anion analysis - studiestoday.com class 12 chemistry... · 280 . effervescence no effervescence...

280

Effervescence No Effervescence

Effervescence

No Effervescence

ANION ANALYSIS

SALT + Dil H2SO4

Could be CO32-, SO3

2-, S2-, NO2- SALT + Conc H2SO4 + warm

Test using SCE Could be Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-

Smell the gas

Odourless;

could be

CO32-

Smell of

burning hair;

could be SO32-

Smell of

rotten

egg; could

be S2-

Colourless

gas turning

brown could

be NO2-

Passed

the gas

through

limewate

r

Lime water

turns milky

confirms

CO32-

Passed the

gas through

1) acidified

K2Cr2O7 Soln2)

acidified

KMnO4 soln

K2Cr2O7

Soln

turns

green

confirms

SO32-

KMnO4 soln is

decolourised

confirms SO32-

Passed the

gas through

acidified

lead acetate

solution

Lead acetate

soln turnsblack

confirms S2-

Observe colour of the gas

Colourless

gas giving

dens white

fumes with

ammonia ,

could be

chloride

Reddish

Brown gas

could be Br--

Black/ violet

gas, could be

iodide

Light brown gas turning

dense brown on heating

could be NO3-

Salt +MnO2 +

conc H2SO4 + Δ

Greenish

yellow gas

could be Cl-

SCE + dil HNO3

+ AgNO3 soln

White ppt

soluble in

NH4OH

confirms Cl-

Salt + K2Cr2O7 +

conc H2SO4. Pass

the gas evolved

through water.

Acidify the water

with acetic acid

and add lead

nitrate

Reddish brown gas , turns water

yellow, finally yellow ppt soluble in

NaOH con firms Cl-

SCE + CHCl3/CCl4 + Cl2 Water

in the organic

layer

--Red/ brown

colour

confirms Br-

----violet colour

confirms I-

Salt + Cu turnings +

conc H2SO4+ heat

Brown gas and

the solution

turns blue,

could be NO3-

SCE + FeSO4 Soln

+ dil H2SO4 +

Conc H2SO4

along the walls

of the test tube.

Brown ring at

the junction of

the two layers

confirms NO3-

Continued in next page

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281

Salts that do not give effervesence with dil H2SO4/ Conc H2SO4

Preparation of SCE ie Sodium carbonate extract: Salt + same quantity of Na2CO3 + water + boil. Filter.

Filtrate is called SCE.

