shall correspond tothe standard isobaric levels.

4.2.1.2 Upper wind and upper-air temperature charts forlow-level flights shall be supplied for points separated by nomore than 500 km (300 NM) and for at least the followingaltitudes: 600, 1 500 and 3 000 m (2 000, 5 000 and 10 000 ft).

4.2.2 In tabular form

Recommendation.— Where upper wind and upper-airtemperature information is supplied in tabular form, it shouldinclude data for the same flight levels as for upper-air charts.This information should be given for spot locations on aregular grid.

Note.— Examples of the form of presentation of tabularforecasts of upper winds and upper-air temperatures are givenin Appendix 1.

4.3 Specifications related to significantweather information

4.3.1 In chart form

4.3.1.1 Where information on significant en-routeweather phenomena is supplied in chart form to flight crewmembers before departure, the charts shall be significantweather charts valid for a specified fixed time. Such chartsshall show, as appropriate to the flight:

a) thunderstorms;

b) tropical cyclone;

c) severe squall lines;

d) moderate or severe turbulence (in cloud or clear air);

e) moderate or severe icing;

f) widespread sandstorm/duststorm;

g) for flight level 100 to flight level 250, clouds associatedwith a) to f);



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25/11/04 APP 8-4

h) above flight level 250, cumulonimbus cloud associatedwith a) to f);

i) surface position of well-defined convergence zones;

j) surface positions, speed and direction of movement offrontal systems when associated with significant en-route weather phenomena;

k) tropopause heights;

l) jetstreams;

m) information on the location of volcanic eruptions whichare producing ash clouds of significance to aircraftoperations, including those producing only steam, com-prising: volcanic eruption symbol at the location of thevolcano and, at the side of the chart, the volcanoeruption symbol, the name of the volcano, its inter-national number, latitude/longitude, the date and time offirst eruption, if known, and a reference to SIGMETsand NOTAM or ASHTAM issued for the areaconcerned; and

n) information on the location of an accidental release ofradioactive materials into the atmosphere of significanceto aircraft operations, comprising: the radioactivitysymbol at the site of the accident and, at the side of thechart, the radioactivity symbol, latitude/longitude of thesite of the accident, date and time of the accident and areminder to users to check NOTAM for the areaconcerned.

Note 1.— For aircraft operating above flight level 250,items a) to f) are only required if expected to be above thatlevel, and in the case of item a), only those thunderstormswhich warrant the issuance of a SIGMET as given inAppendix 6. Guidance on the use of term “FRQ TS” is givenin Appendix 6.

Note 2.— The abbreviation “CB” should only be includedwhere it refers to the occurrence or expected occurrence of anarea of widespread cumulonimbus clouds or cumulonimbusalong a line with little or no space between individual clouds,or to cumulonimbus embedded in cloud layers or concealed byhaze. It does not refer to isolated or scattered cumulonimbusnot embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze.

Note 3.— Where a volcanic eruption or the accidentalrelease of radioactive materials into the atmosphere warrantsthe inclusion of the volcanic activity symbol or the radioac-tivity symbol on significant weather charts, the symbols are tobe included on all such charts (low, medium and high) irres-pective of the height to which the ash column or radioactivematerial is reported or expected to reach.

Note 4.— The international volcano number is allocated bythe International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of

the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) and is listed in the Manual onVolcanic Ash, Radioactive Material and Toxic ChemicalClouds (Doc 9691).

4.3.1.2 Recommendation.— On significant weathercharts, the inclusion of “CB” or the thunderstorm symbolshould be understood to include all weather phenomena nor-mally associated with cumulonimbus or thunderstorm, namely,moderate or severe icing, moderate or severe turbulence andhail.

4.3.1.3 Recommendation.— Significant weather chartsfor low-level flights, including those in accordance with thevisual flight rules, operating up to flight level 100 (up to flightlevel 150 in mountainous areas or higher, where necessary)should show, as appropriate to the flight:

a) the phenomena warranting the issuance of a SIGMET asgiven in Appendix 6 and which are expected to affectlow-level flights; and

b) the elements included in area forecasts for low-levelflights as given in Appendix 5 except elements r) and u)concerning upper winds and upper-air temperatures andforecast lowest QNH, respectively.

Note 1.— Examples of the form of presentation ofsignificant weather charts are given in Appendix 1.

Note 2.— Guidance on the use of terms “ISOL”, “OCNL”and “FRQ” referring to cumulonimbus clouds andthunderstorms is given in Appendix 6.

4.3.2 In other forms

Recommendation.— Where flight documentation coveringthe significant en-route weather conditions is not supplied inchart form, it should be presented in tabular form and/or as anabbreviated plain-language text.

Note.— Examples of the form of presentation of tabularforecasts are given in Appendix 1.

4.4 Specifications related to TAF

4.4.1 Requirements for TAF

4.4.1.1 The flight documentation shall in all cases includethe TAF for the aerodrome of departure, and for the aerodromeof intended landing. In addition, the flight documentation shallinclude TAF for one or more suitable alternate aerodromes, asneeded to complete the operational flight plan and as selectedby agreement between the meteorological authority and theoperators, and taken from the list of aerodromes contained inthe relevant regional air navigation plan.



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APP 8-5 25/11/04

4.4.1.2 TAF received from other meteorological officesshall be included in flight documentation without change insubstance.

4.4.1.3 Recommendation.— By agreement between themeteorological authority and the operator the flight documen-tation should include TAF for alternate aerodromes en routeand of aerodromes where intermediate stops are planned.

4.4.2 Presentation of TAF

Recommendation.— TAF should be presented in accord-ance with the template in Appendix 5; they may also bepresented in tabular form or in the form of an abbreviatedplain-language text. The location indicators and the abbrevi-ations used should be explained in the flight documentation. Ifseveral TAF are included, they should be presented in a man-ner which permits the ready identification of the beginning andend of each forecast.

Note.— Examples of the form of presentation of TAF aregiven in Appendix 1.

4.4.3 Issuance of provisional TAF

Recommendation.— When a TAF is not received in time,the meteorological office associated with the aerodrome ofdeparture should make all practicable efforts to obtain theforecast but, if unobtainable, the office should, if possible, pre-pare a provisional forecast. The meteorological office shouldinform the flight crew member that the forecast is provisionaland record its origin in the flight documentation.

4.5 Specifications related to low-level flights

4.5.1 In chart form

Recommendation.— Where the forecasts are supplied inchart form, flight documentation for low-level flights, includ-ing those in accordance with the visual flight rules, operatingup to flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 in mountainousareas or higher, where necessary), should contain thefollowing as appropriate to the flight:

a) information from relevant SIGMET and AIRMETmessages;

b) upper wind and upper-air temperature charts as givenin 4.2.1.2; and

c) significant weather charts as given in 4.3.1.3.

4.5.2 In abbreviated plain language

Recommendation.— Where the forecasts are not suppliedin chart form, flight documentation for low-level flights,

including those in accordance with the visual flight rules,operating up to flight level 100 (up to flight level 150 in moun-tainous areas or higher, where necessary), should contain thefollowing information as appropriate to the flight:

a) SIGMET and AIRMET information; and

b) information included in the area forecasts for low-levelflights as given in Appendix 5 or, where the forecasts areissued in the form of an abbreviated plain-language text,the GAMET area forecasts.

Note.— An example of the GAMET area forecast is given inAppendix 5.

5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOAUTOMATED PRE-FLIGHT INFORMATIONSYSTEMS FOR BRIEFING, CONSULTATION,

FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHTDOCUMENTATION

5.1 Access to the systems

Automated pre-flight information systems providing self-briefing facilities shall provide for access by operators andflight crew members to consultation, as necessary, with ameteorological office by telephone or other suitable telecom-munications means.

5.2 Detailed specifications of the systems

Recommendation.— Automated pre-flight informationsystems for the supply of meteorological information for self-briefing, pre-flight planning and flight documentation should:

a) provide for the continuous and timely updating of thesystem database and monitoring of the validity andintegrity of the meteorological information stored;

b) permit access to the system by operators and flight crewmembers and also by other aeronautical usersconcerned through suitable telecommunications means;

c) use access and interrogation procedures based onabbreviated plain language and, as appropriate, ICAOlocation indicators, and aeronautical meteorologicalcode data-type designators prescribed by the WMO, orbased on a menu-driven user interface, or otherappropriate mechanisms as agreed between themeteorological authority and operators concerned; and

d) provide for rapid response to a user request forinformation.

Note.— ICAO abbreviations and codes and locationindicators are given respectively in the Procedures for Air



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25/11/04 APP 8-6

Navigation Services — ICAO Abbreviations and Codes(PANS-ABC, Doc 8400) and Location Indicators (Doc 7910).Aeronautical meteorological code data-type designators aregiven in the WMO Publication No. 386, Manual on the GlobalTelecommunication System.

6. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOINFORMATION FOR AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT

6.1 Supply of information requested byan aircraft in flight

Recommendation.— If an aircraft in flight requestsmeteorological information, the meteorological office whichreceives the request should arrange to supply the informationwith the assistance, if necessary, of another meteorologicaloffice.

6.2 Information for in-flight planningby the operator

Recommendation.— Meteorological information forplanning by the operator for aircraft in flight should be

supplied during the period of the flight and should normallyconsist of any or all of the following:

a) meteorological reports, TAF and landing forecasts;

b) SIGMET and AIRMET information and special air-reports relevant to the flight, unless the latter have beenthe subject of a SIGMET message; and

c) upper wind and upper-air temperature information.

6.3 Information for supersonic flights

Recommendation.— For supersonic aircraft in flight themeteorological office serving the aerodrome of intended land-ing should, on request by the operator, supply a forecastcovering the transonic deceleration and subsonic descentphases. This forecast should be transmitted to the area controlcentre or flight information centre concerned within the twohours before arrival. The operator should advise the meteoro-logical office, in good time, of the location of the descent pathand of the time at which the aircraft is expected to commencethe descent.



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ANNEX 3 APP 9-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 9. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO INFORMATIONFOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES AND

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES(See Chapter 10 of this Annex.)

1. INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNITS

1.1 List of information for theaerodrome control tower

The following meteorological information shall be supplied, asnecessary, to an aerodrome control tower by its associatedaerodrome meteorological office:

a) local routine and special reports, METAR and SPECI,TAF and trend forecasts and amendments thereto, forthe aerodrome concerned;

b) SIGMET and AIRMET information, wind shearwarnings and aerodrome warnings;

c) any additional meteorological information agreed uponlocally, such as forecasts of surface wind for thedetermination of possible runway changes; and

d) information received on volcanic ash cloud, for which aSIGMET has not already been issued, as agreed betweenthe meteorological and ATS authorities concerned.

1.2 List of information for theapproach control office

The following meteorological information shall be supplied, asnecessary, to an approach control office by its associatedaerodrome meteorological office:

a) local routine and special reports, METAR and SPECI,including current pressure data, TAF and trend forecastsand amendments thereto, for the aerodrome(s) withwhich the approach control office is concerned;

b) SIGMET and AIRMET information, wind shearwarnings and appropriate special air-reports for the air-space with which the approach control office isconcerned and aerodrome warnings;

c) any additional meteorological information agreed uponlocally; and

d) information received on volcanic ash cloud, for which aSIGMET has not already been issued, as agreed betweenthe meteorological and ATS authorities concerned.

1.3 List of information for theflight information centre

The following meteorological information shall be supplied, asnecessary, to a flight information centre or an area controlcentre by its associated meteorological watch office:

a) METAR and SPECI, including current pressure data foraerodromes and other locations, TAF and trend forecastsand amendments thereto, covering the flight informationregion or the control area and, if required by the flightinformation centre or area control centre, covering aero-dromes in neighbouring flight information regions, asdetermined by regional air navigation agreement;

b) forecasts of upper winds, upper-air temperatures andsignificant en-route weather phenomena and amend-ments thereto, particularly those which are likely tomake operation under visual flight rules impracticable,SIGMET and AIRMET information and appropriatespecial air-reports for the flight information region orcontrol area and, if determined by regional air navi-gation agreement and required by the flight informationcentre or area control centre, for neighbouring flightinformation regions;

c) any other meteorological information required by theflight information centre or area control centre to meetrequests from aircraft in flight; if the informationrequested is not available in the associated meteorolog-ical watch office, that office shall request the assistanceof another meteorological office in supplying it;

d) information received on volcanic ash cloud, for which aSIGMET has not already been issued, as agreed betweenthe meteorological and ATS authorities concerned; and

e) information received concerning the accidental releaseof radioactive materials into the atmosphere, as agreedbetween the meteorological and ATS authoritiesconcerned.



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25/11/04 APP 9-2

1.4 Specific provisions related to the supply of information

on volcanic ash and volcanic eruptions

1.4.1 Volcanic ash advisory information issued by aVAAC shall be supplied to area control centres and flightinformation centres concerned in its area of responsibility.

1.4.2 Information received on pre-eruption volcanicactivity and/or a volcanic eruption shall be supplied, as necess-ary, to an ATS unit by its corresponding associatedmeteorological office as agreed between the meteorologicaland ATS authorities concerned.

1.5 Specific provisions related tothe supply of information for

supersonic aircraft

Recommendation.— The information supplied to flightinformation centres and area control centres for supersonicaircraft should cover the levels used for transonic and super-sonic flight and should include forecasts for subsonic descentpaths to aerodromes in the flight information region.

1.6 Supply of information to aeronautical telecommunications stations

Where necessary for flight information purposes, currentmeteorological reports and forecasts shall be supplied to des-ignated aeronautical telecommunication stations. A copy ofsuch information shall be forwarded, if required, to the flightinformation centre or the area control centre.

1.7 Format of information

1.7.1 Recommendation.— Local routine and specialreports, METAR and SPECI, TAF and trend forecasts,SIGMET and AIRMET information, upper wind and upper-airtemperature forecasts and amendments thereto should be sup-plied to air traffic services units in the form in which they areprepared, disseminated to other meteorological offices orreceived from other meteorological offices, unless otherwiseagreed locally.

1.7.2 Recommendation.— When computer-processedupper-air data for grid points are made available to air trafficservices units in digital form for use by air traffic servicescomputers, the contents, format and transmission arrange-ments should be as agreed between the meteorologicalauthority and the appropriate ATS authority. The data shouldnormally be supplied as soon as is practicable after theprocessing of the forecasts has been completed.

2. INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDEDFOR SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES UNITS

2.1 List of information

Information to be supplied to rescue coordination centres shallinclude the meteorological conditions that existed in the lastknown position of a missing aircraft and along the intendedroute of that aircraft with particular reference to:

a) significant en-route weather phenomena;

b) cloud amount and type, particularly cumulonimbus;height indications of bases and tops;

c) visibility and phenomena reducing visibility;

d) surface wind and upper wind;

e) state of ground, in particular, any snow cover orflooding;

f) sea-surface temperature, state of the sea, ice cover if anyand ocean currents, if relevant to the search area; and

g) sea-level pressure data.

2.2 Information to be provided on request

2.2.1 Recommendation.— On request from the rescuecoordination centre, the designated meteorological officeshould arrange to obtain details of the flight documentationwhich was supplied to the missing aircraft, together with anyamendments to the forecast which were transmitted to theaircraft in flight.

2.2.2 Recommendation.— To facilitate search andrescue operations the designated meteorological office should,on request, supply:

a) complete and detailed information on the current andforecast meteorological conditions in the search area;and

b) current and forecast conditions en route, coveringflights by search aircraft from and returning to theaerodrome from which the search is being conducted.

2.2.3 Recommendation.— On request from the rescuecoordination centre, the designated meteorological officeshould supply or arrange for the supply of meteorologicalinformation required by ships undertaking search and rescueoperations.



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APP 9-3 25/11/04

3. INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED FOR AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION

SERVICES UNITS

3.1 List of information

The following information shall be supplied, as necessary, toan aeronautical information services unit:

a) information on meteorological service for internationalair navigation, intended for inclusion in the aeronauticalinformation publication(s) concerned;

Note.— Details of this information are given inAnnex 15, Appendix 1, Part 1, 3.5 and Part 3, 2.2, 2.11, 3.2and 3.11.

b) information necessary for the preparation of NOTAM orASHTAM including, in particular, information on:

1) the establishment, withdrawal and significantchanges in operation of aeronautical meteorologicalservices. This information is required to be providedto the aeronautical information services unitsufficiently in advance of the effective date to permit

issuance of NOTAM in compliance with Annex 15,5.1.1 and 5.1.1.1;

2) the occurrence of volcanic activity; and

Note.— The specific information required is given inChapter 3, 3.3.2 and Chapter 4, 4.8.

3) accidental release of radioactive materials into theatmosphere, as agreed between the meteorologicaland appropriate civil aviation authorities concerned;and

Note.— The specific information required is given inChapter 3, 3.4.2 g).

c) information necessary for the preparation of aeronauticalinformation circulars including, in particular, informationon:

1) expected important changes in aeronautical meteoro-logical procedures, services and facilities provided;and

2) effect of certain weather phenomena on aircraftoperations.



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ANNEX 3 APP 10-1 25/11/04

APPENDIX 10. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TOREQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS


1. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FORCOMMUNICATIONS

1.1 Required transit times ofmeteorological information

Recommendation.— Unless otherwise determined byregional air navigation agreement, AFTN messages and bull-etins containing operational meteorological informationshould achieve transit times of less than the following:

1.2 Grid point data for ATS and operators

1.2.1 Recommendation.— When upper-air data for gridpoints in digital form are made available for use by air trafficservices computers, the transmission arrangements should beas agreed between the meteorological authority and theappropriate ATS authority.

1.2.2 Recommendation.— When upper-air data for gridpoints in digital form are made available to operators forflight planning by computer, the transmission arrangementsshould be as agreed among the world area forecast centreconcerned, the meteorological authority and the operators.

2. USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXEDSERVICE COMMUNICATIONS

2.1 Meteorological bulletins inalphanumeric format

2.1.1 Composition of bulletins

Recommendation.— Whenever possible, exchanges ofoperational meteorological information should be made inconsolidated bulletins of the same types of meteorologicalinformation.

2.1.2 Filing times of bulletins

Recommendation.— Meteorological bulletins required forscheduled transmissions should be filed regularly and at theprescribed scheduled times. METAR should be filed fortransmission not later than 5 minutes after the actual time ofobservation. TAF should be filed for transmission at least onehour before the commencement of their period of validity,unless otherwise determined by regional air navigationagreement.

