anf04. fathers of the third century: tertullian, part ... · anf04. fathers of the third century:...

ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century:Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix;

Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second

by

Phillip Schaff

Christian Classics Ethereal Library

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About ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; MinuciusFelix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second by Phillip Schaff

ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; MinuciusFelix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second

Title:

http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.htmlURL:Schaff, PhillipAuthor(s):Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal LibraryPublisher:Originally printed in 1885, the ten-volume set, Ante-Nicene Fathers,brings together the work of early Christian thinkers. In particular, it

Description:

brings together the writings of the early Church fathers prior to thefourth century Nicene Creed. These volumes are noteworthy for theirinclusion of entire texts, and not simply fragments or excerpts fromthese great writings. The translations are fairly literal, providing bothreaders and scholars with a good approximation of the originals. Thisvolume continues with the works of Tertullian, compiling a series ofhis shorter treatises. It also contains the work of other Church Fathersfrom "Latin Christianity"--Minucius Felix and Commododianus. Finally,it contains some of the works of well-known and influential theologianOrigen. These writings were heavily influential on the early Church,and for good reason, as they are inspirational and encouraging. Thesevolumes also come with many useful notes, providing the reader withnew levels of understanding. Overall, Ante-Nicene Fathers, or anypart of it, is a welcome addition to one's reading list.Tim PerrineCCEL Staff WriterCopyright Christian Classics Ethereal LibraryRights:2006-06-28Date Created:Carefully proofed and converted to ThML.Status:All; Proofed; Early ChurchCCEL Subjects:

http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.htmlhttp://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/authInfo.html

Table of Contents

p. iiAbout This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 1Title Pages.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 2Introductory Notice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 4Tertullian: Part Fourth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 4Title Page.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 4On the Pallium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 4Time Changes Nations' Dresses--and Fortunes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 6The Law of Change, or Mutation, Universal.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 9Beasts Similarly Subject to the Law of Mutation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 11Change Not Always Improvement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 15Virtues of the Mantle. It Pleads in Its Own Defence.. . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 17Further Distinctions, and Crowning Glory, of the Pallium.. . . . . . . . . .p. 18Elucidations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 19On the Apparel of Women.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 19Book I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 19Introduction. Modesty in Apparel Becoming to Women, in Memory ofthe Introduction of Sin into the World Through a Woman.. . . . . . . .

p. 20The Origin of Female Ornamentation, Traced Back to the Angels WhoHad Fallen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 22Concerning the Genuineness of “The Prophecy of Enoch.”. . . . . . .

p. 23Waiving the Question of the Authors, Tertullian Proposes to Considerthe Things on Their Own Merits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 24Gold and Silver Not Superior in Origin or in Utility to Other Metals.. . .p. 24Of Precious Stones and Pearls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 25Rarity the Only Cause Which Makes Such Things Valuable.. . . . . .

p. 25

The Same Rule Holds with Regard to Colours. God's CreaturesGenerally Not to Be Used, Except for the Purposes to Which He HasAppointed Them.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 27God's Distribution Must Regulate Our Desires, Otherwise We Becomethe Prey of Ambition and Its Attendant Evils.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 27I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 27Introduction. Modesty to Be Observed Not Only in Its Essence, But inIts Accessories.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 29Perfect Modesty Will Abstain from Whatever Tends to Sin, as Well asfrom Sin Itself. Difference Between Trust and Presumption. If Secure

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Phillip SchaffANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth;Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second

Ourselves, We Must Not Put Temptation in the Way of Others. WeMust Love Our Neighbour as Ourself.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 30Grant that Beauty Be Not to Be Feared: Still It is to Be Shunned asUnnecessary and Vainglorious.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 31Concerning the Plea of “Pleasing the Husband.”. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 32Some Refinements in Dress and Personal Appearance Lawful, SomeUnlawful. Pigments Come Under the Latter Head.. . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 33Of Dyeing the Hair.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 34Of Elaborate Dressing of the Hair in Other Ways, and Its Bearing UponSalvation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 35Men Not Excluded from These Remarks on Personal Adornment.. . . .

p. 36Excess in Dress, as Well as in Personal Culture, to Be Shunned. Arguments Drawn from I Cor. VII.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 38Tertullian Refers Again to the Question of the Origin of All TheseOrnaments and Embellishments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 39

Christian Women, Further, Have Not the Same Causes for Appearingin Public, and Hence for Dressing in Fine Array as Gentiles. On theContrary, Their Appearance Should Always Distinguish Them fromSuch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 40Such Outward Adornments Meretricious, and Therefore Unsuitable toModest Women.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 41

