angiosperm reproduction. what you need to know: the process of double fertilization, a unique...
TRANSCRIPT
What you need to know:What you need to know:The process of double
fertilization, a unique feature of angiosperms.
The relationship between seed and fruit.
The structure and function of all parts of the flower.
Angiosperms have 3 unique Angiosperms have 3 unique Features:eatures:
1.1. FFlowers2.2. FFruits3. double FFertilization
Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations
1. Sporophyte (mature plant) produces spores
2. Spores develop into male (♂) gametophyte (pollen) and female (♀) gametophyte (embryo sac)
Flower StructureFlower StructureReproductive shoots of angiosperm
sporophyteFlower organs:
1. Sepal – leaflike, protect flower bud2. Petal – modified leaves, attract pollinators3. Stamen – ♂ reproductive organ
anther + filament
4. Carpel – ♀ reproductive organ stigma + style + ovary
Flower attached to stem at receptaclePollination by wind, insects, birds
Floral VariationsFloral VariationsComplete: has petals, sepals, stamen, carpelsIncomplete: lacks 1+ of the abovePerfect: has both stamen + carpelImperfect: has stamen or carpel, not both
(grass - no petals)Monoecious: plant species w/ both staminate
and carpellate flowers on the same individual (corn)
Dioecious: plant species w/ staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on different individual plants (date palm, arrowhead)
Male GametophyteFemale
Gametophyte= Pollen Sac = Embryo Sac
Produced in anther Produced in ovule (in ovary)
Has 2 haploid nuclei:1.Tube nucleus (forms pollen tube)2.Generative nucleus (divides to form 2 sperm cells)
Has 3 important haploid nuclei:1.Egg (fuses with sperm)2.2 polar nuclei (fuses with 2nd sperm to make 3n endosperm)
Double FertilizationDouble Fertilization
Union of 2 sperm cells with different cells of embryo sac
1.One sperm + egg zygote (2n)2.One sperm + 2 polar bodies
endosperm (triploid 3n)◦ Endosperm = nutrition for embryo plant
3.Ovule develops into seed; ovary develops into fruit◦ Seed = embryo + endosperm
FruitFruitProtects enclosed seed(s)Aids in dispersal by water, wind,
or animals
Simple Aggregate Multiple
Single ovary of one flower
Many ovaries of one flower
Many ovaries of
many flowers
Cherry Raspberry Pineapple
SeedsSeeds
Adaptations:1.Dormancy = “resting”
Low metabolic rate, not growing or developing
Increases chances of germination in most advantageous time & place
2.Dispersal: variety of methods3.Protection: well protected by fruit
GerminationGerminationImbibition: uptake of H2O
◦Seed expands and seed coat ruptures
◦Trigger metabolic changes to begin growth
◦Enzymes digest storage materials of endosperm (cotyledons)
◦Nutrients transferred to growth regions of embryo
GerminationGermination
1. Radicle Root2. Shoot tip emerges above ground
Stimulated by light
3. Foliage leaves expand & turn green photosynthesis
Very hazardous for plants due to vulnerability
◦ Predators, parasites, wind
Sexual AsexualBoth ways to reproduce
Flower seedsRunners, bulb, root, graft,
vegetative (grass), fragmentation
Genetic diversity Clone
More complex & hazardous for plant
Simpler & safer for plant
• Monoculture - cultivate w/ 1 plant
• Reduces competition• Benefits farmers
Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction