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8/5/2020 1 Animal Encounters West Virginia Sanitarian Training Class

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Page 1: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 1

Animal Encounters

West Virginia Sanitarian Training Class

Page 2: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 2

Course Objectives

• Understand Rabies Surveillance

• Who can transmit rabies

• Signs of rabies

• Management of exposure in humans and animals

• Rabies Prevention

• When and how to submit animal specimens to OLS

• Documenting Animal Encounters

Page 3: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 3

Reference Material

• DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide

• West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats

• Section 9a Rabies Observation

• West Virginia Code 19-20a Vaccination of Dogs and Cats

• 64 CSR 7 Reportable Diseases Law

• Section 5 Animal Exposures

Page 4: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Forms

• SG-58 Animal Encounter Form

• SG-59 Notice of Quarantine

• Laboratory Submission Form

Page 5: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 5

What is Rabies?

• Disease caused by the rabies lyssavirus

• Causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other

mammals

• Fatal Disease

• Zoonotic Disease

Page 6: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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What is Rabies?

• Worldwide Disease

• Outside the US, dogs are responsible for 99% of rabies deaths

in humans.

• Up to 95% of human deaths due to rabies occur in Africa and

Asia.

• Death due to rabies is rare in the US.

Page 7: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 7

What is Rabies?

Page 8: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 8

Purpose

• Rabies Surveillance

• “the continued watchfulness over the

distribution and trends of incidence [of a

disease] through the systematic

collection, consolidation, and evaluation

of morbidity and mortality reports and

other relevant data.” [Alexander

Langmuir]

Image Source: http://dark-horse-adaptations.blogspot.com/2012/08/raccoon-best-funniest-pictures-images.html

Page 9: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 9

Rabies Surveillance

• Why Rabies?

• Fatal Disease

• Zoonotic Disease

Page 10: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 10

Rabies Surveillance

• Active

• Testing of roadkill animals, sick acting animals, or animals

displaying signs of rabies

• Passive

• Testing and/or quarantining animals that have caused a human

or animal exposure

Page 11: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Definitions

• Confinement

• Housed in a building, pen or by some other

suitable escape-proof method or enclosure.

• Prevents exposure of other humans or animals

to the animal during the confinement period. Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/oakleyoriginals/4289316653/

• Strict Isolation

• A kennel in a veterinary hospital, animal control facility, commercial

boarding establishment, or a pen at home (see Appendix A) that

prevents direct contact between the animal and any human or other

animal, but allows for observation, feeding, watering and sanitation.

Page 12: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 12

Definitions

• Vector Species

• Animal capable of transmitting rabies

• Exposure

• Bite or scratch from a vector species

• Introduction of saliva or central nervous system tissue from a vector

species into an open wound, fresh wound (break in the skin that has

bled in the last 24 hours), or mucous membrane. * Organ Transplant *

• Bat exposure with no visible bite or scratch

• Blood does not contain the virus, but can mix with saliva in an encounter

Image Source: https://tudosobregatos.com.br

Page 13: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Definitions

• Reasonable Attempt to Contact

• Phone call with voice mail, if possible

• Phone call with voice mail, if possible

• Phone call with or without voice mail

• Letter

Page 14: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 14

Rabies Transmission

• Any mammal

• Most Likely

• Wild and Domestic Mammalian Carnivores

• Procyanidins: racoons – primary reservoir in the eastern US

• Canids: foxes, dogs, coyotes

• Felids: cats

• Chiropterans: bats

• Mustelids: skunks, ferrets

Page 15: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 15

Rabies Transmission

• Less Likely

• Wild and Domestic Mammalian Herbivores

• Rodents: groundhogs, mice and rats, squirrels, prairie dogs

• Livestock: cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats

• Lagomorphs: rabbits

• Primates: monkeys and apes

Page 16: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 16

Rabies Transmission

• Can opossums get rabies?

• Yes!

• Transmission in opossums is rare

• Strong immune system

• Lower body temperature

• Bite or scratch from an opossum should be considered an exposure

Page 17: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 17

Rabies Transmission

• Not Possible

• Reptiles

• Birds

• Fish

• Insects

Page 18: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 18

Rabies Reservoirs in the US

Image Source: https://www.cdc.gov

Page 19: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Rabies Pathology

• Enters body through an exposure.

• Travels along the nervous system from the exposure point to

the brain stem (incubation period – no transmission of virus).

• Reproduces in the brain and brain stem, which causes rabies

symptoms. Rabies virus present in saliva at this point.

• Domestic animals will die within 10 days of symptom onset.