It is Not Enough that God Know Us to Be Chaste: We Must Seem SoBefore Men. Especially in These Times of Persecution We Must InureOur Bodies to the Hardships Which They May Not Improbably Be Calledto Suffer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 43Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 44On the Veiling of Virgins.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 44Truth Rather to Be Appealed to Than Custom, and Truth Progressive inIts Developments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 45Before Proceeding Farther, Let the Question of Custom Itself BeSifted.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 46Gradual Development of Custom, and Its Results. Passionate Appealto Truth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 48Of the Argument Drawn from 1 Cor. XI. 5-16.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 49Of the Word Woman, Especially in Connection with Its Application toEve.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 51The Parallel Case of Mary Considered.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 52Of the Reasons Assigned by the Apostle for Bidding Women to BeVeiled.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 53The Argument E Contrario.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 54Veiling Consistent with the Other Rules of Discipline Observed by Virginsand Women in General.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 55If the Female Virgins are to Be Thus Conspicuous, Why Not the Male asWell?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 56The Rule of Veiling Not Applicable to Children.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 57Womanhood Self-Evident, and Not to Be Concealed by Just Leaving theHead Bare.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 58If Unveiling Be Proper, Why Not Practise It Always, Out of the Church asWell as in It?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 59Perils to the Virgins Themselves Attendant Upon Not-Veiling.. . . . . .p. 60Of Fascination.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 61Tertullian, Having Shown His Defence to Be Consistent with Scripture,Nature, and Discipline, Appeals to the Virgins Themselves.. . . . . . . .

p. 61An Appeal to the Married Women.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 63Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 64To His Wife.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 64I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 64Design of the Treatise. Disavowal of Personal Motives in WritingIt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 66Marriage Lawful, But Not Polygamy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 66Marriage Good: Celibacy Preferable.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 68Of the Infirmity of the Flesh, and Similar Pleas.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 69Of the Love of Offspring as a Plea for Marriage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 71Examples of Heathens Urged as Commendatory of Widowhood andCelibacy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 72The Death of a Husband is God's Call to the Widow to Continence. Further Evidences from Scripture and from Heathenism.. . . . . . . . .

p. 73Conclusion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 74Book II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 74Reasons Which Led to the Writing of This Second Book.. . . . . . . .p. 75Of the Apostle's Meaning in 1 Cor. VII. 12-14.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 77Remarks on Some of the “Dangers and Wounds” Referred to in thePreceding Chapter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 79Of the Hindrances Which an Unbelieving Husband Puts in His Wife'sW a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 79Of Sin and Danger Incurred Even with a “Tolerant” Husband.. . . . . .p. 80Danger of Having to Take Part in Heathenish Rites, and Revels.. . . .

p. 81The Case of a Heathen Whose Wife is Converted After Marriage withHim Very Different, and Much More Hopeful.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 82

Arguments Drawn Even from Heathenish Laws to DiscountenanceMarriage with Unbelievers. The Happiness of Union Between Partnersin the Faith Enlarged on in Conclusion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 84Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 85On Exhortation to Chastity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 85Introduction. Virginity Classified Under Three Several Species.. . . . .

p. 86The Blame of Our Misdeeds Not to Be Cast Upon God. The One PowerWhich Rests with Man is the Power of Volition.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 87Of Indulgence and Pure Volition. The Question Illustrated.. . . . . . . .p. 89Further Remarks Upon the Apostle's Language.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 90Unity of Marriage Taught by Its First Institution, and by the Apostle'sApplication of that Primal Type to Christ and the Church.. . . . . . . . .

p. 91The Objection from the Polygamy of the Patriarchs Answered.. . . . . .

p. 92

Even the Old Discipline Was Not Without Precedents to EnforceMonogamy. But in This as in Other Respects, the New Has Brought ina Higher Perfection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 93If It Be Granted that Second Marriage is Lawful, Yet All Things Lawfulare Not Expedient.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 94Second Marriage a Species of Adultery, Marriage Itself Impugned, asAkin to Adultery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 95Application of the Subject. Advantages of Widowhood.. . . . . . . . . .p. 96The More the Wives, the Greater the Distraction of the Spirit.. . . . . . .

p. 97Excuses Commonly Urged in Defence of Second Marriage. Their Futility,Especially in the Case of Christians, Pointed Out.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 98Examples from Among the Heathen, as Well as from the Church, toEnforce the Foregoing Exhortation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 99Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 100On Monogamy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 100Different Views in Regard to Marriage Held by Heretics, Psychic, andSpiritualists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 101The Spiritualists Vindicated from the Charge of Novelty.. . . . . . . . . .

p. 102The Question of Novelty Further Considered in Connection with the Wordsof the Lord and His Apostles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 104

Waiving Allusion to the Paraclete, Tertullian Comes to the Considerationof the Ancient Scriptures, and Their Testimony on the Subject inHand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 105Connection of These Primeval Testimonies with Christ.. . . . . . . . . .p. 107The Case of Abraham, and Its Bearing on the Present Question.. . . . .p. 108From Patriarchal, Tertullian Comes to Legal, Precedents.. . . . . . . . .

