In The Name Of

The Most Gracious

The Most Merciful

Who’s Help We Solicit.

i

REPORT

ON

Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at

Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam

By

Anees Ur Rehman

2K10-PD-83

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS

FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION

SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY TANDOJAM

2014-15

ii

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam

By

Anees Ur Rehman

2K10-PD-83

Performance of high yields and diseases resistance genotypes at

Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS FACULTY OF CROP PRODUCTION SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY

TANDOJAM

iii

2014-15

iv

DEDICATION“I dedicate

this humble effort

to my beloved parents”

Anees Ur Rehman Rajper

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial no. PARTICULAR PAGE

1. INTERNSHIP RESEARCH CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

3. DEDICATION ii

4.LOCATION MAP OF SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH STATION, TANDO JAM

v

5.ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH STATION TANDO JAM

vi

6. INTRODUCTION OF SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH STATION TANDO JAM

7. OBJECTIVES AND TOTAL AREA OF WHEAT RESEARCH STATION TANDOJAM

8. ACHIEVEMENTS

9. INTRODUCTION ORIGION AND HISTORY OF WHEAT CROP

10.IDENTIFICATION AND COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF WHEAT WEEDS

11. MATERIAL AND METHODS

12. REFRENCES

vi

ACKNOWLEDEMENTS

First and foremost, I am very grateful to almighty ‘ALLAH’, the

compassionate, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who blessed me with good

health, kind parents, talented teachers and conducive environment that ultimately

resulted in completing this work. All praises and respects are for Holy Prophet

Muhammad (P.B.U.H.) who taught us all to recognize our creator.

The special thanks and gratitude is extended by the author to his

supervisor Dr. Shah Nawaz Mari, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding

and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam for the skilful guidance, co-

operation, keen interest, encouragement, valuable suggestions and unforgettable help

including sympathetic behavior during this study.

The author is also indebted to Mr. Dalel khan Mandan, Assistant Botanist

Officer, Southern Wheat Research Station, Tandojam, for his guidance and

cooperation during the field work, who also added his input in the preparation of

this report.

ANEES UR RAHMAN RAJPER

vii

viii

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF SOUTHERN WHEAT

STATION TANDOJAM

1-W HEAT BOTANIST BS-18

1-Sr.Clerk BS-07

1-Tubewell Opt.BS-O6

4-Assistant Botanist (Wheat)

Bs-17 (SUP)

4-Field Assistant BS-06

2-Mechanic BS-05

14-Assistant Res: Officer Bs-17 (N.S)2-Lab.Assistant

BS-06

2-Jr.Clerk BS-05

1-Driver BS-04

2-N.Qasid Bs-01

2-F-Jamadar Bs-01 18-F-Beldar Bs-01

5-Lab.Att. Bs-01

1-Malhi Bs-01

2-Chokidar Bs_01

ix

INTRODUCTION OF

SOUTHERN WHEAT RESEARCH STATION TANDO JAM

Wheat research in Sindh started in early 20th century at Mirpurkhas in 1904. A

number of drought and salinity tolerant varieties were released. Thori” is still in cultivation in

the part of Larkana and Jacobabad district. Wheat research shifted to Sakrand in 1926 and then

Tandojam in 1954. The green revaluation that started in late sixties and seventies with advent

of Maxipak has apparently grounded to halt .New varieties have essentially the same yield

potential. For this reason T.J-83, continue to be dominant variety in the field after 20 years of

its release despite releases of several varieties in the intervening period. The Wheat breeders all

over the world are striving to revive the revolution in yield. The efforts in thus end have

yielded little success.

Wheat Research Institute, Sakrand was established in 1986 with old section at

Tandojam as its station. This institute has been successful in releasing Mehran-89, Abadgar-93,

Anmol-91 and Moomal-2002, T-D-1 SKD-1 and Imdad-05.

RESEARCH ACTIVITY

The Research station is handling breeding and Research and Development work

on Wheat, Barley and triticales. Testing of various wheat cultivars are carried out at this station

in addition to grower’s field for evaluation of high yielding disease resistant, early maturing,

none-lodging, good milling and backing quality of wheat varieties. Testing of international

nurseries of Wheat, Barley triticales are executing at this research station the collaboration of

Pakistan Agriculture Research Council. The selected cultivars from international nurseries are

tested in major varietals trails. Zonal varietals trail and micro plot trails for yield, disease

resistance and other yield contributing characters. The programme is approved by the Director,

Wheat Research Institute, Sakrand.

