ANGOON DEER HUNTING, 1982

Gabriel D. George and Matthew A. Kookesh

Technical Paper Number 71

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence

Angoon, Alaska March 1983

A&ST&XT

The Alaska Dzpartrrientof Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence is con-

ducting a study of Admiralty Island resource use. Phase 11 of this study

concentrates on land mammal use and was initiated in the winter of 1982.

This paper presents preliminary research results specifically addressing

the use of deer by the community of Angoon.

Survey results indicate deer are an important source of red meat for

the residents of Angoon. Deer are hunted. in the alpine, muskeg, forest

and beach areas of the island using three hunting strategies: Alpine Hunt,

Muskeg and Forest Hunt, and Beach hunt. Beach hunting, however, was the

dcminant strategy used.

Survey findings indicate household yearly deer meat requirenents were

not met in 1982 by household hunters. This may be partially attributed to

the use of beach hunting as a main hunting strategy. This method is depend-

ent on heavy snowfall to bring deer from the upland forest down to the beach.

Thus, a mild winter with no heavy snow accumulation during the past year illay

have contributed to low success of Angoon hunters.

AERiXRAm .............................................................

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................

LIST OF TAEkES .......................................................

LNIXODUCT~ON .........................................................

METHODOLDGY ..........................................................

STUDYAKEA ...........................................................

Environment .....................................................

Imal Economy ...................................................

HLSTOKLC DEEK HlJiVL'ING IN ANGOON ......................................

FINDINGS -- CONTkXJ?OKAKY DEliK HUNIWG IN ANGOON

Areas Hunted ....................................................

The Hunter ......................................................

Hunting ?kthods and Strategies ..................................

Alpine Hunt ................................................

Phxkeg and Forest Xunt .....................................

Beach Hunt .................................................

Harvest lkwels ..................................................

Household Use ...................................................

DISCUSSION ...........................................................

i

iv

V

1

2

3

3

3

4

6

9

10

12

‘4 I

14

1s

16

17

APPENDIXA

APPENDIXB

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

'Figure 2: Kange of Sampled Angoon Deer Hunters, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1982

Figure 3: kmber of Deer Hunting Trips by pbnth, Angoori, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 4: Percentage of Total Deer Hunting Trips by Area Hunted, Angoon, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 5: Angoon Residents' Reported Yearly Household i>eer Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 6: Percent Deer Meat of Total ed Meat Consumed Inuring 1982 by Angoon Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Survey Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Table 2: Preferred Hunting Areas on Admiralty . . . . . . ..*........................................ 8

Table 3: Source of Instruction - Angoon .ker Hunters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 4: Deer Hunters Teaching Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Table 5: Reported Deer Harvests by Angoon Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*........... 15

Table 6: Deer Preservation &thods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..i......... 19

V

INi'l..DUCTION

This paper provides background information on deer hunting areas,

hunting strategies, deer harvest levels, and deer meat distribution patterns

of Angoon'residents in 1982 for use by'the Board of Came while considering

proposed regulatory changes. Information was obtained as part of a compre-

hensive study of Admiralty Island which will describe resources used by

residents of Angoon, Kake, Hoonah, and Petersburg.

'Ihe Admiralty Island resource use study began in 1982 and will be com-

pleted in 1984. The purpose of the study is to gather information on the

contemporary use of island resources. This information will assist local,

state.and federal agencies when making land planning and management deci-

sions affecting resources and resource users. In addition, detailed re-

source information is necessary to provide for effective resource manage-

ment. Iocal fish and game advisory committees, Southeast Regional Council,

and boards of Fisheries and Came, require technical data to determine approp-

priate resource management strategies.

In response to proposed regulation changes suggested by local advisory

committees, the Division provides background papers, such as this, which

are based on preliminary information gathered in the course of the long

term study. 'Ihe paper also provides a brief introduction of the Division's

research program in southeast Alaska to the new board of game members.

TW survey instrmerxs were developed to collect current information

on uses of deer, bear, and furbearers by Angoon residents (Appendix Aand B).

