animal farm
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Group no.2
• FATIMA GUL • ABIDA PARVEEN • SITARA AYAZ
• MARYAM TARIQ
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FARM WITH ITS TRANSLATION
Topic
People all over the world irrespective of the differences of class, region, society, gender and mode of speech exchange information with one another.
There are innumerable mediums like
that of literature, print media and
electronic media. By which people of
one land convey their ideas to the
people of their own region and at the
same time to those living abroad.
Translation is a significant mode that provides a means for people
to be benefitted from the knowledge of various nations and
cultures.
Latin word ‘translatus
‘carried across’
It refers to the act or process of translation that takes place in order to convert the source or actual text written in a source language into a target text with target language.
NAMEas ‘translation studies’ after the publication of Holmes’ paper entitled The Name and the Nature of translation
studies
TRANSLATION AS AN ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
It accounts for the role of translator as a
mediator who tries to reconcile between
two languages and two cultures. It talks
about the process that any translator has
to undergo.
It emphasize
s that h
ow
any translator s
tores the
informatio
n of source
text in his m
emory after
reading it and th
en this
informatio
n is
transferre
d into ta
rget
language after a
semantic re
presentation
and synthesis of the
whole inform
ation
The investigation of the aim of target text, its communicative, semantic and thematic value, the place and the time in which it is written, its participants and its tenor and mode of delivering the information are some of the issues that translator has to deal with.
THE DISCUSSION OF WORD FOR WORD AND SENSE FOR
SENSE TRANSLATION, WRITER AND READER
ORIENTED APPROACH OF TRANSLATION, THE
COINAGE AND BORROWING OF WORDS, LOSS AND
INABILITY OF FULL EQUIVALENCE ARE SOME OTHER AREAS THAT ARE
STUDIED UNDER THE TITLE OF THIS SUBJECT.
TRANSLATION STUDIES HAS UNDERGONE
THROUGH COUNTLESS PHASES OF
DEVELOPMENT SINCE THE TIME OF ROMANS.
With the passage of time various questions
were raised by several critics and scholars
that paved the way for its acknowledgment
as an academic discipline in mid-twentieth
century.
From twentie
th century
onwards, vario
us
approaches towards
translatio
n like th
at of
equivalence, translatio
n
shift, approach based on
discourse and register
analysis were ta
ken
Many theorist
s—such as R
oman Jacobson,
Eugene Nida, New Mark, V
inay and
Darbelent, Catfo
rt, Katharin
a Reiss,
House and many m
ore propounded their
theories a
nd models.
dominant approaches
TRANSLATION IS EQUIVALENCE AND
EQUIVALENCE EFFECT.
Latin word equivalence
‘be of equal worth’
DURING 1950S AND 1960S THE QUESTION WAS RAISED THAT TO
WHICH EXTEND EQUIVALENCE CAN BE BROUGHT IN TARGET
TEXT.
• he
A STRUCTURALIST WHOSE VIEWS OF TRANSLATION ARE BASED ON DE SAUSSURE’S LINGUISTIC CONCEPTS
AS THERE IS AN ARBITRARY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIGNIFIER—THE WORDS AND SIGNIFIED—THE ACTUAL THINGS OUTSIDE THE LANGUAGE; SIMILARLY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOURCE TXT AND TARGET TEXT IS NOT FIXED. SO, THERE CANNOT BE FULL EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO TEXTS; FOR EACH HAS ITS OWN SYSTEM OF CODE UNITS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM ANY OTHER LANGUAGE
THREE LEVELS DUE TO WHICH THE DISTINCTION OCCURS BETWEEN THE
CONTENT OF SOURCE TEXT AND THAT OF TARGET TEXT
gender.
It denotes the idea that every language has its own gender construction. Certain objects are defined masculine in one language; while in any other language, these same objects are considered feminine or neutral.
LEVEL OF ASPECT.
IT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE DIFFERENCES OF STRUCTURES OF VERBS. IT EMPHASIZES THE POINT THAT SOME TIMES IN ONE LANGUAGE ONE STRUCTURE OF TENSE IS USED; WHILE IN ANY OTHER LANGUAGE THE SAME STRUCTURE OF THE TENSE IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANSFER.
SEMANTIC FIELDS
IT REFERS TO THE FACT THAT EACH LANGUAGE CONSISTS OF ITS OWN SEMANTIC FIELD. SOMETIMES ONE LANGUAGE CONTAINS A NUMBER OF WORDS FOR ANY OBJECT WHICH IS CONSIDERED VALUABLE IN THAT LANGUAGE
TRANSLATION SHIFT APPROACH.
It deals with the question that how the message and the meaning of the
source text is shifted into target language and how the translator
shifts form one technique or procedure of translation to some other strategy according to his requirement while handling the
process of translation.
