Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson

Old HickoryOld Hickory Born in log cabin in SCBorn in log cabin in SC Joined Continental Army at age 13 Joined Continental Army at age 13

– Taken prisoner of war Taken prisoner of war Received scar for refusing to clean Received scar for refusing to clean

a British officer’s boots a British officer’s boots Brother/Mother died from smallpox Brother/Mother died from smallpox

contracted while prisoners contracted while prisoners Practiced law in TN Practiced law in TN Hero in War of 1812 Hero in War of 1812

– Horseshoe Bend Horseshoe Bend – New Orleans New Orleans

Took Florida in First Seminole War Took Florida in First Seminole War – First Territorial Governor First Territorial Governor

Fought in over 20 duels during his Fought in over 20 duels during his life life – Had a bullet lodged next to his Had a bullet lodged next to his

heart that could never be safely heart that could never be safely removed removed

Lost presidential election of 1824Lost presidential election of 1824

Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy

After having multiple candidates in the After having multiple candidates in the election of 1824, The Democratic-election of 1824, The Democratic-Republicans split Republicans split – Andrew Jackson formed the Democratic Party Andrew Jackson formed the Democratic Party – John Quincy Adams formed National Republicans John Quincy Adams formed National Republicans

Jackson won the Election of 1828 Jackson won the Election of 1828 – 178 electoral votes to 83 for Adams 178 electoral votes to 83 for Adams – Rachel Jackson (wife) would dieRachel Jackson (wife) would die

two months after Jackson two months after Jackson

was electedwas elected

President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson 77thth President of US President of US

– 1829-1837 1829-1837 V.P. John C. CalhounV.P. John C. Calhoun People’s President People’s President

– Inaugural party on White Inaugural party on White House lawn House lawn

Take Charge President Take Charge President – Felt the president was Felt the president was

the most important arm the most important arm of govof gov

– Vetoed more bills than Vetoed more bills than his predecessors his predecessors combined combined

The Spoils System The Spoils System

Advocated awarding supporters and Advocated awarding supporters and party loyalists with jobs in his party loyalists with jobs in his administration administration – ““Spoils System”Spoils System”– Felt that this rotation was good for Felt that this rotation was good for

democracydemocracy– Martin Van Buren –Secretary of State Martin Van Buren –Secretary of State

Would become VP Would become VP

– Jackson actually changed only about 20% Jackson actually changed only about 20% of positions of positions

Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet Jackson held tight reigns over all Jackson held tight reigns over all

members of his cabinet members of his cabinet – Hired and Fired various members Hired and Fired various members

throughout his presidency throughout his presidency Must do exactly as Jackson wished Must do exactly as Jackson wished

– Constant rotation of cabinet members Constant rotation of cabinet members i.e. Jackson went through 5 secretaries of i.e. Jackson went through 5 secretaries of

Treasury Treasury

His most trusted advisors were his His most trusted advisors were his close friends close friends – ““Kitchen Cabinet” Kitchen Cabinet”

Said to enter White House through the kitchen Said to enter White House through the kitchen Business men, newspaper editorsBusiness men, newspaper editors Included Martin Van Buren, Roger B. TaneyIncluded Martin Van Buren, Roger B. Taney

Francis Preston Blair – founder of Washington Globe

Duff Green – journalist

Peggy Eaton Affair Peggy Eaton Affair John Eaton was Jackon’s John Eaton was Jackon’s

Secretary of War Secretary of War – Wife was Peggy EatonWife was Peggy Eaton

John and Peggy had John and Peggy had dated before Peggy was dated before Peggy was divorced from previous divorced from previous husband husband

Other cabinet members’ Other cabinet members’ wives refused to wives refused to socialize with the socialize with the Eatons because of her Eatons because of her “adultery”“adultery”

Jackson ordered them Jackson ordered them to include the Eatons in to include the Eatons in social events social events – Wives refused Wives refused – Jackson eventually fired Jackson eventually fired

the entire cabinet the entire cabinet

RegionalismRegionalism Americans’ views were based on where Americans’ views were based on where

they lived and the economy of the region.they lived and the economy of the region.– North—Daniel Webster (MA)North—Daniel Webster (MA)

Economy based on manufacturingEconomy based on manufacturing