ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND REPRODUCTION

Chapter 15

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ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

INNATE BEHAVIORS- REFLEXES

Immediate,

involuntary responses

to a change in

environment.

Include:

Panting

Blinking

Startle

Scratching

INNATE BEHAVIORS- INSTINCTS

Complex reactions that

often require long

periods of time to

complete.

Include:

Building nests

Weaving webs

Caring for young

Hoarding food

Mating rituals

Migration44

INSTINCTS- MATING RITUALS

The mating ritual is an

innate behavior.

Also called courtship.

An animal that has

never seen the mating

ritual automatically

knows how to do it.

INSTINCTS- MIGRATION

Migration is the long-

distance, seasonal

movement of animals from

one area to another.

Migratory animals include:

Birds

Caribou

Whales

Sea Turtles

Salmon

Butterflies6

PHEROMONES

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Chemicals released by

animals that affect

other animals of the

same species.

Similar to hormones,

but work outside the

body.

Examples:

Queen bees, ant trails,

signal danger, marking

territory, pheromone

traps, attracting mates

LEARNED BEHAVIORS

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Actions and reactions that are

developed by observation and

training.

Learned from other animals or

by itself.

Animal’s natural behaviors

shaped into desired response

through rewards.

Limited by physical and mental

abilities.

INSTINCT PLUS LEARNED BEHAVIORS

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Many animal behaviors are

combinations of instinct

and learned behaviors.

Examples:

Pheasant chicks avoiding

predators

Birds learning songs

Squirrels cracking nuts

INTELLIGENT BEHAVIORS

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Based on special abilities

such as reasoning, analyzing,

and understanding.

Includes the ability to reason

out a solution to a problem.

May involve making things or

using tools.

Ability to communicate with

symbols.

Science Project Karaoke! Due: March 5, 2020 Instructions: ▪ You will be working in assigned groups of three or four. ▪ Choose a tune – preferably from an old TV show or childhood song – something that’s familiar

to all of us. Nothing with explicit lyrics or inappropriate content. Your music is subject to final approval by Mrs. Miller.

▪ Write new lyrics explaining any scientific process covered in your current textbook. You may not copy previous year’s songs.

▪ Present your song to the class on March 5, 2020.

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KARAOKE PROJECT

• Get your group partners

contact information

• Work with each other during

study hall time

• Work with each other

outside of school: over the

phone, meet at library,

coffee shop, partners home,

etc.

• Include everyone in your

group on project, figure out

how to help each other

• Ask For Help!

Karaoke Groups:

A: Josh, Kaitlyn, Sam

B: Paige, Bailey, Kylie

C: Bryson, Dylan, Zac

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ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

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GAMETES

Special reproductive

cells that transfer or

receive chromosomes.

Have one of each kind

of chromosome

(haploid).

Produced by meiosis.

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gametes

GAMETES

Two types of gametes: eggs or sperm.

Eggs (ova) are female gametes produced in the ovaries.

Sperm are male gametes produced in the testes.

The egg is usually larger than the male gamete and cannot move itself. 16

FERTILIZATION

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Fertilization occurs when the egg and sperm unite.

A diploid cell is formed called a zygote.

Zygotes contain two of every chromosome.

The zygote divides many times by mitosis to grow into an adult.

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

The sperm and egg unite

outside the parents’ bodies.

Usually occurs in water.

Eggs usually covered by jelly-

like substance that sperm

can penetrate.

Most fish spawn. The female

releases eggs and the male

releases milt, containing

sperm.

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EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

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Animals that

reproduce by external

fertilization tend to

produce the most

gametes.

Only a few survive to

grow up and

reproduce.

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION- CARE OF YOUNG

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INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Sperm and egg (ovum) unite inside a female’s body.

Usually produces fewer eggs and sperm.

Two main groups of animals:

1. Animals that lay shelled eggs.

2. Animals that give birth to live young.

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EGG-LAYING ANIMALS

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Egg-laying animals

develop a shell around

their zygotes.

A zygote with a shell

around it is called an egg.

Egg has two definitions:

A female gamete

A zygote surrounded by a

shell

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EGGSHELLS

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EGG FORMATION

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EGG INCUBATION

The egg is eventually

released from the mother’s

body.

Inside the shell, the zygote

develops during a period of

incubation.

Incubation provides heat

energy to fuel

development.

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EGG INCUBATION

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INTERNAL FERTILIZATION- CARE OF YOUNG

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PLACENTAL ANIMALS

An animal that gives birth

will develop the zygote

inside the mother’s body.

The zygote divides by mitosis

to become an embryo and

attaches to the female

parent’s uterus.

The uterus is a special organ

where the embryo develops

into a baby animal. 28

THE PLACENTA

The placenta is a structure

in which nutrients and

oxygen are exchanged with

wastes and carbon dioxide.

The embryo is attached to

the placenta by an

umbilical cord.

A fluid-filled sac called the

amnion surrounds the

embryo.

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GESTATION

The time spent in the uterus is called gestation.

While the embryo is in the uterus, the mother is pregnant.

Pregnancy ends with birth.

Usually, the longer the pregnancy, the more developed the young animal will be.

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Gestation Periods of Various Animals

Mouse 20 days

Rabbit 30 days

Mole 42 days

Fox 51 days

Dog 63 days

Raccoon 63 days

Cat 65 days

Guinea pig 68 days

Tiger 107 days

Pig 114 days

Sheep 150 days

Mule deer 205 days

Black bear 215 days

Hippopotamus 237 day

Moose 245 days

Cow 280 days

Buffalo 315 days

Dolphin 390 days

Elephant 645 days31

FACET: BREAKING THE BABY RULES

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