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p. 111From the Law Tertullian Comes to the Gospel. He Begins with ExamplesBefore Proceeding to Dogmas.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 112From Examples Tertullian Passes to Direct Dogmatic Teachings. HeBegins with the Lord's Teaching.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 114St. Paul's Teaching on the Subject.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 115Further Remarks Upon St. Paul's Teaching.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 118The Explanation of the Passage Offered by the PsychicsConsidered.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 119Further Objections from St. Paul Answered.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 120

Even If the Permission Had Been Given by St. Paul in the Sense Whichthe Psychics Allege, It Was Merely Like the Mosaic Permission ofDivorce--A Condescension to Human Hard-Heartedness.. . . . . . . . .

p. 122Unfairness of Charging the Disciples of the New Prophecy withHarshness. The Charge Rather to Be Retorted Upon the Psychics.. . .

p. 122Weakness of the Pleas Urged in Defence of Second Marriage.. . . . . .p. 124Heathen Examples Cry Shame Upon This “Infirmity of the Flesh.”. . . . .p. 125Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 126On Modesty.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 126Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 129God Just as Well as Merciful; Accordingly, Mercy Must Not BeIndiscriminate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 132An Objection Anticipated Before the Discussion Above Promised isCommenced.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 132Adultery and Fornication Synonymous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 133Of the Prohibition of Adultery in the Decalogue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 134

Examples of Such Offences Under the Old Dispensation No Pattern forthe Disciples of the New. But Even the Old Has Examples of VengeanceUpon Such Offences.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 137Of the Parables of the Lost Ewe and the Lost Drachma.. . . . . . . . . .p. 140Of the Prodigal Son.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 141

Certain General Principles of Parabolic Interpretation. These Applied tothe Parables Now Under Consideration, Especially to that of the ProdigalSon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 144Repentance More Competent to Heathens Than to Christians.. . . . . .

p. 146From Parables Tertullian Comes to Consider Definite Acts of theLord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 147Of the Verdict of the Apostles, Assembled in Council, Upon the Subjectof Adultery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 148Of St. Paul, and the Person Whom He Urges the Corinthians toForgive.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 151The Same Subject Continued.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 154The Same Subject Continued.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 156General Consistency of the Apostle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 159Consistency of the Apostle in His Other Epistles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 162Answer to a Psychical Objection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 164Objections from the Revelation and the First Epistle of St. JohnRefuted.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 168From Apostolic Teaching Tertullian Turns to that of Companions of theApostles, and of the Law.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 170Of the Difference Between Discipline and Power, and of the Power of theKeys.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 173Of Martyrs, and Their Intercession on Behalf of ScandalousOffenders.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 175Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 176On Fasting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 176Connection of Gluttony and Lust. Grounds of Psychical ObjectionsAgainst the Montanists.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 178Arguments of the Psychics, Drawn from the Law, the Gospel, the Acts,the Epistles, and Heathenish Practices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 179The Principle of Fasting Traced Back to Its Earliest Source.. . . . . . . .

p. 180The Objection is Raised, Why, Then, Was the Limit of Lawful FoodExtended After the Flood? The Answer to It.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 181

Proceeding to the History of Israel, Tertullian Shows that Appetite Wasas Conspicuous Among Their Sins as in Adam's Case. Therefore theRestraints of the Levitical Law Were Imposed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 182The Physical Tendencies of Fasting and Feeding Considered. The Casesof Moses and Elijah.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 184Further Examples from the Old Testament in Favour of Fasting.. . . . .p. 186Examples of a Similar Kind from the New.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 186From Fasts Absolute Tertullian Comes to Partial Ones andXerophagies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 188Of Stations, and of the Hours of Prayer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 191Of the Respect Due to “Human Authority;” And of the Charges of “Heresy”And “Pseudo-Prophecy.”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 192Of the Need for Some Protest Against the Psychics and TheirSelf-Indulgence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 193Of the Inconsistencies of the Psychics.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 194Reply to the Charge of “Galaticism.“. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 195Of the Apostle's Language Concerning Food.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 196Instances from Scripture of Divine Judgments Upon the Self-Indulgent;And Appeals to the Practices of Heathens.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 197Conclusion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 199Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 200De Fuga in Persecutione.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 200De Fuga in Persecutione.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 216Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 218Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 218A Strain of Jonah the Prophet.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 224A Strain of Sodom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 232Genesis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 239A Strain of the Judgment of the Lord.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 255Five Books in Reply to Marcion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 255Of the Divine Unity, and the Resurrection of the Flesh.. . . . . . . . . .p. 267Of the Harmony of the Old and New Laws.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 279Of the Harmony of the Fathers of the Old and New Testaments.. . . . .p. 295Of Marcion's Antitheses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 307General Reply to Sundry of Marcion's Heresies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 319Note. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 319Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 321Minucius Felix.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 321Title Page.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 321Introductory Note.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 324The Octavius of Minucius Felix.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 324

Argument: Minucius Relates How Delightful to Him is the Recollectionof the Things that Had Happened to Him with Octavius While He WasAssociated with Him at Rome, and Especially of This Disputation.. . . . .

p. 325

Argument: The Arrival of Octavius at Rome During the Time of the PublicHolidays Was Very Agreeable to Minucius. Both of Them Were Desirousof Going to the Marine Baths of Ostia, with Cæcilius Associated withThem as a Companion of Minucius. On Their Way Together to the Sea,Cæcillus, Seeing an Image of Serapis, Raises His Hand to His Mouth,and Worships It.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 325

Argument: Octavius, Displeased at the Act of This Superstitious Man,Sharply Reproaches Minucius, on the Ground that the Disgrace of ThisWicked Deed is Reflected Not Less on Himself, as Cæcilius' Host, Thanon Cæcilius.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 326