2.1.3 Heading of bulletins

Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorologicalinformation to be transmitted via the aeronautical fixed servicefacilities shall contain a heading consisting of:

a) an identifier of four letters and two figures;

b) the ICAO four-letter location indicator corresponding tothe geographical location of the meteorological officeoriginating or compiling the meteorological bulletin;

c) a date-time group; and

d) if required, a three-letter indicator.

Note 1.— Detailed specifications on format and contents ofthe heading are given in the WMO Manual on the Global Tele-communication System, Volume I and are reproduced in theManual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).

SIGMET and AIRMET messages, volcanic ashand tropical cyclone advisory informationand special air-reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 minutes

Abbreviated plain-language amendments tosignificant weather and upper air forecasts. . . . . 5 minutes

Amended TAF andcorrections to TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 minutes

METAR 0–900 km(500 NM). . . . . . . . . 5 minutes

Trend forecasts

TAF

SPECI

more than900 km(500 NM). . . . . . . . . 10 minutes



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25/11/04 APP 10-2

Note 2.— ICAO location indicators are listed in LocationIndicators (Doc 7910).

2.1.4 Structure of bulletins

Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorologicalinformation to be transmitted via the AFTN shall be encapsu-lated in the text part of the AFTN message format.

2.2 World area forecast system products

2.2.1 Telecommunications for the supplyof WAFS products

Recommendation.— The telecommunications facilitiesused for the supply of world area forecast system productsshould be the aeronautical fixed service.

2.2.2 Quality requirements for charts

Recommendation.— Where world area forecast systemproducts are disseminated in chart form, the quality of thecharts received should be such as to permit reproduction in asufficiently legible form for flight planning and documentation.Charts received should be legible over 95 per cent of theirarea.

2.2.3 Quality requirements for transmissions

Recommendation.— Transmissions should be such as toensure that their interruption should not exceed 10 minutesduring any period of 6 hours.

2.2.4 Heading of bulletinscontaining WAFS products

Meteorological bulletins containing WAFS products in digitalform to be transmitted via aeronautical fixed service facilitiesshall contain a heading as given in 2.1.3.

3. USE OF AERONAUTICAL MOBILESERVICE COMMUNICATIONS

3.1 Content and format ofmeteorological messages

3.1.1 The contents and format of reports, forecasts andSIGMET information transmitted to aircraft shall be consistentwith the provisions of Chapters 4, 6 and 7 of this Annex.

3.1.2 The contents and format of air-reports transmittedby aircraft shall be consistent with the provisions of Chapter 5of this Annex and the Procedures for Air Navigation Services— Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444),Appendix 1.

3.2 Content and format ofmeteorological bulletins

The substance of a meteorological bulletin transmitted via theaeronautical mobile service shall remain unchanged from thatcontained in the bulletin as originated.

4. USE OF AERONAUTICAL DATA LINK SERVICE — D-VOLMET

4.1 Detailed content of meteorological informationavailable for D-VOLMET

4.1.1 Recommendation.— The aerodromes for whichMETAR, SPECI and TAF are to be available for uplink to air-craft in flight should be determined by regional air navigationagreement.

4.1.2 Recommendation.— The flight informationregions for which SIGMET and AIRMET messages are to beavailable for uplink to aircraft in flight should be determinedby regional air navigation agreement.

4.2 Criteria related to information tobe available for D-VOLMET

4.2.1 Recommendation.— The latest available METAR,SPECI, TAF, SIGMET and AIRMET should be used for uplinkto aircraft in flight.

4.2.2 Recommendation.— TAF included in the D-VOLMET should be amended as necessary to ensure that aforecast, when made available for uplink to aircraft in flight,reflects the latest opinion of the meteorological officeconcerned.

4.2.3 Recommendation.— If no SIGMET message isavailable for a flight information region, an indication of “NILSIGMET” should be included in the D-VOLMET.

4.3 Format of information to beavailable for D-VOLMET

The content and format of reports, forecasts and SIGMET andAIRMET information included in D-VOLMET shall be con-sistent with the provisions of Chapters 4, 6 and 7 of thisAnnex.



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APP 10-3 25/11/04

5. USE OF AERONAUTICAL BROADCASTINGSERVICE — VOLMET BROADCASTS

5.1 Detailed content of meteorological informationto be included in VOLMET broadcasts

5.1.1 Recommendation.— The aerodromes for whichMETAR, SPECI and TAF are to be included in VOLMETbroadcasts, the sequence in which they are to be transmittedand the broadcast time should be determined by regional airnavigation agreement.

5.1.2 Recommendation.— The flight informationregions for which SIGMET messages are to be included inscheduled VOLMET broadcasts should be determined byregional air navigation agreement. Where this is done, theSIGMET message or an indication of “NIL SIGMET” shouldbe transmitted at the beginning of the broadcast or of afive-minute time block.

5.2 Criteria related to information to be included inVOLMET broadcasts

5.2.1 Recommendation.— When a report has notarrived from an aerodrome in time for a broadcast, the latest

available report should be included in the broadcast, togetherwith the time of observation.

5.2.2 Recommendation.— TAF included in scheduledVOLMET broadcasts should have a period of validity of9 hours; they should be issued every 3 hours and should,between these routine issues, be amended as necessary toensure that a forecast, when transmitted, reflects the latestopinion of the meteorological office concerned.

5.3 Format of information to be included inVOLMET broadcasts

5.3.1 The content and format of reports, forecasts andSIGMET information included in VOLMET broadcasts shallbe consistent with the provisions of Chapters 4, 6 and 7 of thisAnnex.

5.3.2 Recommendation.— VOLMET broadcasts shoulduse standard radiotelephony phraseologies.

Note.— Guidance on the standard radiotelephonyphraseologies to be used in VOLMET broadcasts is given inthe Manual on Coordination between Air Traffic Services,Aeronautical Information Services and AeronauticalMeteorological Services (Doc 9377), Appendix A.



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ANNEX 3 ATT A-1 25/11/04

ATTACHMENT A. OPERATIONALLY DESIRABLEAND CURRENTLY ATTAINABLE

ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT OR OBSERVATION

Note.— The guidance contained in this table relates to Chapter 4 —Meteorological observations and reports, in particular to 4.1.9.

.

Element to be observedOperationally desirable accuracyof measurement or observation*

Attainable accuracy** of measurement or observation (1994)

Mean surface wind Direction: ± 10°Speed: ± 2 km/h (1 kt) up to 19 km/h (10 kt)± 10% above 19 km/h (10 kt)

Direction: ± 5°Speed: ± 2 km/h (1 kt) up to 37 km/h (20 kt)± 5% above 37 km/h (20 kt)

Variations from themean surface wind

± 4 km/h (2 kt), in terms of longitudinaland lateral components

as above

Visibility ± 50 m up to 600 m± 10% between 600 m and 1 500 m± 20% above 1 500 m

± 50 m up to 500 m± 10% between 500 m and 2 000 m± 20% above 2 000 m up to 10 km

Runway visual range ± 10 m up to 400 m± 25 m between 400 m and 800 m± 10% above 800 m

± 25 m up to 150 m± 50 m between 150 m and 500 m± 10% above 500 m up to 2 000 m

Cloud amount ± 1 okta In daylight an observer can attain an accuracy of ± 1 okta at the point of observation. In darkness, and when atmospheric phenomena limit the viewing of low cloud, there will be difficulty in attaining that accuracy.

Cloud height ± 10 m (33 ft) up to 100 m (330 ft)± 10% above 100 m (330 ft)

± 10 m (33 ft) up to 1 000 m (3 300 ft)± 30 m (100 ft) above 1 000 m (3 300 ft) up to 3 000 m (10 000 ft)

Air temperature and dew- point temperature

± 1°C ± 0.2 °C

Pressure value (QNH, QFE) ± 0.5 hPa ± 0.3 hPa

* The operationally desirable accuracy is not intended as an operational requirement; it is to be understood as a goal that has been expressed by the operators.

** The accuracy stated refers to assessment by instruments (except for cloud amount); it is not normally attainable in observations made without the aid of instruments.



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ANNEX 3 ATT B-1 25/11/04

ATTACHMENT B. OPERATIONALLY DESIRABLEACCURACY OF FORECASTS

Note 1.— The guidance contained in this table relates toChapter 6 — Forecasts, in particular to 6.1.1.

Note 2.— If the accuracy of the forecasts remains within theoperationally desirable range shown in the second column, for

the percentage of cases indicated in the third column, the effectof forecast errors is not considered serious in comparison withthe effects of navigational errors and of other operationaluncertainties.

Element tobe forecast

Operationally desirableaccuracy of forecasts

Minimum percentage ofcases within range

TAF

Wind direction ± 30° 80% of cases

Wind speed ± 9 km/h (5 kt) up to 46 km/h (25 kt)± 20% above 46 km/h (25 kt)

80% of cases

Visibility ± 200 m up to 700 m± 30% between 700 m and 10 km

80% of cases

Precipitation Occurrence or non-occurrence 80% of cases

Cloud amount ± 2 oktas 70% of cases

Cloud height ± 30 m (100 ft) up to 120 m (400 ft)± 30% between 120 m (400 ft) and 3 000 m (10 000 ft)

70% of cases

Air temperature ± 1°C 70% of cases

TREND FORECAST



90% of cases

Visibility ± 200 m up to 700 m± 30% between 700 m and 10 km

90% of cases

Precipitation Occurrence or non-occurrence 90% of cases

Cloud amount ± 2 oktas 90% of cases

Cloud height ± 30 m (100 ft) up to 120 m (400 ft)± 30% between 120 m (400 ft) and 3 000 m (10 000 ft)

90% of cases



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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Attachment B

25/11/04 ATT B-2

FORECAST FOR TAKE-OFF



90% of cases

Air temperature ± 1°C 90% of cases

Pressure value (QNH) ± 1 hPa 90% of cases

AREA, FLIGHT AND ROUTE FORECASTS

Upper-air temperature ± 3°C (Mean for 900 km/500 NM) 90% of cases

Upper wind ± 28 km/h (15 kt) up to flight level 250± 37 km/h (20 kt) above flight level 250(Modulus of vector difference for 900 km/500 NM)

90% of cases

Significant en-routeweather phenomena and cloud

Occurrence or non-occurrence

Location: ± 100 km/60 NM

Vertical extent: ± 600 m/2 000 ft

80% of cases

70% of cases

70% of cases

Element tobe forecast

Operationally desirableaccuracy of forecasts

Minimum percentage ofcases within range



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ANNEX 3 ATT C-1 25/11/04

ATTACHMENT C. BACK-UP PROCEDURES ATTHE WORLD AREA FORECAST CENTRES

(See Chapter 3, 3.2.2 of this Annex.)

1. INTRODUCTION

A WAFC will provide any or all of the WAFS services asneeded when the interruption of the operation of the otherWAFC occurs. WAFC London and WAFC Washington havestudied a number of potential service interruption and outagescenarios, reviewed the current communication links betweenthe two WAFCs, and agreed upon the appropriate responses toeach interruption in service.

2. INTERRUPTIONS IN NUMERICALWEATHER PREDICTION (NWP) ORSIGNIFICANT WEATHER (SIGWX)

FORECAST PRODUCTION

2.1 WAFC London interruptions

2.1.1 A global gridpoint NWP model runs in Exeter. Theoutput from this NWP model forms the basis for the wind andtemperature forecasts in the Gridded Binary (GRIB) codeform. Two, largely identical, supercomputers are housed inseparate computer halls, allowing the model to run on eithermachine. Therefore, routine or non-routine maintenance canbe performed on one of the supercomputers without affectingthe operational capability of WAFC London. In the rare eventthat the model cannot be run on either supercomputer, thefollowing course of action would be taken. When the firstmodel run is delayed significantly or is not available, a de-cision will be made to use the output from the previous modelrun, incremented by the appropriate number of hours. In theevent that the output from a second, consecutive run isunavailable, WAFC London would process the GRIB dataroutinely received from WAFC Washington to produce therequired WAFS forecasts. If the WAFC Washington data can-not be processed, WAFC Washington may be notified to beginthe production of the back-up SIGWX forecasts. These fore-casts along with other WAFS data are then sent to the WAFCLondon message-switching centre for normal distribution.

2.1.2 In the event of a failure at the primary operationalworkstation, the forecaster would use one of the back-upworkstations located on the forecast floor, or in the back-upoperations centre. If WAFC London is affected by a massivefailure, paragraph 5 describes the action under “Total outage ofa WAFC”.

2.2 WAFC Washington interruptions

2.2.1 A global spectral model runs at the NationalCentres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and producesthe WAFC Washington NWP output. This forms the basis forthe wind and temperature forecasts in the GRIB code form.NCEP maintains the ability to run the global model on redun-dant systems in the case of a failure of the primary system. Ifthe NWP is significantly delayed or missing due to the failureof the primary or secondary computer systems, a decision ismade to use the NWP data routinely received from WAFCLondon at the National Weather Service TelecommunicationsGateway (NWSTG), incremented by the appropriate numberof hours, to produce the WAFS forecasts.

2.2.2 If the primary operational workstation fails, theforecaster would use a back-up workstation located on theforecast floor. If the WAFC Washington SIGWX productioncentre is out, WAFC London is called on to produce all of theWAFC Washington SIGWX forecasts. These forecasts are thenswitched back to the NWSTG with the routine WAFC LondonSIGWX forecasts for dissemination via the International Sat-ellite Communications System (ISCS). If WAFC Washingtonis affected by a massive failure, paragraph 5 describes theaction under “Total outage of a WAFC”.

3. INTERRUPTIONS IN MESSAGE SWITCHING

3.1 WAFC London interruptions

Two message switches exist at WAFC London. In the rareevent of a failure at the primary switch, the back-up switchwould be used to send and receive data. The back-up messageswitch can be immediately connected to the Washington andToulouse WMO global telecommunication system (GTS)routes, and is permanently connected to the satellite distri-bution system for information relating to air navigation(SADIS) in the event of failure of the primary switch. In theextremely unlikely event that WAFC London cannot connectto the GTS, an integrated services digital network (ISDN)circuit between Silver Spring and Exeter will be used to sendand receive data. This circuit is a physical back-up to the linkthat is normally in place, and is used only when a major failureoccurs.



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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Attachment C

25/11/04 ATT C-2

3.2 WAFC Washington interruptions

An integrated services digital network (ISDN) circuit ismaintained between WAFC London and the ISCS uplink site.In the rare event that the message switch at the NWSTG is outWAFC London would be notified to begin sending WAFSproducts on the ISDN circuit directly to the ISCS uplink site.The ISCS satellites then broadcast these products normally. Aback-up message switch at another site is scheduled forimplementation in 2004.

4. INTERRUPTIONS IN SATELLITE UPLINKAND SATELLITE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The operation of the satellite communications systems used toprovide the SADIS and ISCS broadcasts of the WAFS data isoutside the control of the two WAFCs. The reliability andavailability of these services is guaranteed by the commercialoperators, and not by the two WAFCs.

5. TOTAL OUTAGE OF A WAFC

5.1 WAFC London outage

It is considered extremely unlikely that WAFC London wouldever be totally out. A new state of the art infrastructure ensuresthat both computers can operate completely independent ofeach other. Separate primary and back-up power supplies arefurnished for each computer. The back-up procedures carriedout will depend on the nature of the outage. In a worst-casescenario when the primary supercomputer becomes inoperableand the WAFC Washington — WAFC London GTS link can-not be regained, the ISDN circuit described in paragraph 4

would be used to send and receive data from Washington.Thus, the failure of the primary supercomputer would notaffect the ability of WAFC London to disseminate WAFSproducts on the SADIS broadcast or send them to Washingtonfor broadcast on the ISCS. In the event of the forecast officeat WAFC London becoming unserviceable, WAFC Washingtonmay be contacted to initiate back-up production of all the high-level and medium-level SIGWX forecasts routinely producedby WAFC London. It should be noted that a back-up forecastoffice is provisioned at WAFC London in a separate wing ofthe building. Thus, it is considered highly unlikely that WAFCLondon would be totally unable to produce their WAFSSIGWX forecasts. The SIGWX forecasts would still be avail-able for SADIS uplink from either forecast office in such ascenario assuming that either computer is available.

5.2 WAFC Washington outage

The WAFS product generation facilities are located at multiplesites. Thus, WAFC Washington would never be completelyout. The back-up procedures carried out would depend on thefacility affected, and have been described above. Two indepen-dent data paths exist from the message-switching centre. Thus,a cable cut would not disrupt communications to or from theswitch. However, in a scenario where the Washington messageswitch is completely out, the distribution of products to WAFCLondon and to the ISCS is also severed. A separate locationfor a back-up message switch is planned, but will not beimplemented until 2004.

6. ROUTINE AND BACK-UP SIGNIFICANTWEATHER FORECASTS

Table C-1 summarizes the ICAO areas to be used by WAFCsWashington and London for both routine and back-up SIGWXforecasts.



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Attachment C Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

ATT C-3 25/11/04

Table C-1. Routine and back-up SIGWX areas with WMO headers

SWH area Primary WAFC WMO header

A Washington PGEE07 KKCI

B London PGSE06 EGRR

B1 Washington PGIE07 KKCI

C London PGRE06 EGRR

D London PGZE06 EGRR

E London PGGE06 EGRR

F Washington PGGE07 KKCI

G London PGCE06 EGRR

H LondonWashington

PGAE06 EGRRPGAE07 KKCI

I Washington PGBE07 KKCI

J Washington PGJE07 KKCI

K London PGKE06 EGRR

M Washington PGDE30 KKCI

NAT Washington PGNE40 KKCI

EUR London PGDE15 EGRR

MID London PGCE15 EGRR

S ASIA London PGZE15 EGRR



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ATTACHMENT D. SELECTED CRITERIA APPLICABLE TOAERODROME REPORTS

(The guidance in this table relates to Chapter 4 and Appendix 3.)

Notes.—

1. Considered for the past 10 minutes (exception: if the 10-minute period includes a marked discontinuity (i.e. RVR changes or passes 150, 350, 600or 800 m, lasting > 2 minutes), only data after the discontinuity to be used). A simple diagrammatic convention is used to illustrate those parts of the10-minute period prior to the observation relevant to RVR criteria, i.e. AB, BC and AC.

