animal digestion and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Animal Digestion and Nutritionhavelockag.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/3/7/13374424/digestion_and_nutrition.pdfAnimal Digestion and Nutrition Objective 7.02: Understand the ... The average](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040322/5e5f016c08450a5dc95d07dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Animal Digestion
and Nutrition
Objective 7.02: Understand the
digestive process
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RUMINANTS
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Ruminant Animals
Animals with complex digestive
systems
Capable of digesting material with a
high fiber concentration
Uses microbial fermentation– Cattle
– Sheep
– Goats
– Deer
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Ruminants
Ruminant Digestive System
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Parts and Functions
Mouth
– Bites and chews
Esophagus
– Connection
Four Compartment Stomach– Rumen
– Reticulum
– Omasum
– Abomasum
85% of the capacity
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Parts and Functions
Rumen
– Largest of the four parts “room-in-it”
– Filled with bacteria
– Converts large amounts of roughage to
amino acids
Fact!!!!
The average cow rumen can hold over 160
liters (40 gallons)
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Ruman
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Ruman Microbe
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Ruman Microbe
The large microbe is a type of protist
The creature that looks like a tadpole
attached to the side of the protist is a
fungal spore
The smaller, rod-shaped organism
lining the underside of the protist are
bacteria.
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Parts and Functions
Reticulum– Compartment where liquid goes
– Honeycomb in structure
Omasum– Grinds and squeezes
– Removes some liquid
Abomasum– True stomach
– Enzymes and acids
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Parts and Functions
Small Intestine
– Partially digested feed is
mixed
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
– Most of the food nutrient
is absorbed
Villi or Papillae
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Parts and Functions
Cecum
– Serves little to no function in most animals
Horses, Rabbits, and Guinea Pigs have an
enlarged cecum that helps breakdown
roughages
Large intestine
– Main function is to absorbed water
– Add mucus to undigested feed
Feces
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NON-RUMINANT
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Non-Ruminant Simple digestive system
– (Monogastric)
– Feed must be high quality concentrates
– Cannot digest large amounts of fiber
Human
Dogs
Cats
Rabbits (COPROPHAGY)
Pigs
Horses????
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Non-Ruminant Parts &
Functions
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
– Enzymes acts on feed
– Churns and mixes
Small intestine
Cecum
Large intestine
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Non-Ruminant Parts &
Functions
Accessory system– Liver
Produces bile that acts on fat
– Pancreas
Produces insulin
– Gall Bladder
Produces bile that aids in digestion
Anus
– End of the digestive tract
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Monogastric
Simple Digestive System
Dorsal
Ventral
Posterior
Anterior
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POULTRY DIGESTIVE
SYSTEMS
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Poultry
Chickens
Turkeys
Ducks
Geese
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Poultry Digestive
System
Poultry have monogastric digestive
systems as well.
But their digestive system is different
enough from the other monogastric
animals to discuss separately.
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Poultry Digestive
Systems
Mouth or beak
– Can not chew food
Esophagus
– Connects mouth to crop
Crop
– Stores feed
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Poultry Digestive
Systems
Gizzard
– Crushes feed
Contains grit and gravel
– Mixes feed with digestive juices
Liver
Small and Large Intestine
Vent
– Removes solid and liquid waste
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Inspecting Animal
Digestive Systems
Esophagus
– Tube like structure
Stomach
– Pouch with undigested feed
Liver
– Large brown organ beneath
the stomach or crop
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Inspecting Animal
Digestive Systems
Small intestine
– Long tube
– Gray colored partially digested
feed
Large intestine
– Large relatively short
compartment
– Contains fecal material
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Animal Feeds
Objective 7.01: Classify animal
feeds
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Nutritional Information
Nutrient
– Chemical element or compound that aids
in the support of life.
Ration
– The amount and kind of feed given to an
animal on a daily basis
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Nutritional Information
Roughages
– High in Fiber
– Forage Crops
Silage
Hay
Pasture
Grass
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Nutritional Information
Concentrates
– High in Nutrient Value
– Grains
Corn
Barley
Wheat
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Nutritional Value
Total Digestible Nutrients
Concentrates are high in TDN
Roughages are low in TDN
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Nutritional Information
Smaller producers will used
commercially bagged feed ration.
Larger producers will make their own
feed rations.
– A ration should fit the amounts and kinds
of nutrients needed based on the status
of the animal.
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Functions of a Ration
Maintenance
Growth
Production
Reproduction
Fattening
Work
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GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS
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Carbohydrates
Composed of sugar, starches,
cellulose and lignin
Provide energy and heat
Make up the largest quantity of
livestock feed
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
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Fats and Oils
2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates
At body temperature fat are solids and oils are liquid
– Example: cooking lard
Extra carbohydrates are stored as fats
– Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carriers fat-soluble vitamins
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Proteins
Major component of muscles and
tissues
Made up of amino acids
Continuously needed to replace dying
body cells
Young animals need large amounts for
growth
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Vitamins Needed in small quantities
Helps regulate body functions
Designated by letters
– A,B,C,D,E,K
Sources:
– Naturally found in feed
– Feed additives made from animal by-products
– Made by the body itself
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Minerals Needed in small amounts
– Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc.
Regulates body functions
Provide growth for:
– Bone
– Teeth
– Tissue
Example: calcium is needed in poultry for
eggshell development
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Water
Makes up 40% to
60% of the animals
body
Dissolves other
nutrients and helps
carry them to parts
of the body
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Sources of Nutrients
Carbohydrates
– Cereal grains
corn
wheat
oats
rye
barley
sorghum
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Sources of Nutrients
Proteins
– Plant sources
Soybean meal
Cottonseed meal
Alfalfa meal
– Animal sources
Meat meal
Fishmeal
Dried milk
Synthetic nitrogen source called urea
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Sources of Nutrients
Fats and Oils
– Grains and protein concentrates
Vitamins and Minerals
– Most feed ingredients
– Supplements
Pre-mixes
Mineral blocks
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Sources of Nutrients
Other sources and exceptions:
– Alfalfa (roughage) can be used to provide
energy and fiber
– Molasses
Improve taste (palatability)
Reduce feed dust