10

OBJECTIVES AND TOTAL AREA OF WHEAT RESEARCH STATION

TANDOJAM

Southern Wheat Research Station Tandojam, works under umbrella of

Directorate of Wheat Research Institute Sindh at Sakrand.

The objectives/functions of this Research Station are as under:

a. Evaluation of improved wheat varieties with particular reference to high yielding, early

maturity, heat tolerance and better grain quality.

b. Importance in cultural practices and establishment of proper rotation.

c. Efficient use of fertilizer and its method and time of application.

d. Micro-nutrient requirement of wheat crop.

e. Evaluation of drought resistance wheat and barley varieties.

f. Improvement of grain quality.

g. Evaluation of sprout resistance wheat varieties.

h. Evaluation of shattering resistant wheat varieties

This station has about 46 acres land for conducting research trails evaluation of

wheat varieties, cultivation of single row progeny lines, pre-basic seed multiplication and

barley progenies.

11

ACHIEVEMENTS

S# Name of variety Year of Release Average yield kg/ha

1 C-591 1934 960

2 C-217 1944 790

3 C-271 1957 1000

4 C-273 1957 1100

5 C-518 1957 1150

6 H-68 1958 1240

7 Mexi-pak 1965 3960

8 Indus-66 1966 3960

9 Pak-70 1970 4150

10 Blue silver 1971 3460

11 Yecora 1975 3800

12 Nuri 1975 3800

13 WL-711 1978 3800

14 Sonalika 1978 3460

15 Pavon 1978 4450

16 ZA-77 1982 4450

17 TJ-83 1985 3700

18 Mehran-89 1991 4800

19 Anmol-91 1993 4000

20 Abadgar-93 1996 5000

21 TD-1 2004 7000

22 Moomal-2002 2006 5500

23 SKD-1 2006 5750

24 Imdad-05 2006 6125

12

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL WHEAT VARIETIES

Varieties TJ-83 Mehran-89

Anmol-91

Abadgar-93

Moomal-2002 TD-1 SKD-1 Imdad-05

Year of Release 1985 1991 1993 1996 2006 2004 2006 2006

Duration Short Long Sort Long LongShort, mediu

m

Short, medium Long

Maturity days 120 145 120 140 136 100-120 118 130

Heading days 72 78 70 74 74 55 68 75

Yield potential 4000 kg/ha

6000 kg/ha

4200 kg/ha

6800 kg/ha

6200 kg/ha

7000 kg/ha

5750 kg/ha

6125 kg/ha

Average yield 3700 kg/ha

4800 kg/ha

4000 kg/ha

4000 kg/ha

5000 kg/ha

5868 kg/ha

5363 kg/ha 543 kg/ha

Plant color/booting

Light green

Dark green

Dark green

Dark green

Light green Green Green Dark

green

Seed color Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber Amber

1000 grain weight

36.0 grams

39.26 grams

44.26 grams

41.7 grams

36.0 grams

47.10 grams

41.54 grams

42.0 grams

Test weight(kgs/HL)

72.20 76.16 73.50 77.20 78.30 77.00 76.10 78.20

Grain moisture (%) 9.65 10.00 9.35 9.65 9.20 9.60 9.60 10.10

Hardness index (%) 81.75 81.45 79.10 81.15 82.10 81.60 80.10 82.10

Pelshanke Value(minutes) 65.00 70.00 72.00 68.00 62.00 62.00 61.60 60.00

Protein (%) 12.50 16.26 12.45 13.52 15.50 13.46 14.20 13.20

Gluten (%) 10.50 10.60 10.56 10.58 10.60 10.40 9.60 10.20

Chapatti quality Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good

13

INTRODUCTION ORIGION AND

HISTORY OF WHEAT

Common name Kanak, Gandhum

English Name Wheat

Botanical Name Triticum aestivum L.

Family Poaceae

Sub Family Pooideae

Chromosome No: 2n = 42

Genomoic formula: AABBDD

Order Poales

Class Monocots

Genus: Triticum

Tribe: Triticeae

Kingdom Plantae

14

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most significant cereal food crop in the

world and wheat is the second-most produced crop on earth, lagging behind only corn. Wheat

provides a large fraction of the dietary protein and total food supply, and is grown throughout

the world, in a wide variety of climates. Wheat is a staple crop, grown as primary food product

and for other uses as well. Wheat is perhaps the oldest domesticated plant. Wheat is one of the

important cereal staple food crops of the world (Akbar et al., 2001). According to pleo-

botanists and archaeologists, the modern domesticated form of this cereal grain originated in

South Eastern Anatolia, around the region of Diyarbakir province in present-day Turkey,

around 8500 BC. Many cultures in the region had developed a semi-dependence wild grains

that were the forebears of modern wheat plants, and as cultures grew more adapted to using

this handy wild plant, some un-named experts developed methods to permanently cultivate

suitable wheat varieties. Over a period of hundreds, and later thousands of years, farmers and

proto-agronomists developed more and more fruitful and reliable specimens and bred them

selectively. Since ages, wheat has been playing an important role in the economy several

countries (Singh et al., 2010). Modern wheat varieties have short stems, the result of RHt

dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that

lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman

Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because

the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow

too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is

important for modern harvesting techniques.

Wheat is an important Rabi food crop in Pakistan. Being a staple food, wheat is

cultivated on a lot of area in Pakistan. It is effectively cultivated in Pakistan on more than 9.05

15

million hectares with a production of 24 million tons annually. The average yield of Pakistan.

Grain and Feed Annual. Apr 2013. Report Highlights: MY 2013/14 wheat production is

forecast at 24.0 million tons, up three percent from last year, or even to its adjoining countries

like India (2801 Kg ha-1) and China (4762 Kg ha-1) (GoP, 2013).

16

MATRIALS AND METHODS

The field experiment was conducted at Southern Wheat Station, Tandojam. Randomly

Five plants from each entry & each replication were studied for No: of Tillers per plant.

DETAIL OF EXPERIMENT

Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

Replication: 3

Genotypes: 8

No of rows: 4

Length of row: 6 m

Space b/w Row to Row: 30 cm

Date of sowing: 18-11-2014

Irrigations: 6

17

Number of Tillers per plants

No of Plants No of Tillers/plant Total Mean

R I R II R III

1) 8 9 10 27 9

2) 8 7 9 24 8

3) 9 8 8 25 7

4) 9 10 9 28 8

5) 7 8 9 24 8

6) 9 8 9 26 9

7) 11 12 10 33 11

8) 10 11 8 29 10

18

Traits

The further more characteristic will be re ended as.

1. Plant height in cm

2. Days to heading

3. Day to maturity

4. No of grains/spike

5. Length of spike in cm.

6. Spikelets/spike

7. Yield plant in grain

8. & yield plant/plots in as.

9. 1000 gram weight.

10. Yield per ha in kg.

Conclusion

The data showed that entry S.No, 7 gave 11 maximum no of tillers/plant where as S.No 3 gave

of minimum 7 no of tillers/plant. The Further data revealed that S.no 8, 1, 6, 2, 4, 5, & 6 gave

10, 9, 8, 8, 8, 9 and of tiller/plant respectively.

19

1. Land Selection

In general wheat can be sown on all type of soils, sweet, well drained soils, rich in

organic matter with good water holding capacity are preferred, water logged, saline, candy and depleted

soil nutrient soils due to continue cropping be avoided.

2. Land Preparation

Land preparation is the basic factor for getting high wheat yields. In Kharif fallow soils,

at-least two dry plowing by given and left open to sun. after soaking dose when lands come into

condition at-least one cross plowing followed by planking in necessary.

Prior to sowing the land plowed should be well leveled and divided into plots of 10 to 20

ghuntas to ensure equal distribution of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water.

3. Use of pure seed of recommended varieties

Seed of high genetic purity with good germination percentage, free from need needs

and other impurities should be used. It has been observed that by suing pure seed about 20% high

production can be obtained as compared to seed obtained from local market.

4. Seed Rate

In order to get optimum plant population per hectare proper seed rate of recommended

verities is necessary, recommended seed rate for Abadgar-93 and Mehran-89 is 50 kg per acre and for

T-J-83 and Anmol-91 is 60 kg per acre.

20

5. Sowing Time

Sowing of wheat crop in proper time is the pre requisite for setting potential yields

from recommended verities. Delay of one day in sowing than the recommended period causes less of 10

kg per acre per day.

6. a. Varieties recommended for lower Sindh

Variety Sowing

1. Mehran-89 1st. November to 20th. November

2. Abadgar-93 1st. November to 20th. November

3. Benazir 1st. November to 20th. November

4. Humal 1st. November to 20th. November

5. T-J-83 1st. November to 15th. December

6. Anmol-91 21st. November to 15th. December

7. Moomal-2002 1st. November to 20th December

8. Imdad-05 1st. November to 20th December

9. SKD-1 1st. November to 20th December

10. TD-1 1st. November to end of December

21

b. Varieties Recommended For Upper Sindh

Variety Sowing

1. Mehran-89 7th November to 30th November

2. Abadgar-93 7th November to 30th November

3. Benazir 1st. November to 20th. November

4. Hamal 1st. November to 20th. November

5. T-J-83 1st November to 21st December

6. Anmol-91 1st November to 21st December

7. Moomal-2002 1st. November to 20th December

8. Imdad-05 1st. November to 20th December

9. SKD-1 7th. November to 25th December

10. TD-1 1st. November to end of December

7. Sowing methods

22

In Sindh sowing of wheat is done either by drilling or by broadcasting or by gurbi

method of sowing. In general drill method of sowing is preferred because seed is put at its proper depth

(2’’) and spacing (9’’row to row and 2’’plant to plant). This is the only method by which required plant

population / hectare is obtained and equal distribution of nutrients and water to the plants is provided.