Argument: Cæcilius, Somewhat Grieved at This Kind of Rebuke Whichfor His Sake Minucius Had Had to Bear from Octavius, Begs to Arguewith Octavius on the Truth of His Religion. Octavius with His Companion

ix


Consents, and Minucius Sits in the Middle Between Cæcilius andOctavius.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 327

Argument: Cæcilius Begins His Argument First of All by Reminding Themthat in Human Affairs All Things are Doubtful and Uncertain, and thatTherefore It is to Be Lamented that Christians, Who for the Most Part areUntrained and Illiterate Persons, Should Dare to Determine on Anythingwith Certainty Concerning the Chief of Things and the Divine Majesty: Hence He Argues that the World is Governed by No Providence, andConcludes that It is Better to Abide by the Received Forms ofReligion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 329

Argument: The Object of All Nations, and Especially of the Romans, inWorshipping Their Divinities, Has Been to Attain for Their Worship theSupreme Dominion Over the Whole Earth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 329

Argument: That the Roman Auspices and Auguries Have Been Neglectedwith Ill Consequences, But Have Been Observed with GoodFortune.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 330

Argument: The Impious Temerity of Theodorus, Diagoras, and Protagorasis Not at All to Be Acquiesced In, Who Wished Either Altogether to GetRid of the Religion of the Gods, or at Least to Weaken It. But InfinitelyLess to Be Endured is that Skulking and Light-Shunning People of theChristians, Who Reject the Gods, and Who, Fearing to Die After Death,Do Not in the Meantime Fear to Die.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 331

Argument: The Religion of the Christians is Foolish, Inasmuch as TheyWorship a Crucified Man, and Even the Instrument Itself of HisPunishment. They are Said to Worship the Head of an Ass, and Eventhe Nature of Their Father. They are Initiated by the Slaughter and theBlood of an Infant, and in Shameless Darkness They are All Mixed Upin an Uncertain Medley.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 333

Argument: Whatever the Christians Worship, They Strive in Every Wayto Conceal: They Have No Altars, No Temples, No AcknowledgedImages. Their God, Like that of the Jews, is Said to Be One, Whom,Although They are Neither Able to See Nor to Show, They ThinkNevertheless to Be Mischievous, Restless, and UnseasonablyInquisitive.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 334

Argument: Besides Asserting the Future Conflagration of the WholeWorld, They Promise Afterwards the Resurrection of Our Bodies: andto the Righteous an Eternity of Most Blessed Life; To the Unrighteous,of Extreme Punishment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 335Argument: Moreover, What Will Happen to the Christians ThemselvesAfter Death, May Be Anticipated from the Fact that Even Now They are

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Destitute of All Means, and are Afflicted with the Heaviest Calamities andMiseries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 335

Argument: Cæcilius at Length Concludes that the New Religion is to BeRepudiated; And that We Must Not Rashly Pronounce Upon DoubtfulMatters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 336

Argument: With Something of the Pride of Self-Satisfaction, CæciliusUrges Octavius to Reply to His Arguments; And Minucius with ModestyAnswers Him, that He Must Not Exult at His Own by No Means OrdinaryEloquence, and at the Harmonious Variety of His Address.. . . . . . . .

p. 337

Argument: Cæcilius Retorts Upon Minucius, with Some Little Appearanceof Being Hurt, that He is Foregoing the Office of a Religious Umpire,When He is Weakening the Force of His Argument. He Says that ItShould Be Left to Octavius to Confute All that He Had Advanced.. . . . .

p. 338

Argument: Octavius Arranges His Reply, and Trusts that He Shall BeAble to Dilute the Bitterness of Reproach with the River of Truthful Words. He Proceeds to Weaken the Individual Arguments of Cæcilius. NobodyNeed Complain that the Christians, Unlearned Though They May Be,Dispute About Heavenly Things Because It is Not the Authority of HimWho Argues, But the Truth of the Argument Itself, that Should BeConsidered.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 339

Argument: Man Ought Indeed to Know Himself, But This KnowledgeCannot Be Attained by Him Unless He First of All Acknowledges theEntire Scope of Things, and God Himself. And from the Constitution andFurniture of the World Itself, Every One Endowed with Reason Holds thatIt Was Established by God, and is Governed and Administered byHim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 340

Argument: Moreover, God Not Only Takes Care of the Universal World,But of Its Individual Parts. That by the Decree of the One God All Thingsare Governed, is Proved by the Illustration of Earthly Empires. ButAlthough He, Being Infinite and Immense--And How Great He Is, is Knownto Himself Alone--Cannot Either Be Seen or Named by Us, Yet His Gloryis Beheld Most Clearly When the Use of All Titles is Laid Aside.. . . . .

p. 342

Argument: Moreover, the Poets Have Called Him the Parent of Godsand Men, the Creator of All Things, and Their Mind and Spirit. And,Besides, Even the More Excellent Philosophers Have Come Almost tothe Same Conclusion as the Christians About the Unity of God.. . . . .