• Wild animals – transmission to death period unknown

• Long transmission period = reservoir

Page 20: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Signs of Rabies

• Behavioral

• Sudden behavior changes

• Calm and/or timid animals

become aggressive (furious

rabies)

• Aggressive or fearful animals

become calm and friendly

(dumb rabies)

• Neurological

• Confusion, sluggishness

• Neck muscle paralysis (foaming

at the mouth)

• Trouble walking and vocalizing,

seizures

Page 21: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 21

Signs of Rabies

• If a vector animal is showing the signs of rabies

• Take shelter and call 911

• Don’t try to capture the animal yourself

• Don’t aim for the head

• If you find a vector animal that is acting sick or has died

• Contact animal control or other non-emergency services

• Don’t try to capture the animal yourself

Page 22: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Rabies Prevention

• Vaccinate all dogs, cats, ferrets, and livestock

• WV Code 19-20a requires all owned domestic dogs and cats to

have a current rabies vaccination

• Don’t approach or handle wildlife or feral animals

• Know the signs of rabies

Image Source: http://www.africametro.com/southern-africa/rabies-battle-dogs-rounded-up-in-africa-for-vaccination

Page 23: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 23

Rabies Prevention

• Oral Rabies Vaccination Program (ORV)

• Oral vaccine that is distributed via airplane

• Targets raccoons and skunks

Page 24: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 24

Rabies Prevention

Page 25: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 25

Rabies Prevention

Page 26: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Animal Encounter Reporting

• Who must report an Animal Encounter? (64CSR7-5.1)

• 5.1.a. The physician or other health care provider caring for or

observing the person;

• 5.1.b. The veterinarian or animal health care provider;

• 5.1.c The humane or animal control officer;

• 5.1.d. The person bitten, scratched, or otherwise exposed, if no

physician or other health care provider is in attendance and the person

bitten, scratched or otherwise exposed is an adult;

Page 27: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Animal Encounter Reporting

• Who must report an Animal Encounter? (64CSR7-5.1)

• 5.1.e. Whoever is caring for the person, if no physician or other health

care provider is in attendance and the person bitten, scratched, or

otherwise exposed is incapacitated; or

• 5.1.f. The parent or guardian, if no physician or other health care

provider is in attendance and the person bitten, scratched or otherwise

exposed is a child.

• Exposures must be reported to the Health Department within 24 hours.

Page 28: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 28Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To Owned Domestic Animal

• Contact animal owner (vector animal), if possible

• Get incident information

• Ask owner if animal has a current rabies vaccine

• If animal has a current rabies vaccine, get a copy of the vaccine record

from the owner or the veterinarian

• Explain quarantine – 10 Day Confinement

• Mail Notice of Quarantine to animal owner

Page 29: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 29Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To Owned Domestic Animal

• Contact victim, if possible

• Get incident information

• Explain quarantine

• Refusal of Quarantine

• Sanitarian can not seize animals or issue fines

• Animal control or Sherriff can

Page 30: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 30Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To Feral Domestic Animal or Unknown Domestic Animal

• Contact victim, if possible, and get incident information

• Capture feral animal if possible, captured domestic animals can be confined

• Recommend that the victim discuss rabies treatment with their doctor due to

their increased risk for rabies.

• Do not give medical advice! Doctor must decide treatment.

• If captured or collected, have the animal processed and shipped to OLS

• Report lab results to victim and/or ask if they received rabies treatment

• If yes, record dates and location of injections

Page 31: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 31Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To Livestock

• Contact victim, if possible, and get incident information

• Contact WV Department of Agriculture – Animal Health Division

• Testing is recommended, but 10 – 14 day observation is possible

• Consult with epidemiologist

• Recommend that the victim consult with their doctor about rabies risk.

Page 32: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 32Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To Wild Animal

• Contact victim, if possible, and get incident information

• Capture, or collect wild animal if possible (quarantine not possible)

• Highly recommend that the victim discuss rabies treatment with their doctor

due to their increased risk for rabies.

• Do not give medical advice! Doctor must decide treatment

• If captured or collected, have the animal processed and shipped to OLS

• Report lab results to victim and/or ask if they received rabies treatment

• If yes, record dates and location of injections

Page 33: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 33Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To a Bat

• Common exposure: found in room after sleeping

• Bats have very small teeth so a bit or scratch may not be visible

• Follow steps for wild animal exposure

• Bats cause 70% of rabies infections in the US

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_small-footed_myotis#/media/File:Myotis_leibii.jpg

Page 34: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 34Background Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_inhibition#/media/File:Miruku's_mouth_vs_my_hand_(8563814868).jpgDo Not Attempt.