Conducted during the first tm weeks of January 1983, the surveys obtained

information on household and deer hunter characteristics, harvest levels,

and household uses of deer.

A household sumey was administered to 33 randomly selected households

representing 25 percent of Angoon's 132 households. Fifty-one active hunt-

ers were identified within these 33 selected households. A hunter survey

was administered to an opportunistic sample of 28 of the identified hunters;

each hunter surveyed was from a,separate household. These 28 hunters repre-

sent a 54.9 percent s&ple of the identified hunters in the interviewed

households (Table 1).

SUKWY SAXPL.C

Household Sample

Total households Households Interviewed

132 33

Percent Ihterviewed

25.0

Hunter Sample

Total Hunters Present in Household Sample

51

Hunters Interviewed

28

Percent Interviewed

54.9

2

STUDY AREA

Ei-ivironment

Admiralty Island is the second largest island of the Alexander

Archipelago. It is approximately 96 miles from north to south, and at its

widest point, extends approximately 30 miles east to west. Island landscape

is characterized by steep terrain and an extensive and complex coastline

with 27 major bays and inlets. Island mountains peak at 4,650 feet in

elevation, and the coastline stretches for 678 miles with 27 major bays and

inlets. Designated as Admiralty Island National I%nument in 1980, most

of the island is currently managed by the United States Forest Service.

Island vegetation is dominated by a mature forest of western hemlock

and Sitka spruce broken by clearings of muskeg. The forest provides excel-

lent deer habitat and a healthy population of Sitka blacktailed deer range

throughout the Island (Shoen 1981). Fawns are born in late spring in trees

edging muskeg or beach. In the summer, deer move into the alpine areas

until the fall when th(?y enter the mature forests. Wing the winter,

deer live in the forest below the snow line until heavy snows drive them

down to the beaches where the forest fringe of old growth timber keeps the

ground relatively snow free (Xerriam 1978).

tical Economy

Angoon, the only permanent village on Admiralty Island, had a 1982

population of 562, the majority of whom were Tlingit residents (Cynthia

Paul, personal communication). The village is located on the soutiest side

3

of Admiralty Island at the entrance to Kootznahoo Inlet (Figure 1);

?he Angoon household economy is mixed, based on a combination of cash

income and the harvest of wild resources for family and conrnunity use.

&mnercial fishing (hand trolling, power trolling, and seining for salmon,

and halibut fishing) is a major source of income. A limited number of

wage jobs are available outside the fishing industry. In 1982 the city,

state, and federal governments provided 13 full-time jobs and 9 seasonal

part-time jobs. The school system employed 30 people, primarily from out-

side the community. In addition, summer construction mrk is sometimes

available (Environmental Services 1982). 'Ihe community depends on fishing,

hunting, and gathering intertidal and land resources as a significant part

of its food supply. Hunting deer is one component of the subsistence

sector of the local economy.

HISTOKIC DEEK HUNTING IN ANGCON

Historicallqr, Angoon people harvested deer within a territory extend-

ing along the western 'shores of Admiralty Island from Point Marsden,

located on the northwest shore approximately 42 miles north of Angoon,

southward to olapin Bay 27 miles from Angoon, around the southern tip of

the Island. -.tigoon people also harvested deer from the eastern shores of

Chichagof and Baranof Islands from Basket Bay 15 miles northwest of Angoon

to Gut Bay located 46 niles southwest of Angoon. Hurters followed the

shorelines of Peril Strait north to the head of Hoonah Sound 45 miles

northwest of Angoon (Goldschmidt and k&s 1945).

4

? North

Scale 12 miles to 1 inch

Fig. 1. Location of Study t-\rea

5

Deer hunting methods during the nineteenth century included the use of

dogs and a variety of weapons and traps. Ibgs were used to drive deer down

to the beach where hunters waited. Deer hunting capons included bows and

arrows, spears, a pick-like weapon, and knives. Deers were also captured

by deadfalls and snares (Owen 1967; Krause 1970; Oberg 1973; de Iaguna

1960). CX7e account docments the. use of a torch in night hunting. The

torch's light mesmerized the deer which then became easy prey (&en 1967).