p. 344

Argument: But If the World is Ruled by Providence and Governed by theWill of One God, an Ignorant Antipathy Ought Not to Carry Us Away intothe Error of Agreement with It: Although Delighted with Its Own Fables,It Has Brought in Ridiculous Traditions. Nor is It Shown Less Plainly that

xi


the Worship of the Gods Has Always Been Silly and Impious, in that theMost Ancient of Men Have Venerated Their Kings, Their IllustriousGenerals, and Inventors of Arts, on Account of Their Remarkable Deeds,No Otherwise Than as Gods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 345

Argument: Octavius Attests the Fact that Men Were Adopted as Gods,by the Testimony of Euhemerus, Prodicus, Persæus, and Alexander theGreat, Who Enumerate the Country, the Birthdays, and the Burial-Placesof the Gods. Moreover He Sets Forth the Mournful Endings, Misfortunes,and Deaths of the Gods. And, in Addition, He Laughs at the Ridiculousand Disgusting Absurdities Which the Heathens Continually Allege Aboutthe Form and Appearance of Their Gods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 346

Argument: Moreover, These Fables, Which at First Were Invented byIgnorant Men, Were Afterwards Celebrated by Others, and Chiefly byPoets, Who Did No Little Mischief to the Truth by Their Authority. ByFictions of This Kind, and by Falsehoods of a Yet More Attractive Nature,the Minds of Young People are Corrupted, and Thence They MiserablyGrow Old in These Beliefs, Although, on the Other Hand, the Truth isObvious to Them If They Will Only Seek After It.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 348

Argument: Although the Heathens Acknowledge Their Kings to Be Mortal,Yet They Feign that They are Gods Even Against Their Own Will, NotBecause of Their Belief in Their Divinity, But in Honour of the Power thatThey Have Exerted. Yet a True God Has Neither Rising Nor Setting. Thence Octavius Criticises the Images and Shrines of the Gods.. . . . .

p. 349

Argument: He Briefly Shows, Moreover, What Ridiculous, Obscene, andCruel Rites Were Observed in Celebrating the Mysteries of CertainGods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 350

Argument: Then He Shows that Cæcilius Had Been Wrong in Assertingthat the Romans Had Gained Their Power Over the Whole World byMeans of the Due Observance of Superstitions of This Kind. Rather theRomans in Their Origin Were Collected by Crime, and Grew by the Terrorsof Their Ferocity. And Therefore the Romans Were Not So Great BecauseThey Were Religious, But Because They Were Sacrilegious withImpunity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 351

Argument: The Weapon that Cæcilius Had Slightly Brandished AgainstHim, Taken from the Auspices and Auguries of Birds, Octavius Retortsby Instancing the Cases of Regulus, Mancinus, Paulus, and Cæsar. AndHe Shows by Other Examples, that the Argument from the Oracles is ofNo Greater Force Than the Others.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 353Argument: Recapitulation. Doubtless Here is a Source of Error: DemonsLurk Under the Statues and Images, They Haunt the Fanes, They Animate

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the Fibres of the Entrails, Direct the Flights of Birds, Govern the Lots,Pour Forth Oracles Involved in False Responses. These Things Not fromGod; But They are Constrained to Confess When They are Adjured inthe Name of the True God, and are Driven from the Possessed Bodies. Hence They Flee Hastily from the Neighbourhood of Christians, and StirUp a Hatred Against Them in the Minds of the Gentiles Who Begin toHate Them Before They Know Them.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 354

Argument: Nor is It Only Hatred that They Arouse Against the Christians,But They Charge Against Them Horrid Crimes, Which Up to This TimeHave Been Proved by Nobody. This is the Work of Demons. For byThem a False Report is Both Set on Foot and Propagated. The Christiansare Falsely Accused of Sacrilege, of Incest, of Adultery, of Parricide; And,Moreover, It is Certain and True that the Very Same Crimes, or CrimesLike to or Greater Than These, are in Fact Committed by the GentilesThemselves.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 355

Argument: Nor is It More True that a Man Fastened to a Cross on Accountof His Crimes is Worshipped by Christians, for They Believe Not Onlythat He Was Innocent, But with Reason that He Was God. But, on theOther Hand, the Heathens Invoke the Divine Powers of Kings Raisedinto Gods by Themselves; They Pray to Images, and Beseech TheirGenii.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 356

Argument: The Story About Christians Drinking the Blood of an Infantthat They Have Murdered, is a Barefaced Calumny. But the Gentiles,Both Cruelly Expose Their Children Newly Born, and Before They areBorn Destroy Them by a Cruel Abortion. Christians are Neither Allowedto See Nor to Hear of Manslaughter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 357

Argument: The Charge of Our Entertainments Being Polluted with Incest,is Entirely Opposed to All Probability, While It is Plain that Gentiles areActually Guilty of Incest. The Banquets of Christians are Not Only Modest,But Temperate. In Fact, Incestuous Lust is So Unheard Of, that withMany Even the Modest Association of the Sexes Gives Rise to aBlush.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 358

Argument: Nor Can It Be Said that the Christians Conceal What TheyWorship Because They Have No Temples and No Altars, Inasmuch asThey are Persuaded that God Can Be Circumscribed by No Temple, andthat No Likeness of Him Can Be Made. But He is Everywhere Present,Sees All Things, Even the Most Secret Thoughts of Our Hearts; And WeLive Near to Him, and in His Protection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 359Argument: That Even If God Be Said to Have Nothing Availed the Jews,Certainly the Writers of the Jewish Annals are the Most Sufficient