By this sowing method weeding and inter-culturing are easily done. About 15% higher yields have been

obtained in drill sown crop than broadcasted crop.

In hard soils drilling is not possible due to heavy soils. In such soils broadcasting is generally

done. In this method plants are not kept at proper spacing and the nutrients are shared by weeds are weeding

and inter-culturing cannot be done in broadcasted in the mud.

8. Use of chemical fertilizer

To get potential yields of wheat from commercial approved wheat varieties application

of 57 kg N and 28 kg P per acre is necessary. Details of fertilizer application are terms of bags are:

23

9. Fertilizer requirements for wheat crop

Sr. No. Chemical name N P

1.

1 ½ bag of DAP

1 bag of urea at the time of sowing

1 bag of urea at the time of 1st

irrigation

11.2 kg

23.0 kg

23.0 kg

28.7 kg

-

-

2 ½ bags of nitrophos at the time of sowing

1 ½ bags of urea at the time of 1st

irrigation

28.7

28.7

28.7

-

2.

1 ½ bags of DAP

¾ bags of urea a the time of sowing

1 bag of urea at the time of 1st

irrigation

13.5

17.2

23.0

34.5

-

-

3 bags of nitrophos at the time of sowing

1 bag of urea at the time of 1st

irrigation

34.7

23.0

34.5

-

3.

3 bags of S.S.P.

½ bag of ammonium nitrate at the sowing time

1 bag urea at the time of 1st irrigation

1 bag of urea a the time of 2nd

irrigation

-

13

23

23

27

-

-

-

4.

2 bags of nitrophos at the time of sowing

1 bag of urea at the time of 1st

irrigation

1 bag of urea at the time of 2nd

irrigation

23.0

11.5

11.5

23

-

24

10. Irrigation Schedule for Wheat Crop

1) Crown root initiation 1st irrigation after 3 weeks i.e. 21 day

2) Tillering stage 2nd irrigation after 6 weeks i.e. 42 days

3) Flowering stage 3rd irrigation after 9 weeks i.e. 64 days

4) An thesis stage 4th irrigation after 12 weeks i.e. 84 days

5) Milky stage 5th irrigation after 15 weeks i.e. 105 days

6) Dough stage 6th irrigation after 18 weeks i.e. 126 days

11. IDENTIFICATION AND COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

WHEAT WEEDS

INTRODUCTION

Weeds are unwanted plants in a crop, if allowed them to grow with crop; they

utilize nutrients, water and salts given to crop. They cause losses of 40-50% if they are not

removed up to 8 weeks of sowing.

Besides, these weeds caste their shade on crop plants and interfere with

photosynthetic activity of the crop plants, resulting in low yield. They produce toxicity in soil,

interfere with harvesting, reduce crop quality and provide shelter to insect pests.

Monocot Weeds;  Jhangli jai, Dumbi / Dhanak, Kabah etc

Dicot weeds;  Naro, Mariro, Basri, Kanderi, Jhil, Kini buti,  Sinjh, Kheerul, Oin,

Jheluro, Jangjli palak, Lunak,  Dhaturo, Nili buti, Waho etc

Permanent Weeds; Chabbar, Drabh etc

25

References

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Akber, .A, M. Yaseen, M. Arshad and Q. Ali. 2011b. Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

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and Medical Sciences, 5(2): 209-220.

Alam, M. R., M. A. Ali, M.S.H. Molla, M. A. Momin and M. A. Mannan. 2009. Evaluation of

different levels of potassium on the yield and protein content of wheat in the

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temperature stress. Pak. J. Bot. 37(3): 575-584.

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Khan, M.Z., M. A. Naeem, Ehsan Akhtar and M. Khalid. 2006. Response of some wheat

Triticum aestivum L. varieties to foliar application of N & K under rainfed

conditions. Pak. J. Bot., 38(4) : 1027-1034.

Mesbah, E.A.E. 2009. Effect of irrigation regimes and foliar spraying of potassium on yield,

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