COihTlTMFOKI1KY DEER HUYTINC II3 ANON

Areas Hunted

Currently, the people of Angoon harvest deer and gather other wild

resources from many of the same areas used by their ancestors. In their

search for deer, the sample of hunters ranged from Hawk Inlet on the north-

west shore approximately 42 miles north of Angoon to Point Gardner, 32

miles south of Angoon on the southernmost tip of the Island (Figure 2).

On the western shore of Glatham Strait, hunters hunted on Chichagof

Island approximately 38 r:lilss northwest of Angoon, as far nort"l as Wcuklook

Creek north of Freshwater Bay. They ranged southwestward approximately

24 miles to Kelp t!ay located on the-northeast end of Baranof Island. 'the

respondents also hunted the north shores of Peril Strait to False Island

on Chichagof Island and the south shore of Peril Strait to l-?&men Eay on

Baranof Island, approximately 32 miles from Angoon.

6

-,,j::::::::::‘, . . . . . . . .

I y:x::: . . . a q;::.....

a. car.. . . - * - * -,.I . . . . . . . .

. . . . ..A

. . .

. . .

(- .,: 1 1 1 . . . . . . .,

. . . . .

Fig. 2. bnge of sampled Angoon deer hunters, 1982

7

t

Nearly all hunters surveyed preferred to hunt on Mmiralty Is&d

(Table 2). Peported factors which influenced the area hunted included prcs-

ence of deer, less competition from other hunters, proximity, knowledge of

the area, and beaches suitable for boat landing. 'Ihe hunters who preferred

the northwest shore of Admiralty Island mentioned areas of Parker Point,

Marble Cove (B. S. Cove), Fishery Creek, and Cube and Square coves as pre-

ferred places. Along the southwest shore, hunters preferred Hood Bay, Chaik

Bay, Whitewater Bay, and Wilson Cove. Nearly all respondents stated that

the westher played an important role in where and when they hunted. Gener-

ally, Mitchell thy (Kootznahoo Inlet) was hunted when rough waters in

Chatham Strait prevented them from going to their preferred places.

P-D HUNTING AAEAS ON AIMIRALTY ISLAiiD

Areas

northwest shore

southwest shore

Kootznahoo Inlet

Admiralty Island (unspecified area)

no response

Nmber of hunters

9

. 8

3

"4

4

Percent

' 32.1

28.6

10.7

14,3

14.3

*One hunter indicated that he hunted 40 percent of the time up in Kootznahoo Inlet and 60 percent of the time in c31atham Strait.

Eleven of the 28 hunters surveyed (39.3 percent) have stopped hunting

in some areas because of logging, the appearance of nonlocal hunters, an in-

crease in local hunters, or distance from Angoon. Peril Strait, Whitewater

Bay and Hood J3ay are not hunted by some hunters because of the presence of

nonlocal hunters and, with the exception of Hood Bay, logging activities.

Kootznahoo Inlet was avoided by one hunter because of the number of local

hunters in the area. Both Kelp and Pybus bays are not hunted because of

their distance from Angoon.

The Hunter

As previously mentioned, there.were a total of 51 active hunters present

in 28 of the 33 households surveyed for an average of 1.5 hunters per house-

hold. 'Ihe hunters' ages ranged from 10 to 57 years with an average of 30

years. Active hunters have lived in Angoon an average of over two decades,

and learned to hunt from a family member (Table 3). Twenty-two (43.1 per-

cent) of the 51 hunters were identified by respondents as still learning

how to hunt. Of the 28 hunters surveyed, 17 (60.7 percent) are in the pro-

cess of teaching others. to hunt (Table 4).