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Witnesses that They Forsook God Before They Were Forsaken byHim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 360

Argument: Moreover, It is Not at All to Be Wondered at If This World isto Be Consumed by Fire, Since Everything Which Has a Beginning HasAlso an End. And the Ancient Philosophers are Not Averse from theOpinion of the Probable Burning Up of the World. Yet It is Evident thatGod, Having Made Man from Nothing, Can Raise Him Up from Deathinto Life. And All Nature Suggests a Future Resurrection.. . . . . . . . .

p. 362

Argument: Righteous and Pious Men Shall Be Rewarded withNever-Ending Felicity, But Unrighteous Men Shall Be Visited with EternalPunishment. The Morals of Christians are Far More Holy Than Thoseof the Gentiles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 362

Argument: Fate is Nothing, Except So Far as Fate is God. Man's Mindis Free, and Therefore So is His Action: His Birth is Not Brought intoJudgment. It is Not a Matter of Infamy, But of Glory, that Christians areReproached for Their Poverty; And the Fact that They Suffer Bodily Evilsis Not as a Penalty, But as a Discipline.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 363

Argument: Tortures Most Unjustly Inflicted for the Confession of Christ'sName are Spectacles Worthy of God. A Comparison Instituted BetweenSome of the Bravest of the Heathens and the Holy Martyrs. He Declaresthat Christians Do Not Present Themselves at Public Shows andProcessions, Because They Know Them, with the Greatest Certainty, toBe No Less Impious Than Cruel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 365

Argument: Christians Abstain from Things Connected with Idol Sacrifices,Lest Any One Should Think Either that They Yield to Demons, or thatThey are Ashamed of Their Religion. They Do Not Indeed Despise Allthe Colour and Scent of Flowers, for They are Accustomed to Use ThemScattered About Loosely and Negligently, as Well as to Entwine TheirNecks with Garlands; But to Crown the Head of a Corpse They ThinkSuperfluous and Useless. Moreover, with the Same Tranquillity withWhich They Live They Bury Their Dead, Waiting with a Very Certain Hopethe Crown of Eternal Felicity. Therefore Their Religion, Rejecting All theSuperstitions of the Gentiles, Should Be Adopted as True by AllMen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 366

Argument: When Octavius Had Finished This Address, Minucius andCæcilius Sate for Some Time in Attentive and Silent Wonder. AndMinucius Indeed Kept Silence in Admiration of Octavius, Silently RevolvingWhat He Had Heard.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 366Argument: Then Cæcilius Exclaims that He is Vanquished by Octavius;And That, Being Now Conqueror Over Error, He Professes the Christian

xiv


Religion. He Postpones, However, Till the Morrow His Training in theFuller Belief of Its Mysteries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 367

Argument: Finally, All are Pleased, and Joyfully Depart: Cæcilius, thatHe Had Believed; Octavius, that He Had Conquered; And Minucius, thatthe Former Had Believed, and the Latter Had Conquered.. . . . . . . . .