VINAY AND DARBELNETTRANSLATION IS DIVIDED INTO TWO
STRATEGIES THAT COVER SEVEN MAIN PROCEDURES. DIRECT TRANSLATION IS THE FIRST TECHNIQUE THAT THE TRANSLATOR IS ADVISED TO USE. THIS DIRECT TRANSLATION INCLUDES THREE PROCEDURES
borrowing.
It is the procedure in which the words of source text are transferred into target text exactly as they are; for target language has no equivalent word to fill the semantic gap.
• It is a special kind of borrowing in which the Words of the source language are translated into target language by adding a flavor. In this regard the main word remains the same but usually connectors are literally translated.
Literal
translation word for
translation
is done.
SUB DIVIDED INTO FOUR PROCEDURES.
TranspositionIt corresponds to the alteration
of parts of speech. In source text one lexeme belongs to one part of speech; but when it is
translated, it changes its place according to the usage of target
language.
MODULATION
It refers to the semantic change between source language and target language. If in language, certain expressions are abstract they show part whole relationship, they are active sentences, their symbols are fixed; then these expressions in another language will have a different semantic relationship like that of concrete expressions, they will be passive sentence, their relationship is part to part relationship, there symbols are not fined and vice versa.
EQUIVALENCE
THIS CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENCE IS GENERALLY LIMITED ONLY TO EQUIVALENCE IS GENERALLY
LIMITED ONLY TO EQUIVALENCE OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS, METAPHORS AND PROVERBS.
TRANSLATOR TRIES TO FIND OUT THE EXACT EXPRESSION TARGET
LANGUAGE AS IT IS CONVEYED IN SOURCE LANGUAGE.
ADAPTION
Adaptation is the last procedure of
translation suggested by Vinay and
Darbelnet. In this procedure, cultural
expressions of source language are
shifted or adapted according to the
culture of target language.
SEVEN PROCEDURES OF DIRECT AND OBLIQUE TRANSLATION WORK.
LEXEMESSYNTAX OR
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES
MESSAGE THEME
CONNECTORS SUCH AS DEXIS DEMONSTRATE
D PRONOUNS
ORDER OF THE TEXT OR
SEMANTIC LEVEL
WORDS
servitude
Servitude deals with those changes carried out by
translators that are necessary for the
transference of message of source text.
OPTIONAL CORRESPONDS
To those alterations that the translator decides to make by choosing an
appropriate option from several available situations
FIVE STEPS
STRUCTURAL ASPECT
DESCRIPTIVE
INTELLECTUAL AND
EFFECTIVE FEATURES
METALINGUISTIC
DIMENSION
STYLISTIC
FEATURES OF
SOURCE TEXT
Influenced by Fithian and Hallidayan linguistic models.
EACH LANGUAGE OPERATES ON TWO LEVELS; THE LEVEL OF RANGE THAT UNDERLINES THE DIMENSIONS SUCH AS PHONOLOGY, SYNTAX AND SO ON, THE OTHER LEVEL OF LANGUAGE IS THAT OF RANK THAT VIEWS FEATURES SUCH AS WORDS, PHRASES, SENTENCES AND SO FORTH.
According to him translation actually means the linguistic shift between ST and TT.
TWO CATEGORIES
FORMAL CORRESPONDENCE
• It gives value to the categories of TL according to its system. It focuses that the aspects of TL should occupy the same place as the features of SL have a specific place in ST
TEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE.
IT HIGHLIGHTS THAT ST SHOULD BE TRANSLATED INTO TT BY CHOOSING EQUIVALENT LINGUISTIC ALTERNATIVE.
TWO TYPES OF SHIFTS
• The first one is the shift of level. It refers to the shift in which grammatical aspects of SL become lexical features in TL or vice versa
• The other aspect of shift is that of category.
THIS SHIFT OF CATEGORY IS SUB DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN AREAS
Structural shift is the major type of shift. It takes into account the transference of grammatical patterns between two modes of speech
CLASS SHIFT
IS ANOTHER BRANCH OF CATEGORY SHIFT. THE ALTERATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH OCCURS IN THIS SHIFT
Unit or rank shift
a valuable shift under the domain of category shift. This shift occurs as two languages have their own hierarchal structures and the construction of linguistic expressions sharply distinctive from one another.
Intra system shift
last type of shift that falls under the category shift. It
throws light on the point that although all of the languages
of the world have a similar system; all the languages have parts of speech and
grammatical rules.
SYNOPSIS OF ANIMAL
FARM
THE ROLE OF TRANSLATOR
In translated text of Animal Farm, Syed Irfan Alihas played a significant part. He is a mediator who has tried his level best to bring reconciliation between English and Urdu language.