TABLE 3

SOUFXE OF I?ETrlUCTIOX - ANGOON DEER HUiVlXEtS (n = 28)

Number of Percent of Hunters Taught by Sampled hunters

15

7

6 -

28

family member

* friend

self-taught

53.6

25.0

21.4

100.0

9

TABLE 4

DEER lWNERS TEACHING OTHJ%S (n = 28)

Persons Hunters Taught Teaching Percent

19 family members 14 ,50.0

friends 3 10.7

none 10 35.7

no response 1 3.6

The open season for deer on Admiralty Island in 1982 was August 1 to

December 31. The number of deer hunting trips per month from August through

December for a sample of 19 hunters is shown in Figure 3. ‘ihe lowest number

of trips occurred in Septmber, an average of .7 hunts per hunter. Ln 1982,

deer hunting intensified in November and December to a high of 2.'2 trips per

month (Figure 3). &asons for this increase in effort are probably related

to a decrease in conflicting activities such as construction or commercial

fishing which normally occur during swnmer months, and an increase in the

likelihood of snow in November and December, Substantial snowEaL1, ncccs-

sary to bring deer to the beaches, did not occur during the 1982 season

until after December 31, the date the season closed.

hunting Methods and Strategies

The contemporary Angoon deer hunter uses a high caliber rifle ranging

from 222 through 300 magnm with the 243 and 30-06 caliber being the most

popular. 'Ihey travel to hunting areas in boats ranging in size fro.11 12 foot

skiffs to.a 50 foot seiner; however, the most common boat used for deer

10

Total Ncanber of Hunting Trips

60

50

40

30

20

10

23

+

August Septanber October November December

14

+

14

+

42

+

32

+

Fig.3. Number of deer hunting trips by month, Angoon 1982 (n = 19):>

Total trips = 140, A4verage trips per hunter = 7

*Of the 28 hunters interviewed, only 19 (67.9%) provided specific information on numbers of deer hunting trips. 1112~2 19 hunters represent 37.3% of the 51 active hunters present in the surveyed households.

11

hunting is a 16 or 17 foot outboard motor skiff.

Angoon hunters hunt in several types of vegetative zones, including

alpine, forest, meadows or muskeg, and beach areas (Figure 4). Fifty-three

percent of all deer hunting trips for August through December, 1982, were

made to beach areas, followed by meadows or muskeg (27.9 percent), and

Alpine or Forest (both 14 to 15 percent). Survey results indicate 68 per-

cent of the sampled hunters hunted beaches in 1982. This figure may be low

because a majority of hunters intevietied indicated they also beach hunt

while engaged in other activities such as commercial fishing. Therefore,

it becomes difficult to isolate beach hunting trips unless those trips

focused on deer hunting.

Angoon hunteirs follow various hunting strategies depending on the sea-

son, deer habits, and weather.- For the purpose of discussion, these strat-

egies have been labeled Alpine Hunt, Wskeg and Forest :+mt, and Beach hmt.

The hunting season begins with the Alpine Hunt, followed by the i/hrskeg and

Forest Xunt, and closed by the beach Hunt. beach hunting, however, is the

primary hunting strategy and continues throughout the season.

Alpine Hunt - August through September

bring late summer before fall frosts, deer occupy nonfores ted alpine

areas. The Angoon hunter starts his hunting season with one or OKI hunts

in the alpine. Alpine hunting parties are relatively large with as man)

as five to eight hunters in a party. Overnight trips generally occur

during these hunts and often both husband and rwife go together. urlct? d

hunting party has set up camp, hunters may split up into pairs to hunt

12

Percent of 70

Trips

. 60

50

40

30

20

10

15.0%

-L

,

1 l7.92

+

14.2%

11 +

Alpine i/leadows and

Muskeg

Forest &ach

Fig. 4. Percentage of total deer hunting trips by area hunted Angoon, 1982

13

different areas. Because the alpine areas are open, deer can be spotted at

a distance and accurate shooting is more critical than in the forest or on

the beach.

Muskeg and Forest Hunt - September through November

Deer'move out of the alpine areas into the forest following heavy fall

frosts. The hunting strategy used can be characterized as a search and call

hunt. Single hunters or small parties, never more than three, walk through

the forest in search of deer. Stopping in the forest fringe which surrounds

meadows and muskegs, hunters call deer using calls of local and conmercial

manufacture. Attracted by the call, deer enter the clearing where they are

shot.