p. 367Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 369Commodianus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 369Title Page.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 369The Instructions of Commodianus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 369Introductory Note.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 370Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 370God's Indignation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 370The Worship of Demons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 371Saturn.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 371Jupiter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 371Of the Same Jupiter's Thunderbolt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 372Of the Septizonium and the Stars.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 372Of the Sun and Moon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 373Mercury.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 373Neptune.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 373Apollo the Soothsaying and False.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 374Father Liber--Bacchus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 374The Unconquered One.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 374Sylvanus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 375Hercules.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 375Of the Gods and Goddesses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 375Of Their Images.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 375Of Ammydates and the Great God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 376Of the Vain Nemesiaci.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 376The Titans.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 377The Montesiani.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 377The Dulness of the Age.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 377Of Those Who are Everywhere Ready.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 378Of Those Who Live Between the Two.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 378They Who Fear and Will Not Believe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 379To Those Who Resist the Law of Christ the Living God.. . . . . . . . . .p. 379O Fool, Thou Dost Not Die to God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 380The Righteous Rise Again.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 380To the Wicked and Unbelieving Rich Man.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 381Rich Men, Be Humble.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 381To Judges.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 381To Self-Pleasers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 382To the Gentiles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 382Moreover, to Ignorant Gentiles.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 383Of the Tree of Life and Death.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 383Of the Foolishness of the Cross.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 384The Fanatics Who Judaize.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 384To the Jews.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 384Also to the Jews.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 385Again to the Same.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 385Of the Time of Antichrist.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 386Of the Hidden and Holy People of the Almighty Christ, the LivingGod.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 386Of the End of This Age.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 387Of the First Resurrection.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 387Of the Day of Judgment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 388To Catechumens.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 388To the Faithful.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 388O Faithful, Beware of Evil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 389To Penitents.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 389Who Have Apostatized from God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 390Of Infants.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 390Deserters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 390To the Soldiers of Christ.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 390Of Fugitives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 391Of the Seed of the Tares.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 391To the Dissembler.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 391That Worldly Things are Absolutely to Be Avoided.. . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 392That the Christian Should Be Such.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 393To the Matrons of the Church of the Living God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 393To the Same Again.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 394In the Church to All the People of God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 394To Him Who Wishes for Martyrdom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 394The Daily War.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 395Of the Zeal of Concupiscence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 395They Who Give from Evil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 396Of a Deceitful Peace.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 396To Ministers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 396To God's Shepherds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 397I Speak to the Elder-Born.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 397To Visit the Sick.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 398To the Poor in Health.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 398That Sons are Not to Be Bewailed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 398Of Funeral Pomp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 399To the Clerks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 399Of Those Who Gossip, and of Silence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 400To the Drunkards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 400To the Pastors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 400To the Petitioners.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 400The Name of the Man of Gaza.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 401Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 403Origen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 403Title Page.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 403Introductory Note.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 403Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 405Life.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 412Exegetical Works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 413Critical Works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 414Apologetical Works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 415Dogmatic Works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 415Practical Works.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 416Editions of Origin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 419Prefatory Notice.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 420Prologue of Rufinus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 422Origen De Principiis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 422Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 427Book I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 427On God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 433On Christ.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 443On the Holy Spirit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 450On Defection, or Falling Away.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 451On Rational Natures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 456On the End or Consummation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 460On Incorporeal and Corporeal Beings.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 464On the Angels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 468Fragment from the First Book of the de Principiis.. . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 468Another Fragment from the Same.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 469Book II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 469On the World.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 472On the Perpetuity of Bodily Nature.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 473On the Beginning of the World, and Its Causes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 481The God of the Law and the Prophets, and the Father of Our Lord JesusChrist, is the Same God.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 485On Justice and Goodness.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 491On the Incarnation of Christ.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 496On the Holy Spirit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 499On the Soul (Anima).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 506On the World and the Movements of Rational Creatures, Whether Goodor Bad; And on the Causes of Them.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 512On the Resurrection, and the Judgment, the Fire of Hell, andPunishments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 518On Counter Promises.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 523Book III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 523Preface of Rufinus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 525Chapter I. translated from the Latin of Rufinus: On the Freedom of theWill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 547

Chapter I. translated from the Greek: On the Freedom of the Will, Withan Explanation and Interpretation of Those Statements of ScriptureWhich Appear to Nullify It.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 567On the Opposing Powers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 577On Threefold Wisdom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 582On Human Temptations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 588That the World Took Its Beginning in Time.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 594On the End of the World.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 602I V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 602Chapter I., Sections 1-23 translated from the Latin of Rufinus: That theScriptures are Divinely Inspired.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 623

Chapter I., Sections 1-23 translated from the Greek: On the Inspirationof Holy Scripture, and How the Same is to be Read and Understood,and What is the Reason of the Uncertainty in it; and of the Impossibilityor Irrationality of Certain Things in it, Taken According to theLetter.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p. 642Sections 24-End translated from the Latin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 656Elucidations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 661A Letter to Origen from Africanus About the History of Susanna.. . . . . .p. 662A Letter from Origen to Africanus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 673A Letter from Origen to Gregory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 673A Letter from Origen to Gregory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 675Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 675Origen Against Celsus.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 675I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 675Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 679Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 680Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 680Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 681Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 682Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 682Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 683Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 683Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 684Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 685Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 686Chapter XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 687Chapter XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 688Chapter XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 689Chapter XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 689Chapter XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 690Chapter XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 691Chapter XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 691Chapter XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 692Chapter XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 693Chapter XX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 693Chapter XXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 694Chapter XXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 695Chapter XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 695Chapter XXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 697Chapter XXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 698Chapter XXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 699Chapter XXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 699Chapter XXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 700Chapter XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 701Chapter XXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 702Chapter XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 703Chapter XXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 703Chapter XXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 704Chapter XXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 705Chapter XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 706Chapter XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 707Chapter XXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 708Chapter XXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 708Chapter XXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 709Chapter XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 710Chapter XLI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 710Chapter XLII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 711Chapter XLIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 712Chapter XLIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 712Chapter XLV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 713Chapter XLVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 714Chapter XLVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 714Chapter XLVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 717Chapter XLIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 717Chapter L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 718Chapter LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 719Chapter LII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 720Chapter LIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 721Chapter LIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 722Chapter LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 722Chapter LVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 723Chapter LVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 724Chapter LVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 725Chapter LIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 726Chapter LX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 726Chapter LXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 727Chapter LXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 729Chapter LXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 730Chapter LXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 731Chapter LXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 732Chapter LXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 733Chapter LXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 734Chapter LXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 735Chapter LXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 735Chapter LXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 736Chapter LXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 737Book II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 737Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 738Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 739Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 740Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 741Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 742Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 742Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 743Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 744Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 746Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 748Chapter XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 749Chapter XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 750Chapter XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 752Chapter XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 752Chapter XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 753Chapter XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 754Chapter XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 755Chapter XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 755Chapter XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 756Chapter XX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 758Chapter XXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 759Chapter XXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 759Chapter XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 759Chapter XXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 761Chapter XXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 761Chapter XXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 762Chapter XXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 762Chapter XXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 763Chapter XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 763Chapter XXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 764Chapter XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 765Chapter XXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 765Chapter XXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 766Chapter XXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 767Chapter XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 767Chapter XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 768Chapter XXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 768Chapter XXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 769Chapter XXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 770Chapter XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 770Chapter XLI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 771Chapter XLII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 771Chapter XLIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 772Chapter XLIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 773Chapter XLV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 773Chapter XLVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 774Chapter XLVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 774Chapter XLVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 776Chapter XLIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 778Chapter LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 779Chapter LII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 779Chapter LIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 781Chapter LIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 781Chapter LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 783Chapter LVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 783Chapter LVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 784Chapter LVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 784Chapter LIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 785Chapter LX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 786Chapter LXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 787Chapter LXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 787Chapter LXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 788Chapter LXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 789Chapter LXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 790Chapter LXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 791Chapter LXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 792Chapter LXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 792Chapter LXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 794Chapter LXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 795Chapter LXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 796Chapter LXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 796Chapter LXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 797Chapter LXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 797Chapter LXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 798Chapter LXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 800Chapter LXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 801Chapter LXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 802Chapter LXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 803Book III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 803Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 804Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 805Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 806Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 806Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 807Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 808Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxii


p. 808Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 809Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 810Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 811Chapter XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 811Chapter XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 812Chapter XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 813Chapter XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 813Chapter XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 814Chapter XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 814Chapter XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 815Chapter XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 816Chapter XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 816Chapter XX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 817Chapter XXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 817Chapter XXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 818Chapter XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 819Chapter XXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 820Chapter XXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 821Chapter XXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 822Chapter XXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 823Chapter XXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 824Chapter XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 824Chapter XXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 825Chapter XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 826Chapter XXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 827Chapter XXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 828Chapter XXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 829Chapter XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 829Chapter XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 830Chapter XXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 831Chapter XXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 832Chapter XXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 833Chapter XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 833Chapter XLI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 834Chapter XLII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 835Chapter XLIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 836Chapter XLIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 837Chapter XLV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 838Chapter XLVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 839Chapter XLVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 840Chapter XLVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 840Chapter XLIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 841Chapter L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 842Chapter LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 842Chapter LII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 843Chapter LIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 844Chapter LIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 844Chapter LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 845Chapter LVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 846Chapter LVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 846Chapter LVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 847Chapter LIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 848Chapter LX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 849Chapter LXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 849Chapter LXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 850Chapter LXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 851Chapter LXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 852Chapter LXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 853Chapter LXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 853Chapter LXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 854Chapter LXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 855Chapter LXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 856Chapter LXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 856Chapter LXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 857Chapter LXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 857Chapter LXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 858Chapter LXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 859Chapter LXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 861Chapter LXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 861Chapter LXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 862Chapter LXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 862Chapter LXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 863Chapter LXXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 864Chapter LXXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 865Book IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 865Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 866Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 867Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 868Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 869Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 870Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 870Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 871Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 872Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 872Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 873Chapter XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 873Chapter XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 874Chapter XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 875Chapter XIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 876Chapter XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 877Chapter XVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 878Chapter XVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 878Chapter XVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 879Chapter XIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 880Chapter XX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 881Chapter XXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 882Chapter XXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 883Chapter XXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 883Chapter XXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 884Chapter XXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 885Chapter XXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 886Chapter XXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 887Chapter XXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 888Chapter XXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 889Chapter XXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 891Chapter XXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 892Chapter XXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 893Chapter XXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 894Chapter XXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 895Chapter XXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 896Chapter XXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 897Chapter XXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 898Chapter XXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 900Chapter XXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 902Chapter XL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 903Chapter XLI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 904Chapter XLII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 905Chapter XLIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 905Chapter XLIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 907Chapter XLV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 908Chapter XLVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 908Chapter XLVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 909Chapter XLVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 910Chapter XLIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 911Chapter L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 912Chapter LI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 913Chapter LII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 914Chapter LIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 914Chapter LIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 915Chapter LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 916Chapter LVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 917Chapter LVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 918Chapter LVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 919Chapter LIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 919Chapter LX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 920Chapter LXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 920Chapter LXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 921Chapter LXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 922Chapter LXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 923Chapter LXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 924Chapter LXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 924Chapter LXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 925Chapter LXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 926Chapter LXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 927Chapter LXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 927Chapter LXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 928Chapter LXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 929Chapter LXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 930Chapter LXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 931Chapter LXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 932Chapter LXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 933Chapter LXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 934Chapter LXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 934Chapter LXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 935Chapter LXXX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 936Chapter LXXXI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 937Chapter LXXXII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 937Chapter LXXXIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 938Chapter LXXXIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 939Chapter LXXXV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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p. 940Chapter LXXXVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 941Chapter LXXXVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 942Chapter LXXXVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 943Chapter LXXXIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 944Chapter XC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 944Chapter XCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 946Chapter XCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 947Chapter XCIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 947Chapter XCIV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 948Chapter XCV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 949Chapter XCVI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 949Chapter XCVII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 950Chapter XCVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 951Chapter XCIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 952Elucidation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 954Book V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 954Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 955Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 955Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 956Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 957Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 957Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 958Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 959Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 960Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 961Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 962Chapter XI. .

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