SCE + dil HCl + BaCl2 Soln White ppt insoluble in conc HCl confirms SO42-

SCE + dil HNO3 +

Ammonium Molybdate Cranary yellow ppt confirms PO4

3-



White Ppt No Ppt

Black ppt No ppt

Ppt no ppt

Fe3+ Al3+

ANALYSIS OF CATIONS

ORIGINAL SALT SOLUTION + Dil HCl

Could be Pb2+ Pass H2S

Dissolve in hot water Could be

Pb2+ /Cu2+

Boil off H2S + Dil HNO3+

NH4Cl Solution + NH4OH

Dissolve in minimum

quantity of 50% HNO3

Colorless Solution could be Pb2+

Divide into two parts

Add

K2CrO4

Add

KI

Yellow ppt

soluble in

NaOH soln

confirms

Pb2+

Yellow ppt

soluble in

hotwater

which

reappears on

cooling as

golden

yellow

spangles

confirms Pb2+

Blue Soln could be Cu2+

Divide into three parts

Add

NH4OH

Add Pot Ferro

Cyanide

Add

KI

Deep blue

colouration

Chocolate

brown ppt

Dirty

white ppt

Confirms Cu2+

Could be

Fe3+,Al3+, Mn2+

Gelatinou

s Brown

could be

Fe3+

Gelatinous

white

could be

Al3+

Pass H2S

through the

above solution

Dissolve ppt in minimum

amount of HCl

Divide it

into two

parts

Add Pot Ferro Cyanide soln Add Pot

sulpho

Cyanide

Soln

Blood

red

color

Fe3+ confirmed

Add

NaOH

Soln and

a drop

of

litmus

Black

PPt

could

be Co2+

and

Ni2+

On the

next

page

Disolve ppt in min

amount of aqua regia

and evaporate to

dryness



No Ppt

No ppt no ppt

Deep blue color Blue lake floating

in a colourless

background

confirms Al3+

Blue

residue

could be

Ni2+

Yellow

residue

could

be Co2+

From previouspage

White ppt

could be

Zn2+

Boil off H2S. add

Na2CO3 Soln

White Ppt

could be Ca2+,

Ba2+, Sr2+

Dissolve ppt in

minimum quantity of

acetic acid and divide

into three parts

Add K2CrO4

soln

Yellow ppt

soluble in

NaOHcould be

Ba2+

Add Amm Acetate

White ppt could

be Sr2+

Add Amm Carbonate

White ppt could

be Ca2+

Green colour

on flame test

confirms Ba2+

Red colour

on flame test

comfirms Sr2+

Brick red on flame

test confirms Ca2+

Individual test for Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+ Dissolve in dil HCl.

Add NaOH soltion

White

ppt

soluble

in excess

of NaOH

confirms

Zn2+



Chemical

Properties Chemical

Properties

Physical

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines

N sp3 hybridised

Classified as 1o, 2o and

3o depending on no of H

atoms replaced by alkyl

or aryl groups in NH3.

Common name: Alkyl

amines

IUPAC names Alkane

amines and aryl amines

--Lower aliphatic amines are

soluble in water—(H bonding).

Solubility inversly proportional

to molecular mass. Aromatic

amines— insoluble in water

--BP of amines 1o>2o>3o

amines. BP is α to inter

molecular H bonding.

Acids> Alcohols> Amines>

Hydrocarbons

--Basicity 2o>3o>1o ( in aqueous phase).

Ethanamine > NH3> Aniline

EDG increase basicity

EWG decrease Basicity

--With alkyl halides alkylation

--1o and 2o amines react with acid chlorides,

acid anhydrides, esters by neucleophilic

substitution

-- Carbylamine reaction:1o amines on heating

with CHCl3 and KOH form isocyanides with

abnoxiuos smell.

--1oAliphatic amines + NaNO2 + HCl Alcohol.

1o aromatic amines + NaNO2 Diazonium

salts

--1o& 2o amines = C6H5SO2Cl(Hinsberge

reagent) sulphonamide

--electrophilic substitution occurs at –O-, -P-,

position

--1o& 2o amines + RMgX Alkanes.

Cyanides

Common name: Alkyl Cyanides

IUPAC name: Alkane Nitriles --Hydrolysis RCN RCOOH

--RCN ( LiAlH4 or Na +

C2H5OH) RCH2OH

--RCN(SnCl2 /HCl + H2O)

RCHO (Stephen’s reaction)

--RCN + NH3 R—C—NH2

ǁ

NH

--Lower members are liquids while

higher members are solids. –

Solubility in water decreases as

number of C atoms increases. --

Soluble in Organic solvents. --

Due to dipolar association BP is

higher than hydrocarbons

Diazonium salts

IUPAC name: Alkyl diazonium

salt; Aryl Diazonium Salt

--Displacement of N

CuCl/HClArCl

ArN2+X- CuBr/HBr ArBr Sandmeyer

Cu/HCl Cu/HBr CuCN/KCN ArCN Reaction

ArCl ArBr

--Alkyl salts are more

soluble than aryl salts -

-Readily soluble in water,

but Benzene Diazonium

floroborate is insoluble in

water.

--soluble in solution and

decomposes in dry state

KI ArI

ArN2+X-

HBF4/Δ ArF

H2O/Δ H3PO2+ H2O

CH3CH2OH ArH

ArOH HBF4ArN2BF4 Δ ArF

Diazo group is retained:(COUPLING

REACTIONS)

From colourless Diazonium salts to brightly

coloured azo compounds Ar-N=N-Arusing



Properties

Physical Chemical

Properties

Physical Chemical

NITRITES

IUPAC Name Alkyl nitrites

Containing –O—N=O group, isomeric to nitro alkanes

Sn/HClROH + NH2OH

R–O—N=O

H2O/ H+ ROH + HNO2

NITRO

IUPAC Name Nitro alkanes

--colourless and pleasant smelling liquids.