2. Layer composed of CB and TCU with a common base should be reported as “CB”.3. Considered for the past 10 minutes (exception: if the 10-minute period includes a marked discontinuity (i.e. the direction changes > 30° with a speed

> 20 km/h or the speed changes > 20 km/h lasting > 2 minutes), only data after the discontinuity to be used).4. If several directions, the most operationally significant direction used.5. Let R1 = any 1-minute mean RVR-value during period AC, R10 = 10-minute mean RVR-value during period AC, R5(AB) = 5-minute mean RVR-value

during period AB and R5(BC) = 5-minute mean RVR-value during period BC.6. CB (cumulonimbus) and TCU (towering cumulus = cumulus congestus of great vertical extent) if not already indicated as one of the other layers.7. Time averaging, if applicable, indicated in the upper left-hand corner.8. N/A = not applicable.

9. QFE is to be included if required. Reference elevation for QFE should be aerodrome elevation except for precision approach runways, and non-precision approach runways with threshold > 2 m (7 ft) below or above aerodrome elevation, where the reference level should be the relevantthreshold elevation.

10. As listed in Appendix 3, 4.8.11. According to the WMO Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1, Part A — Alphanumeric Codes, paragraph 15.5.5, “it is recommended that

the wind measuring systems should be such that peak gusts should represent a three-second average”.12. Also sea-surface temperature and state of the sea from off-shore structures in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.13. Report if RVR and/or VIS < 1 500 m, limits for assessments 50 and 2 000 m.14. For landing at aerodromes with precision approach runways and with the threshold elevation > 15 m below the aerodrome elevation, the threshold

elevation to be used as a reference.15. Measured in 0.1 hPa.

Surface wind Visibility (VIS)

RVR1

A B C___________________________________ –10 –5

(Time, MIN)

(OBSTIME)

Present weather

Cloud

TemperaturePressure

(QNH, QFE)Supplementary

informationAmount Type2

Specifications

Directional variations3Speed

variations3 Directional variations4 Past tendency5 Variations5

No generalcriteria

applicable to all the WX phenomena (for specific criteria see

4.8.4 – 4.8.7)

Layers reported if coverage

Identification

No criteria

Parameters reported

Updated if changes >

agreed magnitude

Parameter tobe included

> 60° and < 180°

> 180°Exceeding the mean speed by

> 20 km/h (10 kt)

Special casesMinimum VIS ≠ prevailing VIS | R5(AB) – R5(BC) |

| R1 – R10 |> MAX [50 m

or 20% ×R10]

Lowest layer Next layer >Next higher

layer > CB6 or TCU

Mean speedMinimum VIS < 1 500 m or

< 0.5 × prevailing VIS

VIS fluctuating

and prevailing VIS cannot be

determined< 6 km/h

(3 kt)> 6 km/h

(3 kt) General rule < 100 m ≥ 100 m

Local routine and special

report

2 min 7 2 min 2 min 2 min 1 min

N/A N/A

1 min

Always 2/8 4/8 AlwaysCB

TCUQNHQFE9 Yes All10VRB + 2

extreme directions11

mean + 2 extreme

directions11

VRB (noextremes)11

Minimum andmaximum speed

VIS along therunway(s)

N/A8

METAR/SPECI

10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min

Prevailing VISand

minimum VIS+ direction

10 min 1 min

Always 2/8 4/8 AlwaysCB

TCUQNH NoVRB (no

extremes)

mean +2 extremedirections

VRB (noextremes)

Maximumspeed11

PrevailingVIS

MinimumVIS

No tendencyobserved (“N”)

Upward (“U”) or

downward (“D”)

Minimum andmaximum(instead of10-minute

mean)

Recent WX of operational significance

and windshear12No tendency available,

the tendency is to be omitted

Relevant reporting

scales for all messages

Direction in three figuresrounded off to the

nearest 10 degrees

(degrees 1 – 4 down,degrees 5 – 9 up)

Speed in 1 km/hor 1 kt

Speed <2 km/h (1 kt)indicated as

CALM

If Step applicable

VIS < 800 m : 50 m800 m < VIS < 5 000 m : 100 m5 000 m < VIS < 10 km : 1 kmVIS > 10 km : None, given as

10 km or covered under CAVOK

If Step applicable

RVR < 400 m : 25 m400 < RVR < 800 m : 50 m800 < RVR < 2 000 m : 100 m13

N/A If

Base < 1 500 m (5 000 ft)

(Reference level: Aerodrome elevation14

or mean sea level for off-shore structures)

Step applicable

: 30 m (100 ft)

Rounded offto whole

degrees: upfor

decimal 5

In whole hPa15 roundingdown for decimals 1 – 9

N/A

ANNEX 3 ATT D-1 25/11/04


ivil Aviation O

rganization P

rovided by IHS


AO

Not for R

esaleN



IHS

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ANNEX 3 ATT E-1 25/11/04

ATTACHMENT E. CONVERSION OF INSTRUMENTED READINGS INTO RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE AND VISIBILITY

(See Appendix 3, 4.3.5 of this Annex.)

1. The conversion of instrumented readings into runwayvisual range and visibility is based on Koschmieder’s Law orAllard’s Law, depending on whether the pilot can be expectedto obtain main visual guidance from the runway and itsmarkings or from the runway lights. In the interest of standard-ization in runway visual range assessments, this Attachmentprovides guidance on the use and application of the mainconversion factors to be used in these computations.

2. In Koschmieder’s Law one of the factors to be takeninto account is the pilot contrast threshold. The agreedconstant to be used for this is 0.05 (dimensionless).

3. In Allard’s Law the corresponding factor is theillumination threshold. This is not a constant, but a continuousfunction dependent on the background luminance. The agreedrelationship to be used in instrumented systems with continu-ous adjustment of the illumination threshold by a backgroundluminance sensor is shown by the curve in Figure E-1. The useof a continuous function which approximates the step function

such as displayed in Figure E-1 is preferred, due to its higheraccuracy, to the stepped relationship described in paragraph 4.

4. In instrumented systems without continuous adjust-ment of the illumination threshold, the use of four equallyspaced illumination threshold values with agreed correspond-ing back-ground luminance ranges is convenient but willreduce accuracy. The four values are shown in Figure E-1 inthe form of a step function; they are tabulated in Table E-1 forgreater clarity.

Note 1.— Information and guidance material on therunway lights to be used for assessment of runway visualrange are contained in the Manual of Runway Visual RangeObserving and Reporting Practices (Doc 9328).

Note 2.— In accordance with the definition of visibility foraeronautical purposes, the intensity of lights to be used for theassessment of visibility is in the vicinity of 1 000 cd.

Figure E-1. Relationship between the illumination threshold ET (lx)and background luminance B (cd/m2)

1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000

Night

Intermediate

Normal day

Background luminance (cd/m )2

Illum

inat

ion

thre

shol

d (lx

)

10 3–

10 4–

10 5–

10 6–

10 7–

10 2–

log ( ) =

0.57 log ( ) + 0.05 [log( )] – 6.66B B 2

ETBright day



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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Attachment E

25/11/04 ATT E-2

Table E-1. Illumination threshold steps

— END —

ConditionIllumination threshold

(lx)Background luminance

(cd/m2)

Night 8 × 10–7 < 50

Intermediate 10–5 51 – 999

Normal day 10–4 1 000 – 12 000

Bright day (sunlit fog) 10–3 > 12 000



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15/6/05 Transmittal Note

SUPPLEMENT TO

ANNEX 3 — METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION

(Fifteenth Edition)

1. The attached Supplement supersedes all previous Supplements to Annex 3 and includes differences notified by

Contracting States up to 15 June 2005 with respect to all amendments up to and including Amendment 73. 2. This Supplement should be inserted at the end of Annex 3 (Fifteenth Edition). Additional differences received from

Contracting States will be issued at intervals as amendments to this Supplement.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO

ANNEX 3 — METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION

(Fifteenth Edition)

Differences between the national regulations and practices of Contracting States and the corresponding International Standards and Recommended Practices contained in Annex 3, as notified to ICAO in accordance with Article 38 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and the Council’s resolution of 21 November 1950.

JUNE 2005

I N T E R N A T I O N A L C I V I L A V I A T I O N O R G A N I Z A T I O N



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(ii) SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)

15/6/05

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO SUPPLEMENT

No. Date Entered by No. Date Entered by

AMENDMENTS TO ANNEX 3 ADOPTED OR APPROVED BY THE COUNCIL SUBSEQUENT TO THE FIFTEENTH EDITION ISSUED JULY 2004

No.

Date of adoption or

approval Date

Applicable No.

Date of adoption or

approval Date

applicable



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) (iii)

15/6/05

1. Contracting States which have notified ICAO of differences The Contracting States listed below have notified ICAO of differences which exist between their national regulations and practices and the International Standards and Recommended Practices of Annex 3 (Fifteenth Edition), up to and including Amendment 73, or have commented on implementation. The page numbers shown for each State and the dates of publication of those pages correspond to the actual pages in this Supplement.

State Date of

notification Pages in

Supplement Date of

publication

Algeria 20/10/04 1 15/6/05 Argentina 21/10/04 1–2 15/6/05 Australia 26/10/04 1–5 15/6/05 Belarus 22/10/04 1–3 15/6/05 Belgium 28/10/04 1 15/6/05 Canada 20/10/04 1–3 15/6/05 Chile 25/10/04 1–2 15/6/05 China 24/11/04 1 15/6/05 Colombia 28/10/04 1 15/6/05 Cuba 8/7/04 1–2 15/6/05 Czech Republic 25/11/04 1 15/6/05 Estonia 20/10/04 1 15/6/05 Finland 10/11/04 1 15/6/05 France 20/10/04 1–3 15/6/05 Germany 19/10/04 1 15/6/05 Japan 10/12/04 1–2 15/6/05 Latvia 1/11/04 1–2 15/6/05 Lithuania 18/6/04 1 15/6/05 Malaysia 2/6/05 1 15/6/05 New Zealand 5/7/04 1–3 15/6/05 Portugal 17/11/04 1–2 15/6/05 Republic of Moldova 15/6/05 1–2 15/6/05 Romania 25/10/04 1 15/6/05 Russian Federation 19/4/04 1 15/6/05 Slovakia 25/10/04 1–2 15/6/05 Sweden 25/10/04 1 15/6/05 Switzerland 3/11/04 1–4 15/6/05 Ukraine 6 & 25/10/04 1–6 15/6/05 United Kingdom 21/10/04 1–4 15/6/05 United States 12/10/04 1–5 15/6/05 Uruguay 18/10/04 1 15/6/05 Uzbekistan 15/10/04 1–2 15/6/05 Vanuatu 11/6/04 1–3 15/6/05



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(iv) SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)

15/6/05

2. Contracting States which have notified ICAO that no differences exist

State Date of

notification State Date of

notification

Bahrain 16/10/04 Netherlands 30/7/04 China (Hong Kong) 17/11/04 Pakistan 3/7/04 Denmark 16/9/04 Poland 23/11/04 Guatemala 29/7/04 Singapore 22/7/04 Lebanon 25/9/04 Tunisia 12/11/04 Marshall Islands 14/6/04 United Arab Emirates 12/10/04

3. Contracting States from which no information has been received Afghanistan Albania Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d�Ivoire Croatia Cyprus

Democratic People�s Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji Gabon Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Grenada Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jordan

Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People�s Democratic Republic Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Palau Panama



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) (v)

15/6/05

Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Republic of Korea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal

Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

4. Paragraphs with respect to which differences have been notified

Paragraph Differences notified by Paragraph

Differences notified by

General Germany Chapter 1, Definitions Argentina Belarus France Vanuatu 2.1.5 Canada United States 2.2.2 Algeria Belarus Chile New Zealand Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan 2.2.3 Australia Belarus Chile Malaysia Ukraine Uzbekistan 2.2.4 Australia Belarus Chile Malaysia Ukraine

2.2.5 Belarus Chile Malaysia Ukraine 2.2.6 Australia Belarus Chile Malaysia Ukraine 2.3 New Zealand 2.3.3 United States 3.3.3 Algeria Cuba 3.3.4 Cuba 3.4 Germany 3.4.2 China Cuba Estonia Japan New Zealand Republic of Moldova Ukraine United States Vanuatu 3.5 Malaysia



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(vi) SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)



15/6/05

4.1.2 United Kingdom 4.1.3 Australia Canada 4.1.5 Algeria Canada Chile France New Zealand United Kingdom 4.1.6 Algeria Australia Chile United Kingdom Uruguay Vanuatu 4.2 Chile 4.3.1 Vanuatu 4.3.2 Argentina Australia Cuba Lithuania Romania Switzerland Ukraine United States 4.3.3 Canada 4.4.1 New Zealand 4.4.2 Argentina Australia Cuba Finland Latvia Lithuania Romania Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States 4.4.3 Canada Latvia 4.5.1 Australia Canada Portugal Switzerland United States

4.6.1.1 Belarus Japan Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Ukraine Uzbekistan 4.6.1.3 Ukraine 4.6.2.1 Canada Latvia Ukraine United States 4.6.2.2 Uzbekistan 4.6.2.3 Latvia Uzbekistan 4.6.3 New Zealand Vanuatu 4.6.3.3 Belarus Canada Japan Republic of Moldova United States Uzbekistan 4.6.3.4 Argentina France 4.6.4.1 Ukraine 4.6.4.3 France Switzerland Ukraine 4.6.4.4 United States 4.6.5.1 France New Zealand Switzerland Vanuatu 4.6.5.2 Vanuatu 4.6.5.3 Ukraine 4.6.7 Canada 4.7 France Ukraine United States 4.8 Malaysia 5.2 Latvia 5.3 Cuba 5.3.1 Australia Belarus Malaysia



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) (vii)



15/6/05

Romania Ukraine 5.4 Cuba 5.5 United States 5.8 Russian Federation Switzerland Uzbekistan 5.9 Chile Chapter 6, General Russian Federation Slovakia 6.2 Russian Federation 6.2.1 Latvia 6.2.3 Canada Germany Republic of Moldova Switzerland Ukraine 6.3 Argentina United States 6.3.3 Australia Slovakia 6.4 Argentina Belarus Canada Switzerland Ukraine United States Uzbekistan 6.4.1 Australia Russian Federation 6.4.3 Australia 6.5 New Zealand 6.6 Belgium 6.6.1 Vanuatu 6.6.2 Cuba 6.6.3 Latvia Lithuania Switzerland Chapter 7, General Czech Republic Russian Federation 7.1.4 Uzbekistan 7.1.5 Uzbekistan

7.2 Canada United States 7.2.1 Latvia 7.3.1 Canada Finland Sweden 7.4 Argentina Belgium Canada France New Zealand Portugal Vanuatu 7.4.1 Finland Latvia Lithuania Sweden Switzerland Chapter 8, General Republic of Moldova 8.1.1 Estonia Latvia Uruguay 8.1.2 Estonia 8.2 Estonia 8.3 Estonia Chapter 9, General New Zealand Vanuatu 9.1.2 Australia 9.1.3 Australia 9.2.1 Switzerland Ukraine 9.4.1 Australia 9.4.3 Canada 9.4.6 Canada Republic of Moldova 9.5 Ukraine 11.1.1 Colombia 11.1.2 Colombia 11.1.3 Colombia 11.1.4 Colombia 11.1.9 Ukraine



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(viii) SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)



15/6/05

11.2 Ukraine 11.4 Ukraine 11.5 Sweden 11.6.1 Sweden Ukraine 11.6.2 Sweden Appendix 2 1.3.4 United Kingdom 2.2 Belarus Ukraine Uzbekistan 4.1.2 Australia 5.1 Australia Appendix 3 2.1.1 Canada Cuba Japan Latvia Malaysia Switzerland 2.1.2 Australia Czech Republic Switzerland 2.2 Canada New Zealand Portugal United States 2.3.1 Belarus Canada Japan Latvia Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan 2.3.2 Argentina Australia Belarus Cuba France Germany Japan Malaysia

New Zealand Republic of Moldova United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Vanuatu 3.2 Canada Cuba Romania 3.2.1 Australia Colombia 3.2.2 Australia 4.1.1.1 New Zealand 4.1.2 Ukraine 4.1.2.1 Belgium Lithuania Malaysia United States 4.1.3.1 Australia Canada France Japan Lithuania Switzerland United States 4.1.4.1 Romania 4.1.4.2 Australia Canada France Germany Japan New Zealand Portugal Slovakia Switzerland United Kingdom United States 4.1.4.3 Belarus Cuba Portugal Romania Sweden Switzerland 4.2.2 Switzerland 4.2.3 France Switzerland Uzbekistan



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) (ix)



15/6/05

4.2.4 Canada 4.2.4.1 Japan New Zealand Portugal Ukraine 4.2.4.2 Cuba Portugal Slovakia United Kingdom 4.2.4.3 Cuba 4.2.4.4 Belarus Czech Republic France Germany Japan Latvia New Zealand Slovakia 4.3.1.2 France 4.3.2 Colombia 4.3.2.2 Australia Chile Malaysia United Kingdom 4.3.3.1 Canada Lithuania Ukraine 4.3.4 Japan Lithuania Switzerland Ukraine Uzbekistan 4.3.5 Czech Republic France Japan Switzerland 4.3.6 Australia 4.3.6.1 Canada Japan Portugal Ukraine United States 4.3.6.2 Belarus Czech Republic France Japan Switzerland

4.3.6.3 Belgium Portugal 4.3.6.4 Belarus Portugal Ukraine 4.3.6.5 United States Uzbekistan 4.3.6.6 Ukraine United Kingdom United States 4.4.2.1 Cuba 4.4.2.2 France 4.4.2.3 Chile France United States 4.4.2.4 France Germany United States 4.4.2.5 France Japan New Zealand Republic of Moldova Switzerland United States 4.5.1 United Kingdom 4.5.2 Switzerland 4.5.3 Belarus 4.5.4 United States 4.5.4.1 Australia Cuba France Japan New Zealand United Kingdom 4.5.4.2 Cuba Switzerland 4.7.3.1 Canada 4.7.3.2 Japan 4.8 France United States 4.8.1.1 Ukraine 4.8.1.2 Belarus Cuba Ukraine 4.8.1.3 France United Kingdom United States



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(x) SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)