There are a number of reasons for the selection of animal farm by George Orwell. Its content and languageis simple that can easily be interpreted. It has been chosen on account of the shortage of time; for it has a small length; so that this project can fulfill the required criteria by closely analyzing the text.
APPLICATION
AspectAccording to Jacobson aspect is another important factor due to which one language seems different from the other. This can be feature examined in the texts of animal farm. Orwell comments upon the character of Benjamin after the rebellion in these words, ‘Old Benjamin, the donkey seemed quite unchanged since the Rebellion’. While in translation it is “
. In English it is conveyed that Benjamin appears unchanged while in Urdu the sense of the verb ‘seemed’ is missing.
Gender differences
In English version, while community upon the character of Clover it has been said that, “Clover was… approaching middle life.” But in Urdu version Clover,
. In English the ‘life’ is a neutral concept whereas, in Urdu is a feminine phenomenon; because the words
and are the clear proofs of its feminine nature.
Then, when Old Major decides to deliver his message of freedom to all other animals; in the beginning while discussing about his life he says, “I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought”. While in Urdu, it is conveyed as
Here the word ‘time’ in English is neutral; while the word
of Urdu language has masculine status that is apparent from the expression of .
Similarly, while denoting about the atmosphere of the room of Mr. Jones, the former owner of the animal farm, Orwell writes, “with the ring of light from the lantern dancing from side to side”. In Urdu it is In English, ‘light’ is a neutral entity; while the word is feminine; as it is depicted from the words and
WHILE DELIVERING HIS SPEECH, MAJOR SUGGESTS SOME RULES FOR ANIMALS TO FOLLOW. ONE OF THEM IS THAT NO ANIMALS WILL “ENGAGE IN TRADE” ITS TRANSLATION IS “ ”.HERE BOTH WORDS “TRADE” AND “ ” HAVE A DIFFERENT SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP. THE WORD “ ” IS A GENERAL TERM REFERRING TO SUPER ORDINATE; WHILE THE WORD “TRADE” SEEMS TO BE ONE OF THE TOOLS OF “ ”WORKS AS HYPONYMY.
SEMANTIC FIELD
Major advices animals that, “all men are enemies. All animals are comrades”. It has been translated as “ ”. Here, there is a semantic difference between “comrades” and “ ”; belongs to the semantic field of kinship; while “comrade” is a term used for friends.
Animals have developed seven commandments that sum up the basic issues of farm. One of them is, “whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend”. Its conversion is “ ”.there is a great deal semantic difference between “ ” and “legs”.
These are the two separate hyponyms
under the super ordinate of body.
Another commandment in English text
is “no animal shall kill another animal.
It has got its
translation as”
”
. Semantically,
“killing” and “
” are quite
different. “
” refers to the
general evil that can be said Super
Ordinate, while “killing” is one form of “
” denoting to the field of hyponymy.
Borrowing is the most common technique that is replicated in these texts. While translating the character description of
Old Major Arfan Ali has written in the text that “
”. Here, two words “Major”and
Wellington beauty are directly borrowed from the ST exactly as there are. Before delivering his speech to all
animals, here, plate form has exactly been copied from the
English text. In Major’s speech, it is depicted that
council
• . The w
ord “
gallon”
is a
borrowed w
ords i
n ord
er to
decide th
e fact
that w
hether
rats
will
inclu
ded in th
e list
of
Comra
des or n
ot. “
”here
, the w
ord “
votin
g” is
a
loan w
ord. I
n additi
on, wire
less
set a
nd wire
less
and
“
”
are
sam
e
inst
ances t
hat are
take
n from
the E
nglish la
nguage in th
eir
simila
r sty
le
Claque is another procedure whose examples are apparent in the text of Animal Farm. “Beast of England” is a song that is sung at different occasions. Its first line is “beasts of England, beast of Ireland”. Its translate version is” ”. Here, the word “ ” is a claque word that has been borrowed from English word “England” but with an Urdu touch. When boner gets sick, after his hard work, animals are being convinced that Napoleon “was already making arrangements to send boner to be treated in the hospital at Wellington”.
• Here, the term “ ” has been borrowed
from the English term “hospital” by adding the color
of Urdu language.
• Expressing about the prosperity of Animal Farm, it
is said in translated version that,
• “
”. Here, the word “
” has been given an Urdu to with its English
existence. Thus, it is a crucial factor of translation in
which words are borrowed in accordance with TL.