The success of this hunt depends upon knowledge of the area, ability '

to make a convincing call, and weather. iJind and snow can hinder the hunt

or provide a factor for success. For example, erratic winds can destroy

hunting efforts 'by betraying the hunters presence through his scent. A

fresh snowfall 1mrk.s to. a hunters advantage, making it easy to track deer.

Beach Hunt - August through December

Deer occasionally appear on the beaches throughout the year. Following

the the heavy snows of winter, deer are driven out of the inland forest to

the beach fringe forest *here the mature forest canopy keeps the ground

relatively snow free. In November and December beach hunting intensifies.

Hunters beach hunt alone or in parties up to four people per boat. The

best times to hunt are early morning and dusk, particul.arly if there is a

14

minus tide which brings deer out of the forest to feed along the beach.

CXlce a deer is spotted, the boat is beached and the hunter shoots the deer.

As with other hunting strategies, weather can determine success or failure.

. Snow is important for it drives deer to the forest fringe bordering the

beach. Wind is useful because it may mask the sound of the engine, but it

may also create rough waters.

In addition to trips focused on deer hunting, almost all hunters inter-

viewed opportunistically hunted the beaches whenever travelling by boat

along the coastline. Distance may be a factor as chances of spotting a

deer increase with an increase in the area covered.

Marvest Levels

According to the household sample, an average number of 3.1 deer were

harvested per household per year during the last three years (Table 5).

About one-quarter of the sampled households did not harvest deer; thus the

average number of deer per hunting household was 4.0 to 4.3. . .

DEEX HARWTS IJY A~!JGoot\1 HOUSEHOLDS (n = 33)

1980 1981 1982

Deer 108 105 96

Number of Hunting Households 25 25 24

Average per Hunting Household

4.3 _ 4.2 4.0

15

Surveyed households indicated their deer meat needs ranged from 1 to

18 deer per year. The majority of the respondents (51.5 percent) said 5

to 9 deer wuld fulfill their household needs (Figure 5).

Percent of Households

60

50

40

30

20

10

33.3%

T-i

I

51.5%

n

15.2%

J-II

o-4 5 -9 10 - 18

Number of Deer

Fig. 5. Angoon .residents’ reported yearly household deer needs

Household Use

Deer meat comprises a significant amount of the total red meat con-

suned by Angoon households. Eighteen households (54.5 percent) surveyed

reported that deer meat comprised 30 percent or more of total red meat

16

consumed in 1982. Eleven households (33.3 percent) indicated that 50

percent or adore of household red meat came from deer (Figure 6).

Deer meat was either consumed fresh or preserved by freezing, canning/

or jarring, smoking and drying (Table 6). A few households surveyed used

the nonedible parts of the deer such as antlers, the hide; and hooves for

traditional purposes. Antlers were used for knife handles, hooves for

dance rattles, and hide for clothing, gloves, and moccasins.

Fifty-five percent of the surveyed households shared deer meat with

family and friends outside of the household and/or community as well as

friends. Seven households donated deer meat to potlatches.

'Economically, Angoon residents are closely tied to the sea where people

fish, hunt seal, and gather marine resources for fznily and canrmunity use.

Consequently, the most conrnon hunting area from August to December is along

the beach.

The beach hunter travels farther to harvest deer than for any other of

the wild resources. 'Ihe hunter travels from Hawk Inlkt to Point Gxdner,

the entire western coast of Admiralty Island and large portions of the

eastern coasts of &ichagof and Baranof islands. The hunt depends upon

the weather conditions. Snow, necessary to bring deer to the beach is the

most important factor, along with calm seas and good visability. The other

17

Per

cent

of

H

ouse

hold

s

27.3

%

l--l

15.1

%

6.1%

I I

I I

I I

I I

0 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10

0 D

on’t

Know

or

N

o R

espo

nse

Fig.

6.