15/6/05

4.8.1.4 United Kingdom 4.9 Romania 4.9.1.2 United Kingdom United States 4.9.1.3 Chile France United Kingdom 4.9.1.4 Chile France United Kingdom United States 4.9.1.5 Chile France United Kingdom Table A3-1 Republic of Moldova Table A3-2 Canada United Kingdom United States Table A3-4 Russian Federation Appendix 4 1.1 Belarus Romania 1.1.1 Australia 1.2 Belarus Romania 2.1 Belarus 2.7 Australia 3.1.1 Belarus Switzerland Ukraine 3.1.2 Belarus Switzerland Ukraine 3.1.4 Belarus Switzerland Ukraine United States 4.2 New Zealand Appendix 5 1.1 Czech Republic Malaysia United States 1.2.1 Australia 1.2.2 Belarus Latvia

New Zealand Slovakia United States 1.2.3 Australia Cuba United States 1.2.4 Australia Cuba New Zealand United States Vanuatu 1.2.5 Australia Switzerland 1.3.1 Australia Belarus New Zealand United Kingdom United States Vanuatu 1.3.2 Australia 1.3.3 Australia United States 1.3.4 Australia 1.3.5 Australia 1.4 Australia Ukraine United States 2.2 France 2.2.1 Australia 2.2.2 Australia 2.2.3 Australia Belarus Latvia New Zealand Slovakia Switzerland United Kingdom Vanuatu 2.2.4.1 Cuba 2.2.4.2 Australia 2.2.4.3 Australia 2.2.5 Australia Belarus Cuba New Zealand United Kingdom Vanuatu



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) (xi)



15/6/05

2.2.6 Australia Belarus Cuba New Zealand United Kingdom Vanuatu 2.3.1 Australia 2.3.2 Australia 2.3.3 Australia 3 Belarus 3.1 Australia 4.1.2 Belarus Canada Ukraine 4.2.2 Canada 5.1 Switzerland Ukraine United States Table A5-1 Canada Appendix 6 1.1.1 New Zealand 1.1.3 Australia Colombia United States 1.1.4 Canada Japan United States 1.1.6 Australia New Zealand 2.1.1 Australia 2.1.2 Australia United States 2.1.3 United States 2.1.4 Australia Switzerland United States 2.2 Ukraine 2.2.1 Cuba 2.2.2 Cuba 3 Belarus 4 Belarus 4.2.1 United States 4.2.2 United States

5.1.1 Cuba France Ukraine 5.1.2 Estonia 6.1 New Zealand Ukraine 6.2 New Zealand 6.2.1 Czech Republic Ukraine Table A6-1 Canada Appendix 8 1.1 Ukraine 3.3.1 Switzerland 4.1.1.1 Chile 4.2.1.2 Belgium Ukraine 4.3.1.1 United States 4.3.1.3 United States 4.5.1 Slovakia 5.1 Colombia Ukraine 5.2 Ukraine Appendix 9 1.1 Czech Republic Lithuania Ukraine Vanuatu 1.2 Czech Republic Lithuania Ukraine 1.3 Republic of Moldova Ukraine 3.1 New Zealand Ukraine Vanuatu Appendix 10 2.2.1 Ukraine 3 Belarus 5.1.2 Belarus 5.2.2 Australia 5.3.1 Belarus



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) ALGERIA 1

*Recommended Practice

15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* A quality system has not yet been established. CHAPTER 3 3.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological offices are designated by a national decision.

Remark: Each aerodrome open to air navigation is equipped with a meteorological station, and/or a Bureau de Protection aéronautique [Aviation Protection Bureau], carrying out the role of the aerodrome meteorological office.

CHAPTER 4 4.1.5 There are no automatic measurement systems. 4.1.6*

Remark: Automatic observing systems are being installed at eight international aerodromes. They are to be operational in 2005–2006.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) ARGENTINA 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 1 Definitions Visibility. To determine visibility, the practice corresponding to b) is not followed.

Remark: System not implemented.

Prevailing visibility. The prevailing visibility concept is not applied.

Remark: In the case of reduced visibility, priority is given to the concept of visibility by sectors, more representative for flight operations.

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) Local routine reports, locally called AEROMET, are supplied in the Table A3-1 format, except

with respect to the cloud group, where the following were adopted for its preparation: a detailed difference in the amount of cloud cover in oktas, and the type of clouds, in accordance with the world classification system and the cloud base height in feet. Similarly, at controlled aerodromes, the controller supplies wind and altimetry information orally during take-off and landing operations.

Remark: For local flights, priority is given to the most detailed information of the cloud group, as specified in the difference, so as to serve, in turn, local flights of short-haul aircraft, which use visual flight meteorological conditions.

4.4.2 a) Local special reports are not issued.

Remark: Notable variations in meteorological conditions are reported orally to aircraft in flight through aerodrome control tower operators, until such time as the corresponding SPECI from the associated meteorological office is received.

4.6.3.4 a) RVR is not available at some Category I aerodromes.

Remark: The financial resources required for its implementation are currently not available but have already been requested.

CHAPTER 6 6.3 Landing forecasts are not prepared on a regular basis. They are issued only upon the request of

users. 6.4 Forecasts for take-off are not prepared on a regular basis. They are issued only upon the request of

users.

Remark: They are not required on a regular basis by flight operators.



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2 ARGENTINA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)

* Recommended Practice 15/6/05

CHAPTER 7 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not issued.

Remark: Instruments required for the detection of wind shear are currently not available. They are issued only if there is a notification by flight crews in the take-off and landing phases.

APPENDIX 3 2.3.2* b) Criteria for the preparation of special reports in the SPECI code form are determined in

accordance with meteorological minima established by the aviation authority for each aerodrome.

Remark: Criteria for the preparation of SPECI reports are determined by agreements implemented through the coordination of ATS and MET authorities for each aerodrome.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) AUSTRALIA 1

* Recommended Practice

15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.3* Australia does not comply with ISO 9000. 2.2.4* 2.2.6* CHAPTER 4 4.1.3 Runway visual range is provided in ATIS only and measured by human observers. 4.1.6* 4.3.2 a) 4.4.2 a)

Local routine and special reports are not issued. Information used in ATIS is provided by authorized ATC.

4.5.1 i) Cloud type is not available in automated reports. CHAPTER 5 5.3.1* No MET data are provided from ADS reports. CHAPTER 6 6.3.3 Australia issues trend forecasts with 3 hours’ validity. 6.4.1 TAF and TTF are used in Australia. No specific take-off forecast is issued. 6.4.3* CHAPTER 9 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.4.1*

Significant en route weather phenomena information is not always available for flights greater than approximately 12 hours’ duration.

APPENDIX 2 4.1.2* An alternate graphical format is used. 5.1* Information is not always sent to all/any recommended recipients. APPENDIX 3 2.1.2 The template is followed when elements are reported.



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2 AUSTRALIA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


2.3.2* a) When the mean surface wind direction changes by 30° or more, the mean wind speed before or after the change being 20 kt or more.

2.3.2* b) When the mean wind speed changes by 10 kt or more, the mean speed before or after the change

being 30 kt or more. 2.3.2* e) At aerodromes using the PANS-OPS procedures: when the horizontal visibility is at, below or

passes: 1) the highest alternate visibility 2) 6 km 3) 4 km 4) 2 km 5) 1 200 m 6) 800 m. At all other aerodromes, when the horizontal visibility: — decreases to a value equal to or less than the alternate minimum; — decreases to a value equal to or less than the circling minimum; — increases to a value equal to or greater than the circling minimum; — increases to a value equal to or greater than the alternate minimum. 2.3.2* f) RVR is not reported in SPECI. 2.3.2* g) SPECI is issued for the following additional weather criteria: — onset/cessation of fog (including shallow fog, fog patches and fog at a distance); — onset/cessation of severe turbulence, severe icing, wind shear (of moderate or greater

intensity); — the passage of a front; — at the incidence of any other phenomenon likely to be significant to the operation of an

aircraft. 2.3.2* i) At aerodromes using PANS-OPS procedures: when a cumulative amount of BKN or more cloud is

at, below or passes: a) the highest alternate minimum; b) 300, 500, 1 000 ft, in further 500 ft increments up to the highest alternate minimum. At all other aerodromes, when the height of lowest cloud of amount BKN or more: — decreases to a value equal to or less than the alternate minimum; — decreases to a value equal to or less than the circling minimum; — increases to a value equal to or greater than the circling minimum; — increases to a value equal to or greater than the alternate minimum. 2.3.2* j) Highest alternate minimum in lieu of 450 m (1 500 ft) in Annex 3. 3.2.1 3.2.2

Local routine and special reports are not issued.

4.1.3.1 Significant change is defined as mean surface wind direction change by 30° or more, the mean

wind speed before or after the change being 20 kt or more or mean wind speed changes by 10 kt or more, the mean speed before or after the change being 30 kt or more.



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15/6/05

4.1.4.2 Directional variations are not reported in METAR/SPECI. 4.1.4.2 c) Gusts are only included in METAR/SPECI when SPECI criteria are reached, i.e. variation from a

mean speed of 15 kt or more by 10 kt or more. 4.1.4.2 e) Wind speeds and gusts of 100 kt and greater are reported in three figure groups. 4.3.2.2* RVR is determined by human observers. 4.3.6 RVR is not reported in METAR/SPECI. 4.5.4.1* f) NSC is not used. APPENDIX 4 1.1.1 No MET data are processed from ADS reports. 2.7 Availability of humidity depends on the aircraft. APPENDIX 5 1.2.1* Wind speeds and gusts of 100 kt and greater are included in forecasts. 1.2.3* Moderate or severe turbulence in addition to the phenomena are listed. The expression �NO

SIGWX� is used instead of �NSW�. 1.2.4* Vertical visibility is not forecast. There is no restriction on the number of cloud layers. NSC is not

used. 1.2.5* Forecast temperatures and QNH are available at intervals of three hours starting at the

commencement of the TAF validity up to a maximum of four forecast values. Temperature values consist of two figure groups (preceded by the letter M if negative) prefixed by the letter �T�, e.g. T 12 18 27 31. QNH values consist of four figure groups prefixed by the letter �Q�, e.g. Q 1000 0998 0999 1002.

1.3.1* b) The following criteria are used: 800 m, 1 200 m, 2 km, 4 km and 6 km, the highest alternate

minimum. 1.3.1* d) Moderate or severe turbulence in addition to phenomena listed. 1.3.1* e) When a cumulative amount of BKN or more cloud is at, below or passes: 300, 500, 1 000 ft, in

further 500 ft increments up to the highest alternate minimum. 1.3.1* h) Vertical visibility is not forecast. 1.3.2* 1.3.3*

BECMG is not used. Elements in addition to those for which a significant change is expected may be included following the change indicator.



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4 AUSTRALIA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


1.3.4* Australia uses an additional change indicator �INTER�. INTER is used to describe fluctuations which are expected to last for periods less than 30 minutes in each instance, and which, in the aggregate, are not expected to cover more than half the time. TEMPO defined in Australia is for periods between 30 to 60 minutes.

1.3.5* FM followed by a two-figure time group in whole hours UTC. 1.4* The term INTER as defined in 1.3.4 is also used in probability forecasts. 2.2.1 Elements in addition to those for which a significant change is expected may be included

following the change indicator. 2.2.2 a) When the mean surface wind direction changes by 30° or more, the mean wind speed before or

after the change being 20 kt or more. 2.2.2 b) When the mean wind speed changes by 10 kt or more, the mean speed before or after the change

being 30 kt or more. 2.2.3 The following visibility criteria are used: 800 m, 1 200 m, 2 km, 4 km, 6 km, the highest alternate

visibility. 2.2.4.2 Moderate or severe turbulence are also listed. 2.2.4.3 The expression �NO SIGWX� is used instead of �NSW�. 2.2.5 When a cumulative amount of BKN or more cloud is at, below or passes: 300 ft, 500 ft, 1 000 ft,

in further 500 ft increments up to the highest alternate minimum. 2.2.6 Vertical visibility is not forecast. 2.3.1 The change indicator BECMG is not used. FM is used to indicate a significant change at the time

of the associated time group as in TAF. The term INTER as defined under 1.3.4 is used in trend forecasts.

2.3.2 The abbreviation �TL� and �AT� are not used. FM is used to indicate a significant change at the

time of the associated time group as in TAF. 2.3.3 The period of temporary fluctuations with TEMPO and INTER is described by two four-figure

time groups indicating hours and minutes of start and end time, e.g. TEMPO 0135/0300. 3.1* TTF and TAF are used. No specific take-off forecast is issued. APPENDIX 6 1.1.3 FIRs are subdivided and sequence numbers refer to subdivisions. 1.1.6* SIGMET is not issued in BUFR.



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15/6/05

2.1.1 2.1.2

AIRMET format differs from Table A6-1 and consists of the identifier AIRMET followed by date/time UTC, the domestic forecast area identifier, validity and details of significant phenomena.

2.1.4 AIRMET is issued for cruising levels below FL120, variance as listed below:

surface wind speed — winds of 40 kt or more within 2 000 ft of ground level; surface visibility — the initial onset of phenomena producing extensive areas of

visibility of less than 8 km; cloud — the initial onset of cloud coverage of BKN or more below 1 500 ft

above ground level. APPENDIX 10 5.2.2* Aerodrome forecasts on VOLMET have a period of validity of 12, 18 and 24 hours and are issued

every 6 hours and amended as necessary.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) BELARUS 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 1 Definitions Visibility. The maximum distance at which non-illuminated objects (reference points) can be seen

and identified during the day, and illuminated reference points can be seen and identified at night.

The term prevailing visibility is not used. CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* 2.2.3* 2.2.4* 2.2.5* 2.2.6*

The quality system is being developed.

CHAPTER 4 4.6.1.1 The surface wind speed is indicated in metres per second (m/s). At aerodromes where the

magnetic variation is 10° and more, the wind direction data, included in local routine (MET REPORT) and local special (SPECIAL) reports, are corrected to the value of the magnetic variation.

4.6.3.3 Runway visual range observations are made when the visibility, measured by instruments, is

2 000 m or less at dusk and at night and 1 000 m or less during the day. CHAPTER 5 5.3.1* Not implemented due to the absence of ADS. CHAPTER 6 6.4 Forecasts for take-off are not prepared. APPENDIX 2 2.2 WAFCs are not notified. APPENDIX 3 2.3.1 c) An alternative threshold value as agreed between the meteorological authority, the appropriate

ATS authority and operators concerned is used. 2.3.2* e) The visibility changes to or passes through 800 or 1 500 m; such reports are not required if the

runway visual range is indicated.



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2 BELARUS SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


2.3.2* g) SPECI is also issued when a change occurs in the intensity of the following: — drifting dust, sand or snow; — blowing dust, blowing sand or blowing snow (including a snowstorm); — thunderstorm (with or without precipitation); — squall; — funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).

2.3.2* i) 30 m only for ICAO Category II aerodromes. 2.3.2* k) 4.1.4.3 a) Surface wind data are indicated in the runway operational direction for take-off and landing. 4.1.4.3 d) Variations from the mean wind speed (gusts) are reported as the maximum value of the wind

speed attained. 4.2.4.4* a) 4.2.4.4* b)

The observation site�s location is not reported; the visibility value is given for the touchdown zone. The term “prevailing visibility” is not used; minimum visibility is used.

4.3.6.2* Runway visual range observations are made when the visibility, measured by instruments, is

2 000 m or less at dusk and at night and 1 000 m or less during the day. 4.3.6.4 The RVR value for the stop-end of the runway is not reported. The observation location is not

reported; the visibility value is given for the touchdown zone. 4.5.3* The value of 10 m is used as the criterion. 4.8.1.2* When the cloud base reaches 200 m or less, the measured height of the clouds in metres is

included in the SPECIAL, METAR and SPECI reports after the pressure group, with an indication of this using the QBB index group.

APPENDIX 4 1.1 Not implemented due to the absence of ADS. 1.2 2.1 3.1.1 WAFCs are not notified. 3.1.2 3.1.4 APPENDIX 5 1.2.2* Minimum visibility is forecast. 1.3.1* c) For change groups, criteria are also used in the event of a change in intensity:

— low drifting dust, sand or snow; — blowing dust, blowing sand or blowing snow (including a snowstorm);



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) BELARUS 3


15/6/05

— thunderstorm (with rain, ice pellets, hail and/or snow pellets, snow or a combination of these elements);

— squall; — funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).

1.3.1*e), 1) 30 m only for aerodromes with Category II operations. 1.3.1*h) 2.2.3 Note Minimum visibility is forecast. 2.2.5 30 m only for aerodromes with Category II operations. 2.2.6 3 Forecasts for take-off are not prepared. 4.1.2 Route forecasts in the ROFOR code form are not issued. Plain language is used; the sequencing

order of the information is in accordance with the ROFOR code form. APPENDIX 6 3 Not used due to the absence of an uplink. 4 APPENDIX 10 3 Not used due to the absence of aeronautical mobile communications. 5.1.2* SIGMET messages are temporarily not included in VOLMET broadcasts. 5.3.1

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) BELGIUM 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 6 6.6 Area forecasts for low-level flights as a GAMET area forecast are not issued.

Remark: GAMET area forecast will be introduced in 2005. CHAPTER 7 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not issued.

Remark: Wind shear warnings are not issued unless appropriate and accurate sensors are available. After the publication and study of the Manual on Wind Shear (Doc 9817), Belgium will reconsider the issuance of wind shear warnings. In the meantime, wind shear reports from pilots are included in the MET report and the ATIS.

APPENDIX 3 4.1.2.1 Surface wind displays are not clearly marked to identify the runway and the section of the runway

monitored by each sensor.

Remark: One sensor can be used for different runways, e.g. sensor indicator 25L is used at the same time for RWY 25L TDZ and for RWY 07R END. The location (chart form) and use of all wind sensors are indicated in the MET report operating procedures published in the Belgian AIP.

4.3.6.3 In local routine and special reports, ABV and BLW are used without indication of the maximum

value 2 000 m or the minimum value 50 m, respectively.

Remark: The values of ABV and BLW are indicated in the MET report operating procedures published in the Belgian AIP.

APPENDIX 8 4.2.1.2 Upper wind and upper-air temperature charts for low-level flights are not supplied for FL 020.

Remark: NWP model output data specifically issued for the Belgian territory and surroundings have been used since 2003. The model output is currently being evaluated. If it is considered to be sufficiently trustworthy, upper wind air temperature charts for FL 020 will be supplied in 2005.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CANADA 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.1.5 Meteorological observations and reports are provided by employees or contractors of air

navigation service providers. These personnel may not fully meet the prerequisite knowledge and training qualifications specified by the World Meteorological Organization for meteorological personnel. The service provider must, however, demonstrate to the State meteorological authority that observer personnel are competent to make aviation weather observations accurately to WMO/ICAO specifications and to code the resulting reports accurately and within the time allotted.

