animal regulatory systems i. designs a. systems 1. why? 2. nervous overview
TRANSCRIPT
Animal Regulatory Systems
I. Designs A.
Systems1. Why?2. Nervous Overview
Figure 48.3
Nervous system is design for quick response, evaluate, and respond againElectrical
response
3. Endocrine Overview
Endocrine system design == slow response, evaluate, and respond again
Figure 45.11
Chemical response
Figure 45.4
II. Nervous System A. Nervous
Cells1. Neuron
a. Parts of a Neuron == dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs
Figure 48.4
Figure 48.5
b. Neuron types based on function.
c. Neuron types based on structure.
Neurons.
1. Supporting Cells
a. CNS Supporting cells == Glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage)
Figure 49.6
b. PNS Supporting cells == the Schwann and satellite cells
Figure 48.13
B. Communication
1. Nerve Impulse
The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases
Figure 48.7
The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases
Figure 48.11
The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phases
The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phasesImpulses self propagate
Figure 48.12
The impulse == resting potential, threshold stimuli, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phasesSaltatory Conduction
Figure 48.14
2. Synapse
a. Structure == electrical and chemical signals
Figure 48.15
Neurotransmitters Table
48.2
b. Function -- integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP
Figure 48.16
Figure 48.13
Summation
Figure 48.17
C. Nervous Strategies1.
Development
Cnidarians => nerve net
Advantage?
Figure 49.2
Platyhelminthes == “brain” and sensory organs to the nerve net CephalizationAdvantage?
Annelids ganglia to a ventral nerve cord
Advantage?
2. Vertebrate Nervous Systema.
Overview
motor and sensory
Vertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS,
Figure 49.4
Figure 49.7
b. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Cranial
Nerves
Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves
ii. Spinal Nerves
31 pair of spinal nerves
Spinal Nerve Coverage
Dermatomes
Components of a reflex arc
Figure 49.3
iii. Autonomic Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System homeostatic side Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Figure 49.8
The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:
Length of Preganglionic Neurons
EffectsCoverage
NetworkOrigin of Preganglionic Neurons
Neurotransmitter Released
Effectors Receptors
c. Central Nervous Systemi.
Development
Central Nervous System dorsal hollow nerve cord
Figure 49.9
ii. Brain
Brain == Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)
Figure 49.15
The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)
Figure 49.17
Brain == Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
Random thoughts:
Reticular formation = Arousal
Figure 49.10
Random thoughts:
EEG = Tracing
Figure 49.11
Random thoughts:
Emotions = Fun?
Memory/Learning
Figure 49.13
iii. Spinal Cord
Spinal cord == telephone cable
Spinal cord == telephone cable
Connections
Reflexes
Reflexes
III. Endocrine System A.
Design1. Invertebrates
B. Animal Strategies
Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects
Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects
Crustaceans eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)
Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)
Figure 45.10
Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)
2. Vertebrates
a. Glands
Figure 45.4
b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms
and then some.
c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway
Figure 45.6
d. Regulation via feedback loops
Knowledge comes with the building of ideas.