P

erce

nt

deer

m

eat

of

tota

l re

d m

eat

cons

ulne

d du

ring

1982

by

Ango

on

hous

ehol

ds

(n

= 33

)

- .-

Con

sum

med

Fr

esh

Ref

riger

ated

Froz

en

Can

ned/

Ja

rred

Sm

oked

Drie

d

All

(LO

X)

(LO

%)

(:.0X

)

(i.O

%)

(i.

0%)

(~A

%)

Mos

t

(Z.3

%)

&l%

)

(::.3

%)

(i.O

%)

(2.0

%)

(k

0%)

TAB

LE 6

DU

X P

lUS

WV

ATI

ON

t%TH

OD

S

Hal

f

(1 L

%)

(A%

)

(2T.

21).

(FL%

)

(i.O

%)

(it

0%)

n =

33

Som

e

14

(42.

4%)

$.4X

)

(K3%

)

$.4%

)

(K4X

)

(I:.,%

)

Non

e

(LO

%)

(&%

)

(Z.l%

)

(2.5

%)

(L%

)

(ii.6

4)

No

Res

pons

e

(93.

1%)

(2:.2

%)

(Z.l%

)

(i.11

)

(Al%

)

(221

.3%

)

Tota

l

(l~~.

O%

)

(l~~.

O%

)

(l~~.

O%

)

(l;:.o

%)

(,~~.

a%)

hunting areas include alpine, m&keg and forest.

Deer is a major source of red meat to the community of Angoon. The

survey results indicate.Angoon households obtained ah average of 3.1 deer

per household from August through December .' 1980 - 1982. Households sur-

veyed indicated needing be-en five and ten deer per year. CXle factor which

prevented hunters frm fulfilling these needs related to a hunting strategy

dependent on snow conditions.

Generally, deer range below snow line in heavy timber during the winter

until heavy snowfall drive them to the beach. Other concerns regarding deer

hunting included threats to deer habitat posed by logging, and increased

competition from local and nonlocal hunters.

20

REFERENCES CITED

Alaska Consultants, Inc. 1976 City of Angoon Ccnnprehensive Development Plan. Anchorage: n.p.

de Laguna, Frederica 1960 The Story of a Tlingit Connnunity, Bureau of American Ethnology

Bulletin 172. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.

fivironmental Services, Limited. 1982 Gnmunity Profile for the City of Angoon, prepared for Alaska

Department of Gmnnunity and Regional Affairs. Anchorage: n.p.

Goldschmidt, Walter, and Theodore Haas 1946 Possessory Rights of the Natives‘ of Southeastern Alaska, &port

to the missioner of Indian Affairs. Washington D.C.: United States Goveminent Printing Office.

Krause, Aurel 1970 [1885] The Tlingit Indians: Results of a Trip to the Northwest Coast

of America and the Bering Straits, trans. Ema Gunther, Seattle: Pub- lished for the American Ethnological Society, University of Washington Press.

&Man, Harry .1978 The Sitka Black-tail IQeer in tiaska. Alaska Deparixnent of Fish and

Game Wildlife Notebook Series. n.p.

Oberg, Kalervo 1973 The Social Economy of the Tlingit Indians, Seattle: Univdrslty of

Washington Press.

Owen, Roger, James Deetz, and Anthony Fisher 1967 'Ihe North American Indians: A Source Book, New York: Mauvtillan

Publishing Co., Inc.

Paul, Cynthia 1983 City of Angoon, City Clerk, personal cornnunication to Gabriel

George, Division of Subsistence, January, Angoon.

Sheen, John W., Matthew D. Nirchoff and 0. C. Wallmo. 1981 Seasonal Distribution and Habitat Use by Sitka Blacktailed Deer

in Southeastern Alaska, Alaska Deparhent of Fish and Came, Division of Game, Juneau, Alaska.