CHAPTER 4 4.1.3 1) SPECI is not issued upon changes in RVR.

2) SPECI is not issued upon changes in temperature although compliance will be implemented by 1 July 2005 at designated international aerodromes with human METAR and SPECI programmes.

4.1.5 Real time wind, QNH and RVR information is available. Updated information related to the

current aerodrome representative values of the other weather elements is available upon request. 4.3.3 4.4.3

Most aerodromes in Canada are operational at all times. The hours of METAR/SPECI are determined individually for each aerodrome in consultation with users.

4.5.1 Canada does not include temperature, dew point or QNH in SPECI except from automated sites.

RVR is not included in the METAR or SPECI at many aerodromes including Toronto (Pearson) and Vancouver International. Efforts to enter into compliance for RVR are ongoing; however, an implementation date cannot be determined at this time.

4.6.2.1 Canada reports visibility in units of statute miles (SM) and fractions. 4.6.3.3 Canada reports RVR in units of feet (ft). 4.6.7 Canada reports altimeter settings in units of hundredths of inches of mercury. QFE is not available. CHAPTER 6 6.2.3 Canada includes a remark at the end of each TAF preceded by �RMK� and followed by the

scheduled issue time of the next regular TAF in plain English. For TAFs based on automated weather observation systems, the additional remark �FCST BASED ON AUTO OBS� will be included, along with appropriate remarks in abbreviated plain English, as necessary, to indicate if automated sensors are providing non-representative information.

6.4 Take-off forecasts are not provided.



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2 CANADA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)

15/6/05

CHAPTER 7 7.2 AIRMETs are not routinely issued and do not include the location indicator of the air traffic

services unit or the name of the flight information region or control area to which they correspond. Normally, they are only issued to amend or correct information in the graphic area forecast (GFA).

7.3.1 Aerodrome warnings are not issued. 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not issued. A wind shear group is included in the TAF when significant

wind shear is observed or forecast.

Remark: The wind shear group in the TAF consists of WS hhh/dddffKT where: — WS indicates the start of the wind shear group; — hhh is the height of the wind shear layer in hundreds of feet; — ddd is the direction of the wind at level hhh; and — ffKT is the wind speed in knots (kt) at level hhh.

If the wind speed is 100 kt or greater than a three-figure wind speed group, fff is used. CHAPTER 9 9.4.3 Updated information is provided whenever practicable to do so. However, in Canada, it is the

responsibility of the pilot-in-command, before commencing a flight, to ensure familiarity with all necessary weather information that is appropriate for the intended flight.

9.4.6 The information is retained by the meteorological service providers. APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 RVR is not included and most SPECI do not include temperature, dew point or altimeter setting

except from automated sites. 2.2 The use of the term CAVOK is not permited in METAR/SPECI. 2.3.1 d) Information contained in SPECI are representative of the aerodrome and climb-out areas. 3.2 Local routine and special reports are not issued. 4.1.3.1 b) Wind averaging period for METAR/SPECI is 2 minutes. 4.1.4.2 d) Winds of less than 2 kt mean speed are reported as calm. 4.2.4 Visibility reports are provided in units of statute miles (SM) and fractions. 4.3.3.1 RVR is automatically inserted within METAR/SPECI without need for human intervention at

some sites. RVR displays are in the air traffic services unit and do not typically exist in the meteorological station.



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CANADA 3

15/6/05

4.3.6.1 RVR is reported in units of feet (ft). 4.7.3.1 Altimeter setting is reported in units of hundredths of inches of mercury and is preceded by an �A�

designator. Table A3-2 The identification of correction to METAR/SPECI is indicated by the use of the code CCX, rather

than COR, where the X is A for the first correction, B for the second correction and so on. Efforts to enter into compliance with this provision are ongoing. However, the implementation date cannot be determined at this time.

METAR/SPECI reports from automated stations do not include the cloud type group and the abbreviations NCD and NDV are not used. The abbreviation CLR BLO 100 is used to denote that no cloud has been detected with a base of 10 000 ft or less.

Fully automated reports that do not provide all of the elements of a METAR or that do not include SPECI are identified by the use of the term �LWIS� or Limited Weather Information Systems. The subset of reportable elements that are reported will otherwise be included in the same order and with the same content, coding and formatting as for METAR.

APPENDIX 5 4.1.2 Route forecasts (ROFOR) are not provided. 4.2.2 Area forecasts are amended by AIRMET. Table A5-1 Corrected or cancelled TAFs are issued as amendments. APPENDIX 6 1.1.4 Domestic SIGMET phenomena are described in abbreviated plain English. Gander Oceanic

SIGMET information is included in plain English. Table A6-1 Domestic SIGMET messages do not include the location indicator of the air traffic services unit or

the name of the flight information region or the control area. A mitigation plan to enter into compliance with this provision is under development. However, the implementation date for compliance cannot be determined at this time.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CHILE 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* 2.2.3* 2.2.4* 2.2.5* 2.2.6*

There is no organized quality control system, similar to the one recommended. Remark: The implementation of an organized quality control system, similar to the one recommended, is being reviewed and is expected to be implemented by December 2008.

CHAPTER 4 4.1.5 Instruments are not used to measure visibility.

Remark: At the Arturo Merino Benitéz (Category III B) Airport, automatic equipment for measuring visibility is not available. An investment project for updating the system is planned and compliance is expected by December 2007.

4.1.6* Instruments are not used to measure visibility.

Remark: At Category I airports, there is no automatic equipment for measuring visibility. The implementation of automatic instruments for measuring visibility is at the purchasing stage and compliance is expected by December 2005.

4.2* b) 4.2* c)

In this country, this type of display related to information concerning the use, calibration and maintenance of integrated automatic systems is not used. The coordination procedures do not establish all the points specified in Amendment 73.

Remark: National procedures related to the preparation of reports and to the use of basic data are being developed and updated, as are the coordination procedures between the meteorological services and the air traffic services. Compliance is expected by December 2005.

CHAPTER 5 5.9 Special air-report of volcanic activity forms are not provided to aircraft.

Remark: It is expected that special air-reports of volcanic activity are immediately sent by aircraft to ATS units, which make them available to meteorological watch offices shortly thereafter. The information is supplied by the pilot to the ACC, which immediately supplies it to the meteorological watch office. When greater background information is required, the request is sent to the airline.

APPENDIX 3 4.3.2.2* At most Category I airports, RVR observations are carried out by human observers.

Remark: Equipment for measuring RVR on all the runways of Category I airports is not available. Automated measurements of RVR are only planned at Category III airports and at aerodromes with major problems involving reduced visibility.



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2 CHILE SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


4.4.2.3* All the phenomena recommended up to Amendment 72 are reported.

Remark: The national meteorological authority considers it important to continue to report all present weather phenomena, recommended up to Amendment 72, because of the significant rate of their occurrence in this country.

4.9.1.3* In automated METAR and SPECI, present weather and type of precipitation are not reported.

Remark: The stations capable of generating automated reports do not have present weather sensors, nor do they have precipitation type sensors. Stations with these type of sensors have begun to be added. Compliance is expected by December 2006.

4.9.1.4* In automated METAR and SPECI, clouds are not reported and the �NCD� abbreviation is not

included.

Remark: The stations capable of generating automated reports do not report clouds, nor do they include the use of the �NCD� abbreviation. Stations with these type of sensors have begun to be added. Compliance is expected by December 2008.

4.9.1.5* In automated METAR and SPECI, supplementary information is not reported and the �REUP�

abbreviation is not included.

Remark: The stations capable of generating automated reports are not capable of reporting supplementary information, nor do they include the use of the �REUP� abbreviation. This type of information will begin to be included in the next software upgrade expected to be implemented by December 2009.

APPENDIX 8 4.1.1.1* Charts included in flight documentation are clear and legible. They are submitted in legal and

letter size formats.

Remark: The format used does not present problems for users.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CHINA 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) No information about the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere can be

supplied.

Remark: The meteorological authority will discuss with the related organization to get the information.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) COLOMBIA 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 11 11.1.1 Not complied with. 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.1.4 APPENDIX 3 3.2.1 Not complied with. 4.3.2 Not complied with. APPENDIX 6 1.1.3 Not complied with. APPENDIX 8 5.1 Not complied with.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CUBA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 3 3.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological offices at which flight documentation is required are determined by

the aeronautical authority to operate at the country�s main airports and they are combined with the provision of the aeronautical information service and air traffic services reporting.

3.3.4 Landing forecasts are prepared at the request of the operators. 3.4.2 The meteorological watch office is also the office responsible for preparing the area and route

forecasts, as well as the aerodrome and landing forecasts and the forecasts for take-off for the domestic and international airports, except for José Martí International Airport.

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) All routine observations are issued in METAR form. 4.4.2 a) All special observations are issued in SPECI form. CHAPTER 5 5.3 Not applied. 5.4

Remark: There are no routine aircraft observations available on domestic air routes within the flight information region of Cuba.

CHAPTER 6 6.6.2 Area forecasts are issued in plain language. APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 Reports in abbreviated plain language are not issued. 2.3.2* g) If the observer determines a change in visibility, special reports are issued when there is the onset

or cessation of light precipitation (including showers). 3.2 Meteorological reports for local use are not issued. 4.1.4.3 4.2.4.2 Remark: All the reports are prepared in METAR or SPECI code form. 4.2.4.3* 4.4.2.1 4.5.4.1* f) The abbreviation �NSC� is used in METAR or SPECI if the layer or mass of cloud above 1 500 m

(5 000 ft) covers 4/8 or less.



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2 CUBA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


4.5.4.2 Meteorological reports for local use are not issued. 4.8.1.2* Remark: All the reports are prepared in METAR or SPECI code form. APPENDIX 5 1.2.3* When the meteorologist considers it appropriate, light rain (including showers) is forecast, if it is

anticipated that it will change the forecast visibility. 1.2.4* The abbreviation �NSC� is used preferably when forecasting a change in clouds above 1 500 m

(5 000 ft) of BKN or OVC extent up to clouds of SCT or FEW extent. The layers of cloud of BKN or OVC extent are forecast at any level. Vertical visibility is not forecast.

2.2.4.1 When the meteorologist considers it appropriate, light rain (including showers) is forecast, if it is

anticipated that it will change the forecast visibility. 2.2.5 2.2.6

The abbreviation �NSC� is used preferably when forecasting a change in clouds above 1 500 m (5 000 ft) of BKN or OVC extent up to clouds of SCT or FEW extent. The layers of cloud of BKN or OVC extent are forecast at any level. Vertical visibility is not forecast.

APPENDIX 6 2.2.1* 2.2.2*

AIRMET messages are only issued for dissemination with the flight information region of Cuba.

5.1.1 Aerodrome warnings are issued in the form of text that does not require explanation.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) CZECH REPUBLIC 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 7 General Wind shear warnings are not issued.

Remark: Expected to be implemented in June 2005.

APPENDIX 3 2.1.2 Identification of the type of report METAR COR and SPECI COR is not used. The standard time

of observation is used instead of the actual time of observation. Intensity or proximity of present weather is used with IC, PO, FC, BLSN, BLSA, BLDU.

Remark: Software modification has not been completed. Expected to be implemented by November 2005.

4.2.4.4* Reporting of minimum and maximum visibility still continues.

Remark: Software modification has not been completed. Expected to be implemented by June 2005.

4.3.5* Runway visual range for local routine and special reports is determined on the basis of maximum

intensity (100 per cent) of the runway lighting. 4.3.6.2* Upper RVR limit is 1 500 m.

Remark: Software modification has not been completed. Expected to be implemented by June 2005.

APPENDIX 5 1.1 Identification of the type forecast TAF COR is not used.

Remark: Software modification has not been completed. Expected to be implemented by November 2005.

APPENDIX 6 6.2.1 Wind shear warnings are not issued.


APPENDIX 9 1.1 b) Wind shear warnings are not issued. 1.2 b)


___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) ESTONIA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) Information concerning the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not

supplied to ACC/FIC.

Remark: At present, such information is not available at the meteorological watch office. Procedures are under development and are expected to be implemented by 31 December 2005.

CHAPTER 8 8.1.1 8.1.2* 8.2* 8.3*

Climatological information for some regular aerodromes does not meet the requirements. Remark: Climatological information became obsolete. Aerodromes that are not open on a 24-hour basis do not have complete information for processing. Procedures for collecting, processing and storing are under development and are expected to be implemented by 31 December 2005.

APPENDIX 6 5.1.2* Snow accumulation is not included in aerodrome warnings.

Remark: No technical resources are available for observing and forecasting snow accumulation.

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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) FINLAND 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.4.2 b) SPECI is not issued in Finland.

Remark: METAR is issued every half-hour according to regional air navigation agreement. CHAPTER 7 7.3.1 Aerodrome warnings will normally not be issued for meteorological conditions that could

adversely affect aircraft on the ground, including parked aircraft.

Remark: Due to limitations of observing methods and/or short-term forecasting, this kind of specific warning is not issued in Finland.

7.4.1 Wind shear warnings are not normally issued. Information on observed wind shear at aerodromes

is included in METAR and local reports.

Remark: Due to limitations of observing methods and/or short-term forecasting, this kind of warning is not issued in Finland.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) FRANCE 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 1 Definitions Visibility. The visibility reported to users corresponds to the meteorological optical range. CHAPTER 4 4.1.5 Automatic systems for measuring visibility have not yet been installed at certain aerodromes with

runways intended for Category III instrument approach and landing operations.

Remark: These aerodromes will be equipped by 2006. 4.6.3.4 a) Instruments that enable the assessment of the runway visual range, representative of the

touchdown zone, have not been installed at some aerodromes with runways intended for Category I instrument approach and landing operations.

4.6.3.4 c) Instruments that enable assessment of the runway visual range, representative of the touchdown

zone, the mid-point and stop-end of the runway, have not yet been installed at some aerodromes with runways intended for Category III instrument approach and landing operations.

Remark: These aerodromes will be equipped by 2006.

4.6.4.3* Phenomena in the vicinity of the aerodrome are not included in reports from fully automatic

observing systems. 4.6.5.1 Vertical visibility is not measured.

Remark: The current sensors are not suited to this type of measurement. 4.7* Reports from fully automatic observing systems are issued during the operational hours of the

aerodrome. CHAPTER 7 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not issued unless appropriate sensors are available. APPENDIX 3 2.3.2* f) RVR is not included in SPECI. 2.3.2* g) SPECI is issued when the onset or cessation of the following phenomena occurs: 2.3.2* h) — freezing precipitation;

— moderate or heavy snowfall, ice pellets, hail, small hail and/or snow pellets, mixed rain and snow;

— blowing dust, sand or snow; — duststorm; — sandstorm; — snowstorm.



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2 FRANCE SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


2.3.2* k) Vertical visibility is not included in SPECI. 4.1.3.1 b) The averages of the surface wind observations do not take into account a possible discontinuity. 4.1.4.2 b) Local routine and special reports only provide variations in the wind direction when the total

variation is 60° with a mean wind speed above 3 kt. 4.1.4.2 f) The averages of the surface wind observations do not take into account a possible discontinuity. 4.2.3* b) The averages of the visibility observations do not take into account a possible discontinuity. 4.2.4.4* In reports from fully automatic observing systems, visibility is derived from one single point of

measurement and directional variations in visibility are not measured. 4.3.1.2* At certain aerodromes, RVR observations are carried out at a lateral distance of more than 120 m

from the runway centre line. 4.3.5* The light intensity used to calculate RVR is the maximum intensity available on the runway in

question. 4.3.6.2* At most sites, 75 m is the minimum RVR value that can be measured in France. At most sites,

1 500 m is the maximum RVR value that can currently be measured in France.

Remark: 50 m could be considered the lower limit in the course of 2006, and 2 000 m could be considered the upper limit in the course of 2006.

4.4.2.2 The proximity of present weather phenomena is not included in reports from fully automatic

observing systems. 4.4.2.3* The following weather phenomena are not reported in reports from fully automatic observing

systems: SG, PL, IC, GR, GS, DS, SS, PO, FC, SA, DU, HZ, FU, VA, SQ.

Remark: The meteorological optical range (MOR) is the coding criterion used for the FG and BR abbreviations.

4.4.2.4* MI, BC, PR, DR, BL are not included in reports from fully automatic observing systems. 4.4.2.5* VC is not included in reports from fully automatic observing systems. 4.5.4.1* c) At certain sites, in local reports, the height of cloud base is reported in steps of 30 ft below 300 ft. 4.5.4.1* d) Vertical visibility is not measured. 4.5.4.1* e) The �NSC� abbreviation signifies the absence of significant clouds detected by the ceilometer(s) in

reports from fully automatic observing systems. 4.8* No supplementary information is reported in reports from fully automatic observing systems. 4.8.1.3* Wind shear warnings are not issued unless appropriate sensors are available.



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) FRANCE 3


15/6/05

4.9.1.3* The �UP� abbreviation will be considered during the course of 2005. The �CAVOK� abbreviation is not used in reports from fully automatic observing systems. The following weather phenomena are not reported in the METAR AUTO reports from unmanned meteorological stations: SG, PL, IC, GR, GS, DS, SS, PO, FC, SA, DU, HZ, FU, VA, SQ.

Remark: The meteorological optical range (MOR) is the coding criterion used for the FG and BR abbreviations.

4.9.1.4* Vertical visibility is not measured. 4.9.1.5* No supplementary information is reported in reports from fully automatic observing systems. APPENDIX 5 2.2 Trend forecasts are not appended to reports from automatic observing systems. APPENDIX 6 5.1.1 Aerodrome warnings are not issued in accordance with the specified template.

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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) GERMANY 1


15/6/05

General Germany is making efforts to comply with Annex 3, Amendment 73. Due to the requirement to make software changes and corrections in observation procedures, compliance with certain provisions will not take place before 4 July 2005.

CHAPTER 3 3.4 In Germany, selected advisory centres for aviation (ACA) fulfil the function of MWO. CHAPTER 6 6.2.3 Note Until 4 July 2005, TAF includes the visibility corresponding to the definition of �visibility� as

defined in Chapter 1, instead of forecast prevailing visibility. APPENDIX 3 2.3.2* f) In Germany, values of 75 or 125, 200, 300 and 550 m instead of 150, 350 and 600 m are applied

for runway visual range. 4.1.4.2 By 4 July 2005, the criteria for wind variations and VRB according to Amendment 73 will be

updated. 4.2.4.4* In METAR, “visibility” is as defined in Chapter 1. “Prevailing visibility” will be introduced by

4 July 2005. 4.4.2.4* Reporting of thunderstorms in METAR when lightning or sheet lightning is detected/observed will

be introduced by 4 July 2005.