Human Exposure

• To a Primate

• Contact victim, if possible, and get incident information

• Tell the victim to seek medical treatment ASAP!

• Do not give medical advice! Doctor must decide treatment

• Capture, or collect the animal if possible

• If captured or collected, have the animal processed and shipped to

OLS

• Report lab results to victim and/or ask if they received rabies treatment

• If yes, record dates and location of injections

Page 35: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 35Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Animal Exposure

• To Owned Domestic Animal

• Contact animal owner (vector animal), if possible

• Get incident information

• Ask owner if animal has a current rabies vaccine

• If animal has a current rabies vaccine, get a copy of the vaccine record

from the owner or the veterinarian

• Explain quarantine

• Mail Notice of Quarantine to animal owner

Page 36: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 36Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Animal Exposure

• To Owned Domestic Animal

• Contact victim animal owner, if possible

• Get incident information

• Ask owner if animal has a current rabies vaccine

• If animal has a current rabies vaccine, get a copy of the vaccine record

from the owner or the veterinarian

• Explain quarantine

• Mail Notice of Quarantine to animal owner

Page 37: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 37Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Animal Exposure

• To Feral Domestic, Unknown Domestic or Wild Animal

• Contact animal victim owner, if possible, and get incident information

• Capture vector animal if possible, captured domestic animals can be

confined

• Ask owner if animal has a current rabies vaccine

• If animal has a current rabies vaccine, get a copy of the vaccine record

from the owner or the veterinarian

• If captured or collected, have the animal processed and shipped to

OLS

Page 38: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 38Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Animal Exposure

* The animal may be released from quarantine upon receipt of a negative test resultVector Animal Type

Available for Testing or Quarantine

Positive Test or Shows Signs of Rabies

Victim Animal Vaccinated

Quarantine Action*

Domestic Yes No 10 Day Confinement

Domestic Yes Yes Yes 45 Day Observation

Domestic Yes Yes No 6 Month Strict Isolation

Domestic No Yes 45 Day Observation

Domestic No No 6 Month Strict Isolation

Wild Yes No 45 Day Observation

Wild Yes Yes Yes 45 Day Observation

Wild Yes Yes No 6 Month Strict Isolation

Wild No Yes 45 Day Observation

Wild No No 6 Month Strict Isolation

• To Feral Domestic, Unknown Domestic or Wild Animal

Page 39: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 39Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Animal Exposure

• Expired Vaccine = consult epidemiologist

• Any animal that is going to be placed under 45-day observation must

be re-vaccinated ASAP.

• Any animal placed in 6-month strict isolation must be vaccinated

upon entry and one month prior to release.

• Any animals that develop symptoms during quarantine must be

evaluated by a veterinarian

• Any animal that is euthanized during a quarantine must be

submitted to OLS for rabies testing

• To Feral Domestic, Unknown Domestic or Wild Animal

Page 40: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

8/5/2020 40Background Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/bremnerj/406427724

Domestic Livestock Exposure

• Contact Department of Agriculture ASAP

• Vaccinated: re-vaccinate, 45-day observation

• unvaccinated: 6-month confinement, vaccinate

after 5 months

Page 41: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Rabies Testing

• Direct Fluorescent Antibody Staining

• Brain tissue is stained with a special dye and viewed under blacklight

with a microscope.

• Rabies virus glows (fluoresces) under blacklight.

https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/diagnosis/direct_fluorescent_antibody.html

Page 42: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Rabies Testing

• OLS Requirements for specimen submission

• Animal causes an exposure

• Occasional environmental “spot check” of areas (active surveillance)

• A vector animal showing the signs of rabies or unusual behavior

• Humanly euthanized and head removed, or brain removed in the case

of large livestock. This must be done by a qualified individual.

• Whole bats and small rodents can be submitted.

Page 43: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Rabies Testing

• OLS Requirements for specimen submission

• Must be stored under refrigeration after euthanasia and during

transport.

• Sample must reach OLS within 7 days of death.

• Do not freeze!

• Do not bury!

• Brain must be intact.

• Completed Laboratory Submission Form.

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Documenting Animal Encounters

• Paperwork

• Complete the SG-58 Animal Encounter Form

• Remember: SG-58 and other forms and paperwork may contain

protected health information (PHI) – follow HIPPA guidelines

• Database Entry

• WVEDSS

• Health Space

Page 45: Animal Encounters Training Class 2020/Animal... · •DC-4 Rabies Surveillance Management and Control Guide •West Virginia Code 19-20 Dogs and Cats •Section 9a Rabies Observation

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Questions?