Literal translation has remained a common technique of translation. It can also be noted in the text of Animal Farm. The description of Boner’s size is given as he was “nearly eighteen hands high and as strong as any two ordinary horses were together. Its Urdu version as his body was” ”. Here, the word for word translation has been employed as the words. “ ”. After, the cover through of man, the production of Animal Farm is in full control of animals as it is denoted that “soon there were fine buckets of frothing creamy milk”. Its Urdu translation is “ ”. In this sentence, “five buckets” has been literally translated as
`The technique of transposition is also evident in the texts of Animal Farm. The depiction of Mr. Jones is seemed in the novel at the beginning. It is reported that he “made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. It is converted in Urdu as “
• Here the word “snoring” in the English is used as verb’s it has been shown that she “was snoring” but in Urdu version “ ”. Under the category of noun; for it is apparent from the expression of “ ”. The character of “Old Major he was always called, though the name under which he had been exhibited was wellington beauty”. In Urdu text is appeared as wellington beauty
Modulation is a prominent aspect
replicated in the text of Animal Farm.
During his speech to all animals’ Major
says, “no animal is free”. Its Urdu
translation is
“
”. In
English text, there is a sense of
negativity as shown by “no animal”
but in Urdu affirmative expression is
found. In both sentences, the opposite
words of “free” and “
” has
been used; but there message is not
affected by this change of position.
Some times in order to
discuss one concept
English has to two words
like that of ‘pop-holes’.
Whereas in Urdu, there is
one word for the same
object as
According to Pakistani culture, he has used the expression of “ap” in order to show respect to Napoleon. He has used many commonly understood idiomatic expression such as and Most of the time, sense four sense translations has been done in accordance with the patterns of Pakistani culture
On the whole translation is like a road that has many paths to move forward. The more the time passes, the more the path and avenues come into existence. Many critics and scholars of translation are moving forward to find their destination. Many models and theories have their own directions. However, all have same destination, same end, same purpose, but from different angles.
Equivalence underlined by Vinay and
Darvelnet has also a lot of value in
matter of translation of Animal Farm.
Orwell gives a depiction of the doings of
animals before the deliverance of Major’s
speech. It is said that “ word had gone round
during the day that Old Major, the prize middle
white boar, had had a strange dream on
previous night…” It has got its translation as
Here in English,
‘word had gone’ is an idiomatic expression
whose possible equivalent expression is
Sometimes, although it is trie
d to use best
possible equivalent expression; but sometimes
one language has no equivalent expression.
At the end of the novel, Boxer
dies. It is reported that “three
days later it was announced that
he (Boxer) had died in the
hospital at Willingdon”. In Urdu,
it is
Here,
is an idiomatic expression.
Catford’s linguistic theory of translation also
contributes a great deal towards underlying
the differences between two languages. The
shift of level can easily be investigated in the
texts of Animal Form.
Old Major of the farm is respected by all animals. It appears in English text that “everyone was quite ready to use an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say”. Its translated version is that animals Here, the word ‘an’ in English sentence is a grammatical feature. It is a definite article. But in Urdu translation, this word ‘an’ becomes a lexeme of When animals, on account of being less intelligent are unable to memorize seven commandments; then only one commandment in place of seven is selected.
There are many features of category shift that are applicable on Animal Farm in its English and Urdu versions. Structural shift appears many times in the texts. Out of seven commandments of animals one is, “no animal shall drink alcohol” its translation In English version, the sentence follows the pattern of subject, verb, object. Here, ‘animal’ is a subject who performs the action of not ‘drinking’ and the object used for drinking is ‘alcohol’. However, there is a prohibition of drinking alcohol. But the sentence of Urdu doesn’t follow this sentence structure; rather it has its own pattern.
The class shift has also some role in translation. But it is similar to that of the concept of transposition under line by Vinay and Darbelnet.Another kind of shift that has a definite effect to differentiate the Animal Farm of English from Animal Farm of Urdu language is the shift of unit or rank. English and Urdu have their own hierarchical structures.
In the novel, Snowball and Napoleon are against
each other. Napoleon convinces other animals to
accept Snowball as a traitor. Boxer is convinced
and he says, “If Comrade Napoleon says it, must
be right.” Its Urdu version is,
• Here English sentence has a hierarchical pattern of words such as ‘Comrade, Napoleon, Right’ and so on. These words are combined to make phrases such as ‘Comrade Napoleon’. Then phrases are united together to make clauses such as ‘if Comrade Napoleon says it’. Finally the sentence is completed by the combination of clauses. But the sentence of Urdu has different hierarchical pattern. The smallest units of Urdu sentence are words like and so on. The words are combined together to formulate a sentence. Here there is no concept of phrases and clauses. Hence, both English and Urdu languages have their own ranks and units that result in shift between these languages during translation.s
Intra system It is apparent fro
m the
text that English has much
vocabulary to discuss about harmful
drinks; as the words for these drinks
are ‘beer, whisky, alcohol’ and so
own. But in Urdu language, only the
word has to signify all sources
of harmful drinks.
Any question???