Remark: Sheet lightning: In cases when a lightning flash illuminates clouds but is not visible.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) JAPAN 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) Information on the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not supplied

to ACC/FIC and aeronautical information service units. CHAPTER 4 4.6.1.1 In local routine and special reports, the mean direction of surface wind is reported in the magnetic

azimuth. 4.6.3.3 Runway visual range is reported throughout periods when either the visibility or the runway visual

range is 1 600 m or less. APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 Local routine and special reports are issued in a format similar to that of METAR and SPECI. 2.3.1 c) Special observations and reports due to an increase in air temperature of 2°C are made only when

the air temperature given at that time is 32° or more. 2.3.2* e) SPECI is issued when the visibility is improving and changes to or passes through one or more of

the following values, or when the visibility is deteriorating and passes through one or more of the following values: 1 500, 3 200 or 5 000 m.

2.3.2* f) SPECI is issued when the runway visual range is improving and changes to or passes through one

or more of the following values, or when the runway visual range is deteriorating and passes through one or more of the following values: 400 or 800 m.

2.3.2* h) SPECI concerning the onset or cessation of ice crystals is not issued. 2.3.2* i) SPECI is issued when the height of base of the lowest cloud layer of BKN or OVC extent is lifting

and changes to or passes through one or more of the following values, or when the height of base of the lowest cloud layer of BKN or OVC extent is lowering and passes through one or more of the following values: 30, 180 or 450 m.

2.3.2* k) SPECI is issued when the sky is obscured and the vertical visibility is improving and changes to or

passes through one or more of the following values, or when the vertical visibility is deteriorating and passes through one or more of the following values: 30, 180 or 450 m.

4.1.3.1 In local routine and special reports, an averaging period for surface wind observation is 10 min-

utes. 4.1.4.2 b) 1) In local routine and special reports and in METAR and SPECI, variations of wind direction are

given if the total variation is 60o or more with mean wind speeds above 6 km/h (3 kt). 4.1.4.2 b) 2) 4.1.4.2 b) 3)

In local routine and special reports and in METAR and SPECI, wind direction is indicated as “VRB” when a variation of wind direction is 60o or more with mean wind speeds below 6 km/h (3 kt).



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2 JAPAN SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


4.1.4.2 e) In local routine and special reports, when a wind speed of 200 km/h (100 kt) or more is reported, it is indicated as it is.

4.2.4.1 In local routine and special reports and in METAR and SPECI, visibility is expressed in steps of

100 m even when the visibility is less than 800 m. It is indicated as it is, regardless of whether its value is 10 km or more. In local routine and special reports, the abbreviation “CAVOK” is not used.

4.2.4.4* When the visibility is not the same in different directions, the visibility explained by 1) or 2) or 3)

below and its general direction in relation to the aerodrome indicated by reference to one of the eight points of the compass are reported in addition to the prevailing visibility.

1) The visibility, whose value is twice the prevailing visibility or more, is observed when the

prevailing visibility is 5 000 m or less.

2) The visibility, whose value is 50 per cent of the prevailing visibility or less, is observed when the prevailing visibility is 5 000 m or less.

3) The visibility, whose value is 5 000 m or less than 50 per cent of the prevailing visibility, is

observed when the prevailing visibility is more than 5 000 m. 4.3.4 In local routine and special reports, the averaging period for runway visual range values is

10 minutes. 4.3.5* In METAR and SPECI, the runway visual range is based on the light intensity actually in use on

that runway. 4.3.6.1 The reporting scale consists of increments of 50 m for runway visual range below 800 m and

increments of 100 m for above 800 m. 4.3.6.2* The upper limit for runway visual range is 1 800 m. 4.4.2.5* When a thunderstorm is observed, it is reported as �TS� regardless of its location. When a funnel

cloud is observed, it is reported as �VCFC� regardless of its location. 4.5.4.1* c) The height of the base of cloud is reported in steps of 30 m (100 ft) up to 1 500 m (5 000 ft), in

steps of 300 m (1 000 ft) between 1 500 m (5 000 ft) and 9 000 m (30 000 ft) and in steps of 1 500 m (5 000 ft) above 9 000 m (30 000 ft).

4.5.4.1* f) In local routine and special reports, the abbreviations “CAVOK” and “NSC” are not used. If there

are no clouds of operational significance, no cumulonimbus and no restriction on vertical visibility and if “SKC” is not appropriate, types of clouds are reported.

4.7.3.2 In local routine and special reports, QFE is not reported. APPENDIX 6 1.1.4 SIGMET information concerning thunderstorms (OBSC TS, OBSC/EMBD/FRQ/SQL TS), icing

(SEV ICE (FZRA)), mountain waves (SEV MTW), duststorms (HVY DS) and sandstorms (HVY SS) is not issued.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) LATVIA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.4.2 b) 4.4.3

SPECI reports are not issued.

Remark: In accordance with EUR ANP. 4.6.2.1 Definition of prevailing visibility is not applicable. 4.6.2.3* For METAR reports, the visibility observations are representative of the touchdown zone of the

runway. CHAPTER 5 5.2 a) Routine aircraft observations during en-route and climb-out phases of the flight are not made. CHAPTER 6 6.2.1 Aerodrome forecasts for Ventspils aerodrome are not issued.

Remark: No requirements from operators. Compliance is expected by 2008. 6.6.3 Area forecasts for low-level flights are only issued during the daytime period.

Remark: Due to the low density of traffic operation below flight level 100 during night hours. Compliance is expected by 2006.

CHAPTER 7 7.2.1 AIRMET information is only issued during the daytime period.

Remark: Due to the low density of traffic operation below flight level 100 during night hours. Compliance is expected by 2006.

7.4.1 Wind shear warnings are issued for Riga aerodrome only. CHAPTER 8 8.1.1 Aerodrome climatological summaries and tables are available only for Riga aerodrome.

Remark: Compliance is expected by 2006.



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2 LATVIA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 Local routine and special reports are not issued in accordance with the template shown in

Table A3-1 for non-categorized aerodromes.

Remark: No requirements from operators. 2.3.1 c) Special reports due to an increase in air temperature of 2oC or more are not issued for non-

categorized aerodromes.

Remark: No requirements from operators; an alternative threshold value is used. 4.2.4.4* In METAR, the visibility value representative of the touchdown zone is reported. APPENDIX 5 1.2.2* In TAF, the lowest visibility at an aerodrome is always forecast. 2.2.3 In trend forecasts appended to METAR, visibility refers to the forecast lowest visibility along the

runway.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) LITHUANIA 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) Local routine and special reports are not issued at Kaunas aerodrome. 4.4.2 a)

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006. CHAPTER 6 6.6.3 Area forecasts for low-level flights are prepared every 3 hours in the daytime.

Remark: Low flight intensity. By 2005, area forecasts for low-level flights will be prepared every 3 hours in the daytime and every 6 hours at night.

CHAPTER 7 7.4.1 Wind shear warnings for Kaunas, Palanga and Siauliai aerodromes are prepared on the basis of

aircraft observations during the climb-out or approach phases of flight. This information is included in METAR/SPECI.

Remark: There are no forecasts at these aerodromes.

APPENDIX 3 4.1.2.1 Surface wind displays are not available at the air traffic service unit at Kaunas aerodrome.

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006. 4.1.3.1 b) In the METAR/SPECI reports, the averaging period for wind observations at Kaunas aerodrome is

2 minutes.

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006. 4.3.3.1 There are no RVR displays at the Kaunas aerodrome control centre.

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006. 4.3.4 b) In the METAR/SPECI reports, the averaging period for runway visual range observations at

Kaunas aerodrome is 1 minute.

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006. APPENDIX 9 1.1 Local routine and special reports are not issued at Kaunas aerodrome. 1.2

Remark: Outdated meteorological equipment. Will be able to comply with the Standard by 2006.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) MALAYSIA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.3* Does not comply with ISO 9000, except for KLIA Meteorology Office. 2.2.4* 2.2.5* 2.2.6* CHAPTER 3 3.5 The MWOs for Kuala Lumpur FIR and Kota Kinabalu FIR are not operational. CHAPTER 4 4.8* Volcanic activity observation not implemented. CHAPTER 5 5.3.1* ADS not implemented. APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 METAR COR and SPECI COR are not issued.

Remark: Changing will involve change of system. 2.3.2* e) 2.3.2* f)

SPECI reports are issued in respect to visibility changing to or passing 5 000 m and 800 m. SPECI reports on RVR are not issued.

4.1.2.1 In some airports, wind reports in meteorological stations and ATS are not from the same sensors. 4.3.2.2* Automated equipment for assessing RVR available only at KLIA. APPENDIX 5 1.1 TAF COR is not issued.

Remark: Changing will involve change of system.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) NEW ZEALAND 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* Remark: Meteorological suppliers are required to establish quality assurance procedures compliant

with the requirements of New Zealand Civil Aviation Rule, Part 174. 2.3 Operators requiring meteorological service shall notify a certified meteorological service provider. CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 b) SIGMET information is issued for the New Zealand FIR and for the Auckland Oceanic FIR north

of latitude S60. 3.4.2 g) Information on the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not readily

available. CHAPTER 4 4.1.5 Observation systems are not installed to measure runway visual range. 4.4.1 Reports of routine observations are identified as SPECI reports when the observed conditions meet

the criteria used for special observations. 4.6.3 Runway visual range is not reported for precision approach runways. Runway visual range

observations are only made for specific take-off operations at approved aerodromes, using a human observer system.

4.6.5.1 The height of the base of clouds reported will not be restricted to 1 500 m (5 000 ft). CHAPTER 6 6.5 Route forecasts are issued in a self-evident plain language form. CHAPTER 7 7.4 Information about wind shear observed on the approach or take-off paths is included, when

appropriate, in METAR and SPECI reports. Information on the expected existence of wind shear is not provided.

CHAPTER 9 General The type, the format and the means and the point of supply of meteorological information to

operators and flight crew members are as agreed between the meteorological service provider and the operator or flight crew member.



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2 NEW ZEALAND SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 3 2.2 The term CAVOK is not used. 2.3.2* e) The following criteria are used for horizontal visibility: 800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 2.3.2* f) Runway visual range is not reported for precision approach runways. Runway visual range

observations are made only for specific take-off operations at approved aerodromes, using a human observer system.

2.3.2* i) The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent � 200 (at selected aerodromes), 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. 2.3.2* k) Vertical visibility is not available. 4.1.1.1* Due to operational restrictions at Wellington International Airport, the surface wind is measured at

6 m (20 ft). 4.1.4.2 b) At all wind speeds and with any amount of variation in direction, wind direction will only be

reported as variable �VRB� when it is impossible to determine a single wind direction. 4.1.4.2 e) When wind speeds are 100 kt or greater, the exact wind speed is reported. 4.2.4.1 The term CAVOK is not used. When the horizontal visibility is expected to be 10 km or more, it

will be coded in whole kilometres followed immediately by the letters “km”, e.g. 15 km. 4.2.4.4* When the visibility is not the same in different directions, the lowest visibility is reported; when

the visibility in one or more directions is more than 50 per cent above the lowest visibility, the lowest visibility is reported with its general direction in relation to the site of the meteorological station. When the lowest visibility is less than 1 500 m and the visibility in another direction is more than 5 000 m, the higher visibility is also reported with its general direction.

4.4.2.5* Intensity will be reported with �SH� to indicate the intensity of precipitation in showers. Intensity

will be reported with �TS� to indicate the intensity of precipitation associated with thunderstorms.

VC (vicinity) may be used with RA, DZ or SN when the observer has evidence that the observed precipitation is of the type described.

4.5.4.1* d) Vertical visibility is not available. APPENDIX 4 4.2 Forms for special air-reports of volcanic activity are not available. However, a volcanic activity

report form for use by pilots is available from the civil aviation authority website.



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) NEW ZEALAND 3


15/6/05

APPENDIX 5 1.2.2* The term CAVOK is not used. When the horizontal visibility is expected to be 10 km or more, it

will be coded in whole kilometres followed immediately by the letters “km”, e.g. 15 km. 1.2.4* Vertical visibility forecasts are not available. The term CAVOK is not used. 1.3.1* b) The following criteria are used for horizontal visibility: 800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 1.3.1* e) The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent � 200 (at selected aerodromes), 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. 1.3.1* h) Vertical visibility forecasts are not available. 2.2.3 The following criteria are used for horizontal visibility: 800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 2.2.5 The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent: 200 (at selected aerodromes), 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. The term CAVOK is not used.

2.2.6 Vertical visibility forecasts are not available. APPENDIX 6 1.1.1 In SIGMETs issued for the New Zealand FIR, the date-time groups are given in both local time

and UTC. 1.1.6* SIGMET information for volcanic ash and tropical cyclones is not issued in graphical format. 6.1* 6.2

Information about wind shear observed on the approach or take-off paths is included, when appropriate, in METAR and SPECI reports. Information on the expected existence of wind shear is not provided.

APPENDIX 9 3.1 ASHTAMs are not issued.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) PORTUGAL 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.5.1 a) METAR COR and SPECI COR are not issued.

Remark: AMOS (aerodrome meteorological observing system) is not prepared to comply. A new AMOS is expected to be operational by 31 December 2005.

4.5.1 d) Identification of a missing report is not indicated.

Remark: AMOS is not prepared to comply. A new AMOS is expected to be operational by 31 December 2005.

CHAPTER 7 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not available for approach and take-off paths.

Remark: No detection equipment available. APPENDIX 3 2.2 CAVOK is not used in local routine and special reports.


4.1.4.2 b) 1) 4.1.4.2 b) 2)

When the total variation in wind direction is between 60° and 180° and the wind speed is 3 kt, the wind direction is indicated as variable.


4.1.4.2 e) Wind speeds of more than 100 kt will be indicated with three digits in METAR and SPECI reports

and will not be reported as ABV99KT in local routine and special reports.


4.1.4.3 The location along the runway where the surface wind is observed is not reported.


4.2.4.1 Visibility will be expressed in steps of 100 m for values observed in the range 500 to 800 m.




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2 PORTUGAL SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)

15/6/05

4.2.4.2 Visibility is not reported along the runway(s).


4.3.6.1 RVR will be reported in steps of 50 m from 0 to 800 m.


4.3.6.3 The minimum and the maximum values of RVR determined by the system (i.e. AMOS) are not

reported.


4.3.6.4 b) The location where the RVR is observed is always indicated in the local routine and special

reports.


4.3.6.4 c) The RVR value of mid-point is not indicated in the local routine and special reports.


___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 c) The scheme of reception of the information concerning the release of radioactive materials into the

atmosphere is under decision. 3.4.2 g) A meteorological watch office does not supply flight information and area control centres and

aeronautical information service units with information concerning the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere in the area of responsibility or its adjacent areas.

CHAPTER 4 4.6.3.3 The runway visual range shall be reported throughout periods when the visibility is 2 000 m or

less at dusk and at night and 1 000 m or less during the day.

Remark: At the request of the ATS unit. CHAPTER 6 6.2.3 Note The visibility indicated in TAF refers to the forecast minimum visibility.

Remark: From an operational point of view, minimum visibility is the most important information for aerodromes with one RWY. All aerodromes in the Republic of Moldova have only one RWY.

CHAPTER 8 General Aeronautical climatological information is temporarily unavailable until October 2007.

Remark: Due to a modification in the meteorological services, continuous data on observations made over a period of five years are missing.

CHAPTER 9 9.4.6 The meteorological authority shall retain information supplied to flight crew members for a period

of 10 days from the date of issue. For the supply of information for a period longer than 10 days, the meteorological authority will send the corresponding request to the WAFC.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities.

APPENDIX 3 2.3.2* g) 2.3.2* h)

Special reports are also issued when there is a deterioration of MOR visibility in showers less than 1 000 m and 600 m, and an improvement of MOR visibility in showers up to 600 m and higher, and 1 000 m and higher.

Remark: At the request of the ATS unit.



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2 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


4.4.2.5* In local routine and special reports, the �VCTS� abbreviation is used to indicate thunderstorms �TS� in the vicinity of the aerodrome.

Remark: At the request of the ATS unit.

Table A3-1 Local routine and special reports for dissemination at the aerodrome are presented in a template in

accordance with the local ATS unit.

Remark: At the request of the ATS unit. APPENDIX 9 1.3 b) SIGMET and AIRMET information referring to other FIR/UIRs within a distance of 925 km

(500 NM) are not supplied to flight information and area control centres. 1.3 c) Absence of technical capabilities.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) ROMANIA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) and Note Not issued due to technical reasons. 4.4.2 a) and Note

Remark: Due to the national legal procedures and technical aspects, compliance is expected to be implemented by January 2006.

4.6.1.1 Not complied with due to technical reasons.


CHAPTER 5 5.3.1* Not applied due to technical reasons.


APPENDIX 3 3.2 Not issued due to technical reasons.


4.1.4.1 4.1.4.3 4.9*

Not complied with due to technical reasons. Remark: Due to the national legal procedures and technical aspects, compliance is expected to be implemented by January 2006.

APPENDIX 4 1.1 1.2

Not applied due to technical reasons.


___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) RUSSIAN FEDERATION 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.6.1.1 The unit used to measure surface wind speed is metres per second (m/s) in METAR and SPECI.

Remark: The Russian Federation uses the metric system of measurement. CHAPTER 5 5.8 Information on atmospheric meteorological parameters in automated air-reports is not transmitted.

Remark: There is no appropriate telecommunication means. CHAPTER 6 General GAMET and AIRMET information is completed in plain language with accepted abbreviations

(local area, flight area and ATS region forecasts).

Remark: The difference is determined by national operational requirements. 6.2 The unit used to forecast surface wind speed is metres per second (m/s) in TAF.

Remark: The Russian Federation uses the metric system of measurement. 6.4.1 Forecasts for take-off are prepared only at the request of the aircraft flight crew.

Remark: National practice. CHAPTER 7 General GAMET and AIRMET information is completed in plain language with accepted abbreviations

(local area, flight area and ATS region forecasts).

Remark: The difference is determined by national operational requirements. APPENDIX 3 Table A3-4 Wind direction is included in a routine and special report taking into account the magnetic

deviation of the aerodrome.

