animal nutrition ii (ch. 41) guest lecturer: letitia reichart (letty)
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41)
Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)
![Page 2: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Keywords
• Roles of mouth, stomach, sm.&lg. Intestine in digestion
• Pepsin, pepsinogen• Villi, microvilli• Cecum• Cellulose• Cellulase
• Acid chyme• Enzymatic hydrolysis• Peristalsis
![Page 3: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mammalian Digestive System
• Alimentary canal
• Accessory glands– Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
• Food moved by peristalsis
![Page 4: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mouth (oral cavity)
• Mechanical– Teeth– Saliva
• Enzymatic– Salivary amylase –
breakdown of starch and glycogen
![Page 5: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Throat (pharynx) & Esophagus
• Throat – junction to esophagus & trachea
– Epiglottis
• Esophagus – uses peristalsis to move food to stomach
![Page 6: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Stomach
• Stores food
• Secretes gastric juices
– Acid chyme
Relaxedmuscles
Contractedmuscles
Stomach
![Page 7: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Digestive mechanisms in stomach
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Enzymatic
Esophagus
Stomach
Pyloricsphincter
Cardiacorifice
Liver
Gall-bladder
Pancreas
![Page 8: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Mechanical
• Mixing and churning– Smooth muscle– Every 20 seconds
Esophagus
Stomach
Pyloricsphincter
Cardiacorifice
![Page 9: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chemical
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• pH around 2– Also breaks food down
![Page 10: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Enzymatic
• Pepsin– Breaks down proteins
![Page 11: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chief cells
Mucus cells
Parietal cells
Interior surface of stomach
Gastric gland
Why doesn’t pepsin digest stomach?
Gastric pit
![Page 12: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Activation of pepsin
Pepsin(active enzyme)
Pepsinogen
HCl
Parietal cellChief cell
![Page 13: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stomach
• After mechanical and enzymatic digestion:
-Acid chyme (nutrient-rich broth)
- Pyloric sphincter to the small intestine Stomach
Pyloricsphincter
Cardiacorifice
![Page 14: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Smallintestine
Small intestine• Most of:
– Enzymatic digestion occurs here
– Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream occurs here
![Page 15: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 41.21 p. 859 in CampbellOral cavity,pharynx,esophagus
Stomach
Lumen ofsmall intes-tine
Smaller polysac-charides, maltose
Polysaccharides Disaccharides
Carbohydrate digestion
Salivary amylase
Polysaccharides
Pancreatic amylases
Maltose and otherdisaccharides
Epitheliumof smallintestine(brushborder)
Disaccharidases
Monosaccharides
Protein digestion Nucleic acid digestion
Proteins
Fat digestion
Fat globulesDNA, RNA
Fat dropletsNucleotides
Bile salts
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreaticnucleases
Nucleotidases
Glycerol, fattyacids, glycerides
Nitrogenous bases,sugars, phosphates
Nucleosides
Nucleosidasesand phosphatases
Dipeptidases, carboxy-peptidase, and aminopeptidase
Amino acids
Amino acids
Small peptides
Pancreatic carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic trypsinand chymotrypsin
Smaller polypeptides
Polypeptides
Small polypeptides
Pepsin
![Page 16: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Gall-bladder
Duodenum ofsmall intestine
Intestinaljuice
Bile
Acid chyme
Pancreatic juice
Figure 41.19 p. 858 in Campbell
![Page 17: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pancreas• Secretes proteases into duodenum
Inactive form Active form
Trypsinogen Trypsin
Procarboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase
Chymotrpsinogen Chymotrypsin
![Page 18: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why doesn’t the small intestine digest itself?
Pancreas
Activeproteases
Fig. 37.13
Lumen of duodenum
Membrane-boundenteropeptidase
Inactivetrypsinogen
Other inactiveproteases Active
proteases
Trypsin
![Page 19: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Liver• Produces bile that is stored in gallbladder• Bile contain bile salts• Bile salts aids digestion and absorption of fats
![Page 20: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Largecircularfolds
Vein carrying bloodto hepatic portalvessel
Muscle layers
Villi
Intestinal wall
Most nutrient absorption
occurs in small intestine
![Page 21: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Structure of small intestine
Lacteal
Lymphvessel
Villi
Epithelialcells
Bloodcapillaries
![Page 22: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MicrovilliMicrovilli(brush border)
Epithelial cells
• Aid in nutrient transport across epithelial cells of sm. intestine into bloodstream
![Page 23: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Large intestine (colon)• Major function is to reabsorb water
Ascendingportion oflarge intestine
Ileumof small intestine
Rectum
AnusAppendix
Cecum
LargeIntestine
![Page 24: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Here are a few review questions
![Page 25: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What would happen if you had a defect in pepsin production?
![Page 26: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What would happen if you had a defect in pepsin production?
• A. carbohydrate would not be digested well
• B. meat would not be digested at all
• C. perhaps decreased absorption of protein
![Page 27: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What would happen if you had a defect in salivary amylase
production?
![Page 28: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• A. You would die
• B. You would be unable to digest starch
• C. The pH of the stomach would be affected
• D. None of the above
What would happen if you had a defect in salivary amylase
production?
![Page 29: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Which of the following would you least like to donate to science
while you are still alive?• A. Cecum
• B. Pancreas
• C. Reproductive organs
![Page 30: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What would happen if you had a defect in small intestine
enteropeptidase?
![Page 31: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What would happen if you had a defect in small intestine
enteropeptidase?• A. Pancreatic enzymes would not be
activated
• B. Liver enzymes would increased
• C. Your small intestine would become blocked
• D. None of the above
![Page 32: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Variations of vertebrate digestive system
• Herbivorous mammals– Specialized fermentation chambers
![Page 33: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Coyote vs. Koala
Smallintestine
Stomach
Cecum
Colon(largeintestine)
Carnivore Herbivore
Small intestine
![Page 34: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Why does herbivory require specializations?
• Plant tissue– Harder to break up– Contains cellulose– Nutrients less concentrated than meat
![Page 35: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Structure of cellulose
![Page 36: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Only bacteria and protozoa can break down cellulose
Via the enzymecellulase
![Page 37: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cecum
• Pouch at junction between lg and sm intestine
• Large cecum in rabbits, some rodents, koala, horses
• Full of symbiotic bacteria
Stomach
Cecum
Colon(largeintestine)
Herbivore
Small intestine
![Page 38: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Symbiosis
• “living together”
![Page 39: Animal Nutrition II (Ch. 41) Guest lecturer: Letitia Reichart (Letty)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032516/56649c735503460f94924b8a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cecum function
• Fermentation chamber
• Bacteria breakdown cellulose
• Feces must be reingested
Stomach
Cecum
Colon(largeintestine)
Herbivore
Small intestine