--less soluble in water but soluble in

organic solvents.

--high boiling point

--high dipole moment

--Reduction: RNO2Sn/HClR—NH2

Zn /NH4ClR—NH—OH

--Hydrolysis: RCH2NO2 + H2O HCl R—COOH

2R2CHNO2HCl 2R2CO

--Halogenation: RCH2NO2Br2/NaOH Di bromo derivative

R2CHNO2 Br2/NaOHMono bromo derivative

R3CNO2Br2/NaOHNo Reaction

ISOCYANIDES Common name: Alkyl isocyanides IUPAC Name: Alkyl Carbylamines

--Highly poisonous and

abnoxious smelling liquid

--B P lesser than cyanides

--insoluble in water

--Hydrolysis: R—NC H3O+RNH2 ( Primary Amines)

--Reduction: R—NC LiAlH4RNHCH3 ( Secondary Amines)

-- R—NC + HgO R—NCO + Hg ( Alkyl Isocyanate)

--R—NC Δ/250oC RCN ( Isomerisation)



287

NH2 + HNO2

NaNO2 HCl+N2

+ Cl-

+ OH2NaCl +

Benzenediazonium chlorideBenzenediazonium chloride is stable due to resonance.

Benzenediazonium Chloride

N+

N Cl-

H

H

Cl

Br

CN

Cl

I

N2

+BF4

OH

NO2

OHH

H3PO2

OH2+ N2

H3PO3 HCl+ +

CH3CH2OH+ N2 + CH3CHO + HCl

CuCl / HCl + N2

CuBr / HBr+ N2

CuCN / KCN + N2

Cu / HCl + N2 + CuCl

KI+ N2 + KCl

HBF4 -

F + N2 + BF3

OH2+ HClN2 +

HBF4N2

+BF4

- NaNO2

Cu + N2 +NaBF4

N N OH

NH2H N N NH2

OH-

OH-

( Orange dye )

( Yellow dye )

p-Aminoazobenzene

Coupling reaction

Coupling reaction

In

stron

gly alkalin

e m

ed

iu

m, th

e con

cen

tration

of

diazon

iu

m ion

( act as electrop

hile ) d

ecreases

an

d cou

plin

g reaction

d

oes n

ot occu

r.

N+

N

NaOH

N

N

OH

NaOH

N

N

O Na-+

NH2NH3

+

H+

OH

-

OH O-

OH

-

H+

Less

activated

aromatic

system

Dia

zon

ium

ion

bein

g a

weak e

lectrop

hil

e,c

an

cou

ple

wit

h a

stron

gly

activ

ated

arom

atic

system

.

Coupling do not

occur in strong

acidic medium

Diazotisation



288

CHARACTERS OF AMINES

PhNH2 PhNHCH3Et NH2

Et2 NHP

Kb value >>>

Basic strength Et2 NH CH3NH2Ph N Me2> > > PhNH2

Basic strength p-Toluidine p-NitroanilineAniline >>

Basic strength in gaseous phase Et3N Et2 NH Et NH2 NH3> > >

Boiling point Et OH Et NH2 Et2 NH> >

Solubility Et NH2 Et2 NH PhNH2> >

Basic strength in aqueous Et NH2Et2 NH NH3 PhNH2> > >

Basic strength in Aqueous medium

H5C2 NH

C2H5

H5C2 NH2H5C2 N

C2H5

C2H5

NH3

2o

1o3

o

CH3 NH

CH3

CH3 NH2 CH3 N

CH3

CH3

NH3

2o 1

o3o

CONTROLLED AMINES



289

Controlled BrominationNH2 N C CH3

O

H NH2

Br

( CH3CO )2O

Pyridine

Br2

CH3COOH

N C CH3

O

H

Br

OH / H+-

N-Phenylethanamide( Acetanil ide )

x x

Controlled Nitration

NH2 N C CH3

O

H

( CH3CO )2O

Pyridine

x xN C CH3

O

H

NO2

OH / H+-

NH2

NO2

HNO3 , H2SO4 , 288 K

Aliphatic Conversions

R X

Alkyl halide

alc. KCNR CN

Nitrile

LiAlH 4

ReductionR CH2 NH2

Primary amine

HNO2

( NaNO 2 & HCl )