21

APPENDIX A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY INSTRUMENT

INI'kWIl3~ GUIDE Admiralty Island Iand Mammal Use Study

Household Number

Respondent's Number

Interviewer

Date

Household Characteristics

oon 1 Relationship I Sex 1 Birth- 1 Birth- Years of Ang Residency to Head - date place

1

8

* full-time, part-time, seasonal

inactive hunter

Household Characteristics

1)

2)

3)

How many boats are owned by members in household?

i# of feet !# of feet d of feet

What is the estimated household income for 1982

A) 0000-3000 D) 9001-15,000 1981 B) 3001-6000 E) 15,001-20,000 C) 6001-9000 F) 20,001-30,000 1980

G) 31,000-? 1979

1978

1977

Yhich people in your household have stopped hunting?

When?

why.?

4) How many people in your household are learning to hunt?

5) Which household members participated in the hunting and trapping season

in 1982 and in the past seasons?

1982 pre 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975

Hunting

Trapping

noth

-2-

6) What land mammal resources

lowing years? (Use number

were harvested by household members in the fol-

from demographic page)

day or

t deer t deer Who Who # bear # bear Who Who month month

1982 1982

,981

1980 1980

1979 1979

1978

Deer

7) In 1982, deer meat comprised what percent of the total meat consumed in the

household?

8) During the following seasons deer meat comprises what percent of meat con-

spring

suned in the household?'

winter

7 40% 80% 50x 90% 60'2 100% 70% don't know

summer fall

-3-

9) How does this compare to 5 years ago?

A) more this year B) less this year C) about the same D) don't know

10) Deer Used in 1982

10 years ago?

I-. source of deer received

family family outside outside

house- household ccamnunity friends mount hold -who _ - who - who other amount

-4-

househ Id deer shared ti

family outside

household - who

11) How oft&n did household hunters hunt for deer in 1982?

12) How many deer does the household require for one year?

13) If household deer needs are not met by household hunters do you

request/ask

trade/barter

substitute

always of ten sometimes rarely never

I-

a) store meat

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14) How is the household deer meat used?

all most half some none

inxnediate consumption

preserved

trade/barter

shared

donated I I 1 I I

15) Who prepares deer meat for your household?

16) How is it prepared?

consumed fresh

refrigerated

frozen

canned/jarred

smoked

dried

other

all most half . .

some none

17) Circle the parts of the deer your household uses:

18) Is there anythin, 0 else you wuld like to add about deer hunting?

antler

yes no how used

hide

hooves

meat

bones

stomach

heart

liver

head

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HUNKR SUKVEY INSTKL!FitXr

Deer Hunters

1) Did you hunt in 1982? Yes

2) Who do you generally hunt with?

Kelationship to you?

3) How many people do you generally hunt de&r with?

4) Do you hunt deer with non-local hunters?

How often?

Relationshi;> to you? . . -

Residency?

5) Nhere did you look for deer in 1982? (locate on map)

6) If successful, where did you get your deer? (locate on map)

7) Where have you looked for deer during the last 5 years? (locate on map)

S) Have you stopped hunting in any areas ?

Where ?

bn-ly ?

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9) Where have you gotten deer during the last five years? (locate on map)

c

10) Where do you prefer to hunt?

why?

11) What gear do you use to hunt -deer?

How big is the boat you use?

12) Whose boat do you use?

Relationship to you?

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13) How do you hunt deer?

call? track? watch/wait?

Weather variables, success related to weather --

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14) When did you look for deer in 1982? How many trips and where?

1~OtQl-f

JEUIUary

February

March

Alpine

iwldows &

Muskeg, Lowlands Beach Forest

April

l%?l)I

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

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15) Nhere did you look for deer in 1981, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1977?

16) In 1982, how many deer hunting trips were day trips?

overnight trips?

more than 2 days?

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17) Who taught you to deer hunt?

Relationship to you?

18) Iho taught you to deer hunt?

Mationship to you?

19) How is deer distributed among the hunters?

( .

20) Uo you hunt specifically for family outsLIe your household?

tielationship to you?

Potlatches?

Community organizations?

-7-.

21) What other activities do you participate in while deer hunting?

22) Is there anything you xouLd like to add to this survey?

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