Remark: The difference is determined by national operational requirements.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) SLOVAKIA 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.6.1.1 The unit used for wind speed is metres per second. The abbreviation “MPS” or an indication of the

unit is used in all reports. CHAPTER 6 General The unit used for wind speed is metres per second. The abbreviation “MPS” or an indication of the

unit is used in all forecasts. 6.3.3 Trend forecasts are not appended to a SPECI. APPENDIX 3 4.1.4.2 b) 1) When total variation is between 60° and 180°, it is reported as the two extreme directions when

wind speed is 3 mps (6 kt) or more. 4.1.4.2 b) 2) When total variation is between 60° and 180°, it is reported as variable, with no mean value when

wind speed is 3 mps (6 kt) or less. 4.2.4.2 In local routine and special reports, minimum visibility representative of the aerodrome is reported. 4.2.4.4* In METAR and SPECI, a) if visibility in one or more directions is more than 50 per cent above the lowest visibility, the

lowest visibility observed is reported and its general direction in relation to the site of the meteorological station indicated by reference to one of the eight points of the compass. If the lowest visibility is observed in more than one direction, the most operationally significant direction is reported.

b) if the lowest visibility is less than 1 500 m and the visibility in another direction is more than 5

000 m, the maximum visibility is reported and its general direction in relation to the site of the meteorological station indicated by reference to one of the eight points of the compass. If the highest visibility is observed in more than one direction, then the most operationally significant direction is reported. When the visibility is fluctuating rapidly and significant directional variations cannot be given, the lowest visibility is reported, with no indication of direction.

The corresponding template is given below:



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2 SLOVAKIA SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


Visibility (M)

Minimum visibility (M) Nnnn CAVOK 0350 CAVOK 7000 9999

Direction of the minimum visibility (C)


0800E

Maximum visibility (C) Nnnn 1100SE 7000NW 1200S 6000W

Direction of the maximum visibility


Unidirectional visibility (C) NDV NDV

APPENDIX 5 1.2.2* Minimum visibility is forecasted. 2.2.3 Note In trend forecasts, visibility refers to the forecast minimum visibility. APPENDIX 8 4.5.1* c) Significant weather charts for low-level flights are not issued.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) SWEDEN 1

15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.4.2 b) SPECI is not issued in Sweden.

Remark: METAR is issued every half-hour. CHAPTER 7 7.3.1 Aerodrome warnings will normally not be issued for meteorological conditions that could

adversely affect aircraft on the ground, including parked aircraft. 7.4.1 Due to limited capacity for maintaining a continuous survey of wind shear conditions, wind shear

warnings are not issued. Information on the observed occurrence of wind shear at an aerodrome is included in routine observations and reports issued at that aerodrome.

Remark: Not included in Swedish regulations due to the absence of severe wind shear conditions.

CHAPTER 11 11.5 SPECI is not issued in Sweden. 11.6.1 11.6.2 Remark: METAR is issued every half-hour. APPENDIX 3 4.1.4.3 d) Minimum wind is not included in local routine and special reports.

Remark: Will be revised in our regulations in 2005.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) SWITZERLAND 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) Local routine reports are disseminated at Zurich and Geneva airports. 4.4.2 b) SPECI is not disseminated. 4.5.1 i) Vertical visibility is assessed in relation to the type of present weather and visibility. 4.6.4.3* In Zurich and Geneva, the present weather for METAR is representative of the conditions at the

observatory. 4.6.5.1 If clouds of operational significance are reported, also the clouds without operational significance

are reported. CHAPTER 5 5.8 The relay of air-reports by voice communication by the ATS unit to the MWO is not fully

established. CHAPTER 6 6.2.3 d) 6.2.3 f)

The missing and cancelled forecast identifiers are not included in the TAF according to the Standard.

Remark: The Standard will be complied with by the end of 2005.

6.4 Forecasts for take-off are not provided specifically. TAF and TREND forecasts provide the

information. 6.6.3 GAMET are issued every 3 hours between 0500 UTC and 1100 UTC (1400 UTC) in winter

(summer), respectively. CHAPTER 7 7.4.1 Wind shear warnings are issued only at Zurich airport. CHAPTER 9 9.2.1 b) Tropopause height and temperature are only provided for Switzerland FIR/UIR. Direction, speed

and height of maximum wind are not provided. 9.2.1 d) Forecasts for take-off are not provided specifically. TAF and TREND forecasts provide the

information.



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2 SWITZERLAND SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 3 2.1.1 Local routine and special reports do not comply with the Standard.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 2.1.2 SPECI is not issued. 2.3.1 Criteria for local special reports are applied as to be representative for the situation at the

observatory. 4.1.3.1 a) Local routine and special reports are averaged over 10 minutes.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 4.1.4.2 b) Variation is reported for wind speed greater than 3 kt. Variation is also reported for values greater

than 180°.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 4.1.4.3 b) Local routine and special reports are not representative of the conditions along the runway.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 4.1.4.3 d) Local routine and special reports do not indicate the minimum speed in conditions with gusts.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 4.2.2* No displays of the visibility sensors are situated in the ATS units. 4.2.3* No one-minute average for visibility sensor values is used.

Remark: With the introduction of the new local report at Zurich (after 2005) and Geneva (after 2006) airports, the medium of the last three one-minute average values of the visibility sensors will be published.

4.3.4 10-minute averages are used for local reports.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006. 4.3.5* In METAR, the RVR is based on the actual runway light intensity.

Remark: At Zurich and at Geneva airports, the Standard will be complied with in 2005. 4.3.6.2* The upper limit for reporting RVR is 1 500 m. In local routine reports, the abbreviations ABV and

BLW are not used and the position along the runway is not indicated.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Recommended Practice will be complied with after 2005; in Geneva, after 2006.



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) SWITZERLAND 3


15/6/05

4.4.2.5* At Zurich airport, VCTS is not reported. VC is also used for weather phenomena that are observed close to the observatory but not at the observatory, as appropriate (e.g. VCSH).

4.5.2* No display for automated equipment is provided to ATS. 4.5.4.2 b) In local routine and special reports, the cloud base is not reported for the different runways in use.

Remark: At Zurich airport, the Standard will be complied with after 2005. APPENDIX 4 3.1.1 No routine air-reports received by voice communication are disseminated to WAFCs. 3.1.2 3.1.4 No special air-reports received by voice communication are disseminated to other MWOs. APPENDIX 5 1.2.5* The forecast temperatures included in TAF are related to fixed time values and not to maximum or

minimum temperatures. 2.2.3 The trend forecasts for visibility appended to local routine and special reports refer to the

prevailing visibility. 5.1 g) Instead of widespread mean surface wind speed exceeding 30 kt, widespread gusts exceeding

25 kt are reported in GAMET forecasts. Example: SFC GUSTS: 10/12KT. 5.1 h) Area of surface visibility below 5 000 m are not issued in GAMET forecasts. 5.1 j) Mountain obscuration is not issued in GAMET forecasts. 5.1 q) Pressure centres and fronts are not issued in GAMET forecasts. 5.1 r) Wind at 2 000 ft is not issued in GAMET forecasts. 5.1 s) No cloud type other than TCU and CB are issued in GAMET forecasts. APPENDIX 6 2.1.4 AIRMET messages are issued for phenomena below FL 240. According to the issuance of

GAMET messages, no information about widespread mean surface wind speed exceeding 30 kt, areas of surface visibility below 5 000 m, mountain obscuration and widespread areas of broken or overcast clouds are issued in AIRMET messages.



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4 SWITZERLAND SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 8 3.3.1 g) 3.3.1 h)

Satellite images and weather radar information are available at Zurich and Geneva airport briefings.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) UKRAINE 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* 2.2.3* 2.2.4* 2.2.5* 2.2.6*

A quality system, in conformity with the Standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000, has not been introduced. Remark: Absence of a regulatory framework. Expected to be implemented by 2006.

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) Information concerning the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not

supplied.

Remark: The meteorological authority is examining the issue with the appropriate authorities. CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) 4.4.2 a)

Local routine and special reports are issued at aerodromes that are equipped with automatic weather observing systems. At other aerodromes, the results of routine and special observations are disseminated to local users, in accordance with national regulations.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented by 2006.

4.6.1.1 Wind speed data are reported in m/s.

Remark: The measurement system has been adopted at the national level. 4.6.1.3* In METAR and SPECI reports, the representativeness of surface wind observations along the

runway is not maintained; data measured in the area of the operational start are supplied in the reports.

Remark: Requirements of the national regulations.

4.6.2.1 Procedures for determining visibility �for aeronautical purposes� are used only at one aerodrome at

night-time.

Procedures for determining �prevailing visibility� are not used.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Guidance is expected from WMO and ICAO. 4.6.4.1 Present weather is observed in the vicinity of the aerodrome only in the event of thunderstorm

phenomena.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2005.



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2 UKRAINE SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


4.6.4.3* For METAR and SPECI reports, weather observation data are representative of the aerodrome�s vicinity only for thunderstorm phenomena.

4.6.5.3* In METAR and SPECI reports, cloud observations are not representative of the entire aerodrome

installation and its vicinity; observation data are reported for the LMM site.

Remark: Requirements of the national regulations. 4.7* Not used.

Remark: Absence of automatic observing systems. Expected to be implemented by 2010. CHAPTER 5 5.3.1* Routine aircraft observations and reports using an air-ground data link and automatic dependent

surveillance (ADS) do not take place in the airspace of Ukraine.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. CHAPTER 6 6.2.3 d) 6.2.3 f)

Missing and cancelled TAF forecasts are not identified.

Remark: Not included in national regulations, expected to be implemented by 2005. 6.2.3 Note Prevailing visibility is not used in TAF forecasts.

Remark: Absence of requirements on the part of operators. 6.4 Forecasts for take-off are not prepared.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. CHAPTER 9 9.2.1 g) SIGMET information and appropriate air-reports relevant to the whole of the routes concerned are

not received from foreign countries. 9.5 Automated pre-flight information systems have not been organized.

Remark: Not included in national regulations.



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15/6/05

CHAPTER 11 11.1.9* Operational meteorological information is exchanged in the Ukraine via the GTS network. The

AFTN is used as a communications back-up.

Remark: Requirements of the national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2005 with regard to the international exchange.

11.2 Operational meteorological information is exchanged in the Ukraine via the GTS network.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. 11.4 Aeronautical mobile service communications are not used.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. 11.6.1 SPECI reports are not included in VOLMET broadcasts.

Remark: Absence of requirements on the part of operators. Not included in the EUR ANP. APPENDIX 2 2.2 WAFCs are not notified about discrepancies with WAFS products.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2006. APPENDIX 3 2.3.1 c) Local special reports are not issued when a change of 2oC occurs in air temperature.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2005. 2.3.1 d) Local special reports are not issued when supplementary information is available in the approach

and climb-out areas, with the exception of wind shear.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2005. 4.1.2 Surface wind displays relating to each sensor are not used.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented by 2006. 4.2.4.1 It is used at aerodromes that are equipped with automatic weather observing systems. At other

aerodromes, visibility is reported in steps of 50 m up to 500 m inclusive.




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4.3.3.1 Displays are used only in automatic observing systems.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented by 2006. 4.3.4 The averaging period of one minute for local reports and of 10 minutes for METAR/SPECI

reports for runway visual range is indicated only at aerodromes where automatic observing systems are used.


4.3.6.1 It is used at aerodromes that are equipped with automatic weather observing systems. At other

aerodromes, RVR is reported in steps of 50 m up to 500 m inclusive.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented by 2006. 4.3.6.4 In local routine and special reports, the determination of the runway visual range with the

indicated procedures is provided only at aerodromes where automatic observing systems are used.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented by 2006. 4.3.6.6* a) In METAR and SPECI, runway visual range values with a ten-minute averaging period and with a

tendency to vary are provided at one aerodrome only.

Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented at the main airports in 2007.

4.8.1.1* In local routine and special reports and in METAR and SPECI, recent weather phenomena are

included only at aerodromes equipped with automatic weather observing systems. Remark: Absence of technical capabilities. Expected to be implemented at the main airports in 2005.

4.8.1.2* In local routine and special reports, recent weather phenomena are included only at aerodromes

equipped with automatic weather observing systems.

Remark: Requirements of the national regulations. Expected to be implemented at the main airports in 2005.

APPENDIX 4 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.4

Special air-reports are not disseminated to WAFCs or to the meteorological offices of States that border the territory of the Ukraine.

Remark: For organizational reasons. Expected to be implemented by 2005.



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15/6/05

APPENDIX 5 1.4* The “PROB” abbreviation is used only for thunderstorm phenomena and phenomena

accompanying thunderstorms.

Remark: Absence of requirements on the part of operators. 4.1.2 Forecasts in ROFOR code forms are not prepared.

Remark: Absence of operators’ requirements. 5.1 g) The mean wind speed is indicated in m/s.

Remark: The measurement system has been adopted at the national level. 5.1 l) Levels of icing and turbulence phenomena are supplied above ground level on flat terrain. 5.1 m)

Remark: Operators’ requirements. 5.1 n) The height of the mountain wave is indicatedin metres.

Remark: Operators’ requirements. 5.1 p) In the second section, supplementary information is included on the surface wind, the mean speed

of which does not exceed 15 m/s in a large space, with an indication of wind gusts and a minimum surface air temperature during the period of validity of the forecast.

Remark: Operators’ requirements.

APPENDIX 6 2.2* AIRMET messages are not disseminated beyond the State’s borders.

Remark: Organizational reasons. Expected to be implemented by 2005.

5.1.1 Aerodrome warnings are prepared in the Russian language but not in the template of Table A6-2.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. Expected to be implemented by 2005. 6.1* a) Remote-sensing equipment is not used to detect wind shear. 6.1* b)

Remark: Absence of detection systems. Expected to be implemented by 2010. 6.2.1 Wind shear warnings are prepared in the Russian language but not in the template of Table A6-3.




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APPENDIX 8 1.1 f) Automated pre-flight information systems have not been established.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. 4.2.1.2 Wind and temperature charts are not prepared for low-level flights.

Remark: Not included in national regulations. 5.1 Automated pre-flight information systems have not been established. 5.2*

Remark: Not included in national regulations. APPENDIX 9 1.1 a) 1.2 a)

Air traffic services units are supplied with local routine and special reports following the template in Annex 3 only at aerodromes equipped with automatic weather observing systems. At other aerodromes, the results of local routine and special reports are disseminated to ATS units in accordance with national regulations.


1.3 e) 3.1 b) 3)

Information concerning the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not supplied. Remark: The meteorological authority is examining the issue with the appropriate authorities.

3.1 c) 2) The aeronautical information service is not supplied with information concerning the effect of

certain weather phenomena on aircraft operations for the preparation of aeronautical information circulars.

Remark: Not included in national regulations.

APPENDIX 10 2.2.1* Components of the aeronautical fixed service (AFS) are not used for the dissemination of WAFS

products. Remark: For organizational and technical reasons. Expected to be implemented by 2006.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) UNITED KINGDOM 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 4 4.1.2* The United Kingdom has established a number of meteorological stations on offshore structures

that produce fully automated observations. However, these observations do not fully meet the requirements of Annex 3 with respect to the measurement of present weather and cloud.

Remark: Technology is expected to emerge within 5 years that will enable fully automated observations to be used operationally. Full compliance with the recommendation anticipated by 2010.

4.1.5 Not all aerodromes with precision approach runways intended for Category II operations have

automated equipment for the measurement of visibility installed. At these aerodromes, human observed visibility shall be reported. Such aerodromes will not have fully integrated automatic systems for acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real time of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off operations.

Remark: All United Kingdom aerodromes with precision approach runways for Category II and III instrument and approach and landing operations have instrumented runway visual range systems installed.

4.1.6* Not all aerodromes with precision approach runways intended for Category I operations have

automated equipment for the measurement of visibility and runway visual range installed. At these aerodromes, human observed visibility and runway visual range shall be reported. Such aerodromes will not have fully integrated automatic systems for acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real time of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off operations.

Remark: At present, assessment of runway visual range using forward scatter meters is not approved for use at United Kingdom aerodromes. Costs of installation of transmissometers for the measurement of instrumented runway visual range are considered prohibitive for most aerodromes offering CAT I operations. However, the United Kingdom expects to introduce assessment of runway visual range using forward scatter meters in the near future.

4.4.2 b) Half-hourly METAR is issued for flight planning and local special reports for arriving and

departing aircraft. SPECI reports are not issued.

Remark: The requirement to produce SPECI has significant cost implications for United Kingdom aerodromes, with little perceived benefit. Detailed analysis of the cost versus benefit will be carried out. If this is a justified cost, this could be introduced in 2007.

APPENDIX 2 1.3.4* WAFC London will continue to issue amendments to forecasts of significant weather using

abbreviated plain language messages but will not issue amended BUFR files.

Remark: Introduction and use of amended BUFR files is not yet at a sufficiently mature stage to warrant operational usage. Further consideration of requirements for significant weather forecast amendments will be given by the WAFS Operations Group.



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2 UNITED KINGDOM SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 3 2.3.1 c) Requirements for the issuance of local special reports will include criteria for increases in air

temperature from 6 October 2005. 2.3.2* e) Additional visibility thresholds of 2 000 m, 5 000 m (irrespective of numbers of VFR flights) and

10 km are used. Additional visibility thresholds of 150, 350 and 600 m will be used where an RVR is not available, by local arrangement at each aerodrome.

Remark: Criteria exceed ICAO SARPs.

2.3.2* f) Special reports for RVR will only be prepared by local arrangement at each aerodrome.

Remark: To reduce the number of updates to the ATIS that would be required in fluctuating visibilities, special reports for RVR are not carried out routinely; however, they are provided at individual aerodromes as agreed between the United Kingdom MET Authority, the ATS unit and the aerodrome operators.

2.3.2* i) Additional cloud base thresholds of 300, 700, 1 500 ft (irrespective of numbers of VFR flights)

and 2 000 ft for cloud layers of BKN or OVC extent are used.

Remark: Criteria exceed ICAO SARPs. 2.3.2* k) Observations of vertical visibility are not made.

Remark: There is no operational requirement in the United Kingdom for observations of vertical visibility.

4.1.4.2 b) 1) 4.1.4.2 b) 2)

Variations from the mean wind direction during the past 10 minutes are reported in: b) 1) when the wind speed is more than 3 kt and in b) 2) when the wind speed is 3 kt or less.

Remark: High costs to make change with little perceived benefit.

4.2.4.2 In local routine and special reports, the visibility reported is the prevailing visibility, supplemented

by runway visual range measurements, where appropriate.

Remark: Visibility reported in the METAR is the same in local and special reports for consistency. 4.3.2.2* Runway visual range on some runways intended for Category I instrument approach and landing

operations may be assessed by human observer. Further information is given in the United Kingdom AIP GEN 3.5.

Remark: Not all aerodromes with CAT I operations have instrumented RVR installed.

4.3.6.6* RVR trends and significant variations are not reported.

Remark: There is no operational requirement for RVR tendency to be included in the METAR report.



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) UNITED KINGDOM 3


15/6/05

4.5.1* Sensors to determine cloud amount and height of base cloud for local routine and special reports are sited to give suitable indications of the height of cloud base and cloud amount at the threshold.

Remark: Sensors are typically located on the aerodrome.

4.5.4.1* d) Observations of vertical visibility are not made. 4.5.4.1* f) The reporting of clouds in the METAR of operational significance will be introduced on

6 October 2005. From this date, the abbreviation NSC (no significant cloud) will be used if there are no clouds of operational significance, no TCU or CB; the abbreviations CAVOK and SKC are not appropriate.

Remark: There is no operational requirement for observations of vertical visibility.

4.8.1.3* Information on wind shear is not added to METAR reports.

Remark: Consultation on the requirement for information on wind shear in METAR reports will be carried out. If required, this could be introduced in 2007.

4.8.1.4* Ten-minute automated reports from equipment located on some off-shore structures contain

information on the state of the sea (specifically mean wave height, maximum wave height and wave period). This information is available in the associated meteorological forecast office.

Remark: A review of information on sea-surface temperature and the state of the sea will be carried out with the operators concerned. If required, this could be introduced in 2007.

4.9.1.2* The abbreviation �NDV� will be introduced in automated METAR reports from 6 October 2005. 4.9.1.3* The abbreviation �UP� will be introduced in automated METAR reports from 6 October 2005. 4.9.1.4* The reporting of missing cloud types using �///� and the abbreviation �NCD� will be introduced in

automated METAR reports from 6 October 2005. 4.9.1.5* The abbreviation �REUP� will be introduced in automated METAR reports from 6 October 2005. Table A3-2 The use of the term �METAR COR� to indicate the type of report will be introduced from

6 October 2005. APPENDIX 5 1.3.1* b) Additional visibility thresholds of 5 000 m (irrespective of numbers of VFR flights) and 10 km are

used. Visibility thresholds of 150, 600 and 3 000 m are not used. However, visibility thresholds of 3 000 m and 7 km are used additionally for eleven civil aerodromes serving off-shore helicopter operations.

Remark: Thresholds agreed in consultation with operators to provide relevant information and limit TAF length.



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4 UNITED KINGDOM SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


1.3.1* e) Additional cloud base thresholds of 1 500 ft and 5 000 ft for cloud layers of BKN or OVC extent are used. An additional threshold of 700 ft is used for ten civil aerodromes serving off-shore helicopter operations.


1.3.1* h) Forecasts of vertical visibility are not issued.

Remark: There is no operational requirement for observations of vertical visibility. 2.2.3 Visibility threshold of 5 000 m is used irrespective of numbers of VFR flights.

Remark: Criteria exceed ICAO SARPs. 2.2.5 The cloud base threshold of 1 500 ft will be used irrespective of numbers of VFR flights, for cloud

layers of BKN or OVC extent. An additional cloud base threshold of 300 ft will be used. An additional threshold of 700 ft will be used for eleven civil aerodromes serving offshore helicopter operations.


2.2.6 Forecasts of vertical visibility are not made in the United Kingdom.

Remark: There is no operational requirement for observations of vertical visibility.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) UNITED STATES 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.1.5 The United States has its own standards on the qualifications and training of meteorological

personnel providing service for international air navigation.

Remark: Training requirements are provided for national weather service (NWS) meteorologists. 2.3.3 There are no provisions to notify the meteorological office of flight schedules, delays, or

cancellation of flights. CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) MWOs have no provision to supply information received concerning the accidental release of

radioactive material into the atmosphere to associated ACC/FIC.

MWOs do not supply information on location, date, time and forecast trajectories of radioactive material released into the atmosphere.

CHAPTER 4 4.3.2 a) 4.4.2 a)

Local routine and special reports are not issued.

4.5.1 a) The field d) is also used to denote a correction to the METAR/SPECI by “COR”. 4.5.1 d) 4.6.2.1 Visibility is reported in statute miles. 4.6.3.3 RVR values in the METAR/SPECI are reported in feet (ft). 4.6.4.4* The following weather elements are augmented manually at designated automated station

observation sites: FC, TS, GR, GS and VA. At selected airports, additional present weather elements may be provided. With the exception of volcanic ash, present weather is reported when prevailing visibility is less than 7 statute miles or considered operationally significant. Volcanic ash is always reported when observed.

4.7* Practice is to use AUTO in the METAR/SPECI during operational hours of the aerodrome. CHAPTER 5 5.5 Urgent pilot reports are used in lieu of special aircraft observations. They include hail (GR, GS),

low-level wind shear (within 2 000 ft of surface), severe icing, severe extreme turbulence, tornado, funnel cloud or water spout (FC) and volcanic eruption and/or volcanic ash. In addition, routine pilot reports and urgent pilot reports identify the location of the weather phenomenon by NAVAIDs.



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2 UNITED STATES SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


CHAPTER 6 6.3 6.4

Landing and take-off forecasts are provided by the TAF. Select military aerodromes provide temperature and lowest altimeter setting.

CHAPTER 7 7.2 AIRMETs are issued on a scheduled basis every 6 hours. APPENDIX 3 2.2 The United States does not use the term CAVOK in meteorological reports. 2.3.2* a) Practices require SPECI for wind shift when wind direction changes by 45° or more in less than 15

minutes and the wind speed is 10 kt or more throughout the wind shift. 2.3.2* b) Practices do not require SPECI for increases of mean surface wind speed. 2.3.2* c) Practices require SPECI for squall, where squall is defined as a strong wind characterized by a

sudden onset in which the wind speed increases by at least 16 kt and is sustained at 22 kt or more for at least one minute.

2.3.2* d) Practices do not require SPECI for wind direction changes based on local criteria. 2.3.2* f) SPECI not prepared for the equivalents in feet of 150, 350 and 600 m. United States military

stations may not report a SPECI based on RVR. SPECI is made when the highest value from the designated RVR runway decreases to less than, or if below, increases to equal or exceed, 2 400 ft during the preceding 10 minutes.

2.3.2* g) 2.3.2* h)

Practices do not require SPECI for the onset, cessation or change in intensity of: freezing fog; moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof); low drifting dust, sand or snow; blowing dust, sand or snow (including snowstorm); duststorm or sandstorm. SPECI is made when referenced weather phenomena cause changes in the visibility, ceiling or sky condition which meet criteria for SPECI.

2.3.2* i) 2.3.2* j)

Practices do not require SPECI when the height of the lowest BKN or OVC cloud layer or vertical visibility changes to or passes 100 ft (30 m) unless an approach minimum exists. SPECI is made when the ceiling (rounded off to reportable values) forms or dissipates below, decreases to less than, or if below, increases to equal or exceed, 3 000, 1 500, 1 000 and 500 ft, the lowest standard instrument approach procedure minimum published in the National Ocean Survey (NOS) U.S. Terminal Procedures. If none published, then 200 ft.

4.1.2.1 The United States does not provide wind observations for specific runways but wind

representative for the airport. The surface wind for each sensor in the meteorological station is not displayed. NWS Weather Forecast Offices have access to the METAR/SPECI reports.

4.1.3.1 b) Practice is to provide a 2-minute average wind observation for the METAR/SPECI.



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15/6/05

4.1.4.2 b) The wind direction may be considered variable if, during the 2-minute evaluation period, the wind speed is 6 kt or less. Also, the wind direction shall be considered variable if, during the 2-minute evaluation period, it varies by 60o or more when the wind speed is greater than 6 kt.

4.1.4.2 c) Practices define wind gust as rapid fluctuations in wind speed with a variation of 10 kt or more

between peaks and lulls. Wind speed data for the most recent 10 minutes are examined and a gust, the maximum instantaneous wind speed during that 10-minute period, is reported if the definition above is met during that period.

4.3.6.1 Practice is to report RVR in increments of 100 ft up to 1 000 ft, increments of 200 ft from 1 000 ft

to 3 000 ft, and increments of 500 ft above 3 000 ft to 6 000 ft. 4.3.6.5* b) 4.3.6.6*

Practice is to report RVR for a single designated runway in the METAR/SPECI. RVR tendency is not reported.

4.4.2.3* The practice is not to report the following weather phenomena in METAR or SPECI: DZ, PL, IC,

SG, GR, GS, SA, DU, FU, VA, PY, PO, SQ, FC, DS and SS, at unstaffed stations. 4.4.2.4* The practice is not to report the following characteristics of present weather phenomena in

METAR or SPECI: SH, DR, MI, BC and PR, at unstaffed stations. 4.4.2.5* The practice with respect to the proximity indicator VC is between 5 to 10 statute miles from the

point of observation with the exception of precipitation for which VC indicates > 0 to 10 statute miles from the point of observation.

4.5.4 The United States reports only up to 3 layers at automated sites and up to 6 layers at manual sites.

Cloud layer amounts are a summation of layers at or below a given level, utilizing cumulative cloud amount. In addition, at automated sites which are unstaffed, cloud layers above 12 000 ft are not reported. At staffed automated sites, clouds above 12 000 ft may be augmented. CAVOK, SKC and NSC are not used.

4.8* The United States has a remarks section that provides similar information. 4.8.1.3* Wind shear is not included in the remarks section of METAR/SPECI. 4.9.1.2* The term “no directional variations” (NDV) is not used. 4.9.1.4* The symbol �///� when used in the cloud section of the METAR refers to a mountain station where

the layer is below the station level. �NCD� when no clouds can be observed is not used. Table A3-2 The field d) is also used to denote a correction to the METAR/SPECI by �COR�. APPENDIX 4 3.1.4 MWOs do not disseminate special air-reports.



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4 UNITED STATES SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION)


APPENDIX 5 1.1 At selected military aerodromes, practices are to forecast for the 5 and 6 groups, turbulence and

icing and the lowest expected altimeter setting. 1.2.2* Forecast visibility increments used consist of 1/4 mile from 0 (zero) to 1 mile, 1/2 mile from 1 to

2 miles, and 1 mile above 2 miles. Note: Miles are statute miles. 1.2.3* Practices require the forecast of non-convective, low-level wind shear within 2 000 ft of the

ground in the Optional Group. The forecast consists of WS (wind shear); height of the wind shear in hundreds of feet and wind speed and direction above the wind shear height, using METAR and TAF coding regulations.

1.2.4* The terms CAVOK and NSC are not used in the TAF. 1.3.1* b) Change groups and amendment criteria below 1/2 statute mile (800 m) are not used. 1.3.1* e) The 100 ft (30 m) change group and amendment criterion are not used. 1.3.3* The change indicator �BECMG� is not used. 1.4* The term �PROB 40� is not used in the TAF. �PROB 30� will not be used in the first nine (9) hours

of every TAF�s valid period, including amendments. Military TAFs do not use the �PROB� groups. 5.1 Area forecasts are issued three times a day, with the exception of Alaska and Hawaii where they

are issued four times a day. They are valid for a 12-hour period beginning 1 hour after issuance and have an 18-hour outlook. Area forecasts are not issued in the GAMET format but are in abbreviated language.

5.1 i) Practice is not to include thunderstorm information in area forecasts. APPENDIX 6 1.1.3 SIGMET messages are issued by alphanumeric series, e.g. Kilo 1, 2, 3. In conterminous United

States, convective SIGMETs are issued in lieu of SIGMETs for convection. They are issued hourly as bulletins for Eastern, Central and Western United States; thus, they do not indicate the FIR. Convective SIGMETs have an outlook section.

1.1.4 SIGMETs issued for conterminous United States for convection includes convection at levels

lower than the criterion in a). Bulletins are issued hourly including “NIL” when required. Convective SIGMETs for the conterminous United States are issued with the non-standard WMO header designator “WST”. Practice is to issue SIGMET for mountain waves only when accompanied by severe turbulence.

2.1.2 2.1.3

AIRMETs in the conterminous United States are issued as bulletins for East, West and Central in conjunction with area forecast turbulence, icing, and ceiling and visibility; thus, they do not comply with template for FIR or series numbering format.



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15/6/05

2.1.4 Practices do not include cloud amount or type in AIRMET. Practice is to issue AIRMET for information included in the area forecast, not just for information occurring or forecast to occur which has not been included in area forecast. The United States issues AIRMET denoting areas of IFR and MVFR based on either ceiling or visibility criteria.

4.2.1* 4.2.2*

Practices do not require reporting of ISOL, OCNL or FRQ.

APPENDIX 8 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.3*

Practices do not require reporting of ISOL, OCNL or FRQ in accordance with the criteria given in Appendix 6, 4.2. The United States reports isolated (ISOL) to mean the phenomenon affects an area less than approximately 3 000 square miles or is widely separated in time, and widespread (WDSPR) to mean more than 50 per cent of area.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) URUGUAY 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* A quality system in conformity with the ISO 9000 series of quality standards has not been

established.

Remark: Financial resources problem. CHAPTER 4 4.1.6* Systems for assessing RVR and height of cloud base have not been installed at the Carrasco

International Airport.

Remark: Planned for 2005. CHAPTER 8 8.1.1 Aerodrome climatological tables and summaries are not supplied to aeronautical users.

Remark: Aerodrome information is available in computer files.

___________________



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SUPPLEMENT TO ANNEX 3 (FIFTEENTH EDITION) UZBEKISTAN 1


15/6/05

CHAPTER 2 2.2.2* 2.2.3*

The quality system, in conformity with the requirements of the standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series, has not been established.

CHAPTER 4 4.6.1.1 The unit used to measure surface wind speed and to include it in METAR and SPECI is metres per

second (m/s). 4.6.2.2* 4.6.2.3*

The visibility values, based on the results of observations along the runway, are included in local routine and special reports, and in METAR and SPECI. For visibility observations made with instruments, the following are not included in reports:

— if the runway length is less than 2 000 m, the lesser of the two values, measured at the

operating start and end of the runway; and — if the runway length is greater than 2 000 m, the lesser of the two values, measured at the

operating start and middle of the runway. 4.6.3.3 The runway visual range is reported throughout periods when the visibility or the runway visual

range is 2 000 m and less at night and at dusk and 1 000 m and less during the day. CHAPTER 5 5.8 c) Special air-reports are not transmitted to WAFCs but are used at the aerodrome where they are

received. CHAPTER 6 6.4 Forecasts for take-off are not prepared. TREND forecasts are used for the take-off and landing of

aircraft. CHAPTER 7 7.1.4* 7.1.5*

SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud are not issued.

APPENDIX 2 2.2 Notification concerning significant discrepancies are not sent to WAFCs. Amendments to

forecasts are carried out by the meteorological offices, once they have received information on the discrepancies.



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APPENDIX 3 2.3.1 c) Local special reports concerning an increase in temperature are not issued. 2.3.2* e) SPECI is not issued if the visibility reaches or exceeds the values of 3 000 m and 5 000 m. 2.3.2* i) SPECI is not issued if the height of base of the lowest cloud layer reaches or exceeds the value of

450 m. 4.2.3* When instrumented systems are used for the measurement of visibility, their output is updated

every 60 seconds for ICAO Category II operations; for other cases, their output is updated based on METAR and SPECI modes.

4.3.4 When instrumented systems are used for the assessment of runway visual range, their output is

updated every 60 seconds for ICAO Category II operations; for other cases, their output is updated based on METAR and SPECI modes.

4.3.6.5* When instrumented systems are used for the assessment of runway visual range, the following are

included in METAR and SPECI:

— if the runway length is less than 2 000 m, the minimum of two values, at the start and end of the runway;

— if the runway length is greater than 2 000 m, the minimum of two values, at the start and

middle of the runway.

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CHAPTER 1 Definitions The following definitions apply:

Flight crew member. A crew member assigned by an operator in an aircraft during flight time as a pilot or flight engineer.

Remark: CAR Part 1.

Pilot-in-command. In relation to any aircraft, it means the pilot responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft.

Remark: CAR Part 1.

Visibility. The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of measurement, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night.

Remark: CAR Part 1.

CHAPTER 3 3.4.2 g) Information on the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere is not available. CHAPTER 4 4.1.6* Automated equipment is not available for measuring surface wind at Aneityum, Lamap or Sola.

Automated equipment is not available at any station for measuring runway visual range or cloud height.

4.3.1 Reports of routine observations are identified as SPECI reports when the observed conditions meet

the criteria used for special observations. 4.6.3 Runway visual range is not reported. 4.6.5.1 Vertical visibility is not available. 4.6.5.2* Cloud observations are only representative of the aerodrome and its immediate vicinity. CHAPTER 6 6.6.1 Area forecasts for low-level flights are issued in a plain language form. CHAPTER 7 7.4 Wind shear warnings are not issued.



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CHAPTER 9 General The type, the format and the means and the point of supply of meteorological information to

operators and flight crew members are as agreed between the meteorological service provider and the operator or flight crew member.

APPENDIX 3 2.3.2* e) The following criteria are used for horizontal visibility: 800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 2.3.2* f) No SPECI issued based on RVR instrumentation which is not available for measurement of

runway visual range. 2.3.2* i) The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent: 200, 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. 2.3.2* k) No SPECI issued based on vertical visibility. APPENDIX 5 1.2.4* Vertical visibility forecasts are not available. 1.3.1* b) The following criteria are used for visibility:

800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 1.3.1* e) The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent:

200, 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. 1.3.1* h) Vertical visibility forecasts are not available. 2.2.3 The following criteria are used for visibility:

800, 1 500, 3 000, 5 000 and 8 000 m. 2.2.5 The following criteria are used for the height of the base of the lowest cloud layer or mass of BKN

or OVC extent:

200, 500, 1 000 and 1 500 ft. 2.2.6 Vertical visibility forecasts are not available.



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APPENDIX 9 1.1 b) Wind shear warnings are not issued. 3.1 b) ASHTAMs are not issued.

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annex 3 meteorological svc for international air navigation

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