R CH2 OH

Primary alcohol

Hydrolysis

OH3

+

RCOOH

Carboxylic acid

Oxidation

LiAlH 4

OH3

+R CH2 OH

R OHHX

Anhydrous ZnCl 2

Hydrocarbon

Alcohol

X2 / UV

Primary alcohol

CONVERSIONS

For stepping down the series

: For stepping up the series



290

RCOOHCarboxylic acid

NH3 RCONH 2

Acid amide

Br2

KOH

R NH2Amine

HNO2

( NaNO 2 & HCl )R OH

Primary alcohol Alkyl halide

HX

Anhydrous ZnCl 2

R X

R CH2 XAqueous KOH

R CH2 OH

Primary alcohol

Alkaline KMnO4

Alkyl halide

Aromatic Conversions

Cl

NaOH , 623 K, 300 atm

H+

OH

Zn dust CH3Cl

Anhydrous AlCl3

CH3

Alkaline KMnO4HOOC

SOCl2ClOCOHC

H2 / Pd , BaSO4 , S

Boiling Xylene

When the functional group contains

carbon atom

When the functional group does not contain carbon atom



OH

Con

c.

HN

O3

H2S

O4

, 333 K

NO2Sn / HCl

NH2

N2

+Cl-

Zn

du

st

Na

NO

2

HC

l

H3PO2

OH2

OH2

N2+BF4-

NaN

O 2C

u ,

Warm

HBF4

F

Cl

CuCl

ClH

BrBrH

CuBr

I

KI



292

CONCEPT MAPPING COLLOIDS

Based on particles of dispersed phase

i)Multimolecular

ii)Macromolecular

iii)Associated

Based on nature of interaction

i)Lyophilic

ii)Lyophobic

Based on physical state

i)solid in solidi)liquid in solid iii) gas in solid

iv)solid in liquid v)liquid in liquid vi)gas in liquid

vii) solid in gas viii) liquid in gas

Chemical Method

Bredig’s Arc Method

Peptisation

Tyndall effect

Brownian Motion

Electrophoresis

Colligative Properties

Charge on colloidal particle

CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDS

PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS



Colour

Coagulation

Dialysis

Electrodialysis

Ultra filtration

PURIFICATION



CONCEPT MAPPING

CHAPTER 10

CLASSIFICATION OF HALOALKANES

On the basis of No. of Halogen atoms On the basis of Hybridisation Of Carbon atom On the basis of 1o,2o&3o Carbon atoms

Monh Haloderivative

CH3-X Dihaloderivative Trihaloderivative Primary haloalkane Sec. halo Tert. Halo alkane alkane CHX3(Haloforms) CH3-CH2-X CH3-CH(X)-CH3 CHX3

CH2-X CH2-X

Halogen is bonded to Sp3 Hybridised C Allylic halides Vinylic Halides eg. CH3CH2CH2-X eg. CH2=CH-CH2-X CH2=CH-X



295

PREPARATION OF HALOALKANES

From alcohols From hydrocarbons From alkanes By halide exchange

CH2=CH2 +HX

ZnCl2 R-OH +HX RX +H2O CH3CH2-X

Cl2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH3

UV

Finkelstein Reaction Swarts Reaction

RX+NaI RI + NaX RX + AgF RF + AgF

(X=Cl,Br)

+KOH (aq.)NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES

R-OH +KX

+NaOR

R-X R-O-R +NaX

+KCN (alc)

R-CN + KX

+AgCN R-NC + AgX

+KNO2 R-O-N=O



296

UNIT11

ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS &ETHERS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

Reactions involving the cleavage of Reactions involving the cleavage Reactions

involving the cleavage O-H bond of C-O bond alkyl as

well as OH gp

With metals Esterification 2ROH +2Na 2RONa +H2

RCOOH +R’OH RCOOR’+ H2O

With HX With PCl5 ROH +HX RX +H2O ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl

Reactions involving thealkyl as well as OH gp



Dehydration Oxidation Dehydrogenation 30>20>1010>20>3010>20>30

H2SO4 K

2Cr

2O

7+H2SO4 CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 +H2O CH3CH2OH CH3CHO RCH2OH

443K [O]

573k Cu

CH3COOH

RCHO +H2

Tinsukia Region

UNIT12

Test for Carboxylic Acids

Litmus Test NaHCO3 Test Ester Formation Test

Turns blue litmus to red Brisk effervescence of CO2 is evolved Fruity smell of ester

Classification of Carboxylic Acid



Monocarboxylic acids Dicarboxylic acids Tricarboxylic acids

1-COOH group 2-COOH group 3-COOH group

CH3COOH HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH HOOC-CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-COOH

Chemical Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Reduction Oxidation

1.By HCN 4.By NH3

2.By NaHSO3

3.By RMgX



Oxygen family



300

CONCEPT MAPPING

d & f BLOCK ELEMENTS

Special

d-BLOCK

ELEMENTS

Physical

Properties Some important

compounds

KMnO4

:Preparation,structure

& its properties.

K2Cr2O7 :

Preparation,structure

& its properties

Properties

1.Variable Oxidation states.

2.Coloured Ions

3.Catalytic properties

4.Complex formation

5.Alloy formation

6.Interstitial compounds.

7.Paramagnetism.

1.Variation in M.P

2.Variation in atom &

Ionic size.

3.Ionisation Enthalpies.

4.Oxidation state variation

5.Trends in std.electrode

Potential.

6. Trends in stability of higher

Oxidation states.



301

f-Block Elements

Lanthanides

4f series(Cerium to

Lutetium)

Common

ox.state:+3

In +2

state-

reductant;

In +4 state-

oxidant

Lanthanoid

Contraction:Reg

decrease of at.size

/ion.size

Actinides Misch Metall(Alloy of

lanthanoids contains

95% Ln & 5%Fe..

5f series(Thorium -

Lawrencium

Common

ox.state:+3

Extra

ox.states:+5,+6,+7

Most are

radioactive

Actinoid

contraction:Reg

decrease of at.size

/ion.size



302

Guwahati Region Concept Mapping

Polymer in one Page

Type Polymer Monomer Uses Remark

Condensation Polymer

+ Homopolymer

Nylon 6 Caprolactum Fibre,Plastic,tyre

-cords

Thermoplastic

Condensation

Polymer

+Copolymer

Nyon66 HMDA,Adipic acid Stockings Shirts,

Ropes

Treylene(Dacron) Ethylene glycol

,Terphthalic acid

Fabrics

Glyptal Ethylene glycol

,Phthalic acid

Paints,Binding

materials

PHBV 3-Hydroxy butanoic

acid,

3-Hydroxy pentanoic

acid

Packaging in

Medical

industry

Biodegradable

Aliphatic Poly ester

Nylon2-Nylon6 Glycine &

Aminocaproic acid

Biodegradable Polymer

Bakelite Phenol , formaldehyde Elecctric Switch

& switch board,

Thermosetting

Polymer

Melamine

formaldehyde Resin

Melamine

,Formaldehyde

Unbreakable

Crockery

Addition

Polymer +

Homopolymer

Polythene Ethene Pipes, Electrical

insulators, Toys

Thermoplastics

Polystyrene Styrene Combs,Plastic

handle,Toys

Polypropene Propene Carry bags,

Plastic goods

PVC Vinyl Chloride Rain coat,

Electrical

insulators

PAN(Orlon) Acrlonitrile Fabrics

PTFE( TEFLON) Tetrafluroetene Non-stick



303

utensils

Natural Rubber (

Neoprene)

Isoprene Football bladder

Addition Polymer +

Copolymer

BUNA-S Buta1,3diene,Styrene Tyre cords

BUNA-N Buta1,3-diene,PAN Water storage

Tank

Classification as elastomer, Fibre, Thermoplasic ,Themosetting Polymer

Polymer Classification Type

Natural Rubber ( Neoprene) Elastomer,

BUNA-S

BUNA-N

Nylon 6 fibre

Nyon66

Treylene(Dacron)

Polystyrene Thermoplastic

Polypropene

PVC

PAN(Orlon)

PTFE( TEFLON)

Glyptal

PHBV

Nylon2-Nylon6

Polythene

Bakelite Thermosetting ploymer

Melamine formaldehyde Resin



304

Concept Mapping Chemistry in everyday life in one Page

THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT DRUGS

Note: All the medicines should be taken under strict medical supervision

Drugs Action Example

Analgesics Pain Killer AspirinAnalgin, ,Anacine,

Analgesics

(Narcotic )

Produces unconsciousness Opium, Heroin , Codeine, Morphine

Antibiotics

i).Bacteriostatic

(Streptomycin)

ii).Bactericidal(Penicillin)

Produced by micro – organism that can

inhibit the growth or kill other micro-

organism.

Penicillin G(Narrow Spectrum)

Streptomycin, Ampicillin , Amoxicillin Chloramphenicol

Vancomycin, ofloxacin , (Broad Spectrum)

Antiseptics

Prevent the growth of micro-organism or

kill them but not harmful to the living

tissues.

Dettol(Chloroxylenol +Terpineol), Bithional(in soap)

Tincture iodine, 0.2% phenol, Boric Acid,

ethanol,Soframycin,furamycin

Disinfectants

Kills micro-organisms, not safe for living

tissues. It is used for toilets, floors ,

instruments.

1% phenol,

chlorine (Cl2) ,

Sulphurdioxide ( SO2)

Antacids

Reduce or neutralize the acidity.

Mg(OH)2

MgCO3

AlPO4

Al(OH)3 gelNaHCO3

Antihistamines

Reduce release of acid.

It is also used to treat allergy

Cimetidine(Tegamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),

Brompheniramine ( Dimetapp)

Terfenadine ( Seldane)

Tranquilizers

Reduce the mental anxiety, stress,

emotional disturbance (sleeping pill)

Valium, Serotonin, Veronal,

Equanil,Amytal,Nembutal,Luminal, Seconal

Antipyretics Reduce body temperature Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin, Phenacetin.



305

CONCEPT MAP –BIO MOLECULES- [Proteins]

Antifertility

drugs

These are the steroids used to control the

pregnancy

Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol (novestrol )

CHEMICALS IN FOOD

Sweetening Agent Saccharine, Aspartme(for cold foods) Alitame

Sucrolose(stable at cooking temp)

Food Preservative Salt, sugar, veg. oils, sodium benzoate

CLEANSING AGENTS

Soap Na / K –salt of long chain fatty acids Not work in hard water becoz with Ca and Mg salt soap

produce insoluble scum

Anaionic detergen Sodium laurylsulphate Used in household work / in tooth paste

Cationic detergent Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide Hair conditioner / germicidal properties

Non ionic detergent Ester of stearic acid and polyethylene glycol Liquid dishwashing

Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon parts are non-biodegradable and hence water pollutants so branching is minimized

which are degradable and pollution is prevented.

Pr

ot

ein s

All the polymers of ἀ amino acids connected to each

other by peptide bond or peptide linkage

Classification Based on molecular structure

1.Fibrous :insoluble in water polypeptide chains run parallel held by H and disulphide bonds. Ex:- Keratin

2.Globular :Chains of polypeptides coil around to give spherical shape. Ex: Insulin

Structure:-

Primary: Sequence of amino acids.

Secondary:shape due to H-bnding.

Tertiary:Overall folding of secondary

structure.

Quarternary:Special arrangement of

subunits wrt to each other.

Essential Amino acids:Which cannot be

made in body ,to be supplied through

diet.

Non-essential:Can be synthesized by

body.



ἀ Helix :Formed due to intramolecular H-

bonds between the C=O of one amino

acid residue and the N-H of the 4th

amino acid residue in the chain. Ex

:Keratin in hair and myosin in muscles

ᵝ-Pleated structure:Peptide chains laid side by

side,held together by intermolecular H-

bonding, resembles pleated folds of drapery

ex:silk protein

Denaturation:Due to coagulation native shape

of the protein is destroyed and biological

activity is lost ,[2ᵒ,3ᵒ structure destroyed, 1ᵒ

intact.]

B.Sreedhar( NSB2)

Sushma(NAD) BBSR



anion analysis - studiestoday.com class 12 chemistry... · 280 . effervescence no effervescence...

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