animal welfare elista education 2011. evolution, domestication, natural selection & selective...
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ANIMAL WELFARE
ELISTA Education 2011
Evolution, Domestication, Natural Selection & Selective Breeding
Why, when studying Animal Welfare should we look at Evolution & Domestication?
Knowing where they have come from helps us to know what they need (evolution) but we must not forget that they have adapted through the domestication process.
Evolution= “gradual development” (oxforddictionaries.com)
Animals have developed gradually over time through two main processes
Convergent Evolution
Divergent
Wings
Pentadactyl Limb
Example: Evolution of The Dog
Creodonts (100-50mya)Creodonts (100-50mya)
Miacis (54-38 mya)Miacis (54-38 mya)
Hesperocyon (38-26)Hesperocyon (38-26)
Cyodicitis (19 mya)Cyodicitis (19 mya)
Tomarctus (12 mya)Tomarctus (12 mya)
Canidae (2 mya)Canidae (2 mya)
Example: Evolution of The Dog
Taxonomy
“The classification of
organisms in an ordered
system that indicates
natural relationships.”
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Canis
Species:C.lupus
Subspecies: C.lupus familiaris
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/taxonomy
Added 1993
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Canis
Species:C.lupus
Subspecies: C.lupus
familiaris
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Canis
Species:C.aureus
(golden jackal)
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Vulpes
Species:vulpes
(red fox)
Evolution occurs due to Natural Selection…a process termed by Darwin Natural Selection-the ability of an animal to possess
characteristics which make it the most adapted (well suited) for its environment. In being well suited for its environment it means it is more
likely to survive and go on to breed and reproduce (often referred to a
Survival of the Fittest)
Example of Natural Selection = peppered moth
1840’s www.clcoc.org/presentations/peppered/peppered4
Animals change to best suit their environment- we can become the environment…this happens during and after domestication
Domestication
Domestication= “the process of enfolding a species into human society and taking responsibility for it’s husbandry and control over it’s breeding” (J.Clutton-Brock)
Example: Domestication of Dog
Theory one:
Domestication of the Dog
Theory 2:
Key points to remember…when
using animals ancestry to evaluate welfare (dogs)
Once were solitary, more recently social Hunters, but also scavengers Adapted (to feel non-threatened by humans)
Weaker/less effective predators most likely self-domesticated through natural selection
Domestication started over 10 thousand years ago.
How did the breeds develop?
N. American Chinese IndianEuropean
Eskimo Prehistoric Chow Dingo Pharoh Greyhound Mastiff Shepherd Spitz Terriers
Borzoi Saluki Afghan Deerhound Gundogs Maltese
Toy Pekin Bulldogs Pug Newfie St. Ber Gt. Dane BloodSpaniels
Spaniels hound
Through breeding like with like both due to region and traits.
Domestic Evolution of the Early Dog how the breed groups developed
Guarding = working dogs
people started keeping stock Food Sourceherding =pastoral (humans got sense!)
companion= toy + utility
Hunting human hunting methods developed
treking retrieving chasing+capturing
hounds gundogs hounds+ terriers
Domestication vs TamingTaming= “changed from a wild to a domesticated state: said as of
animals trained for use by humans or as pets”
Taming really relates to individual wild animals being habituated and trained to exist within a domestic environment. This is alternative to a domesticated specie that over a long period of time has come to be dependant on people.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/taming
Selective Breeding(changing and developing breeds-selecting traits)
Overview…
Wild Animal species evolving to suit environment
Process of Domestication
Selective Breeding
Taming
Lots of different breeds
Specie= genetically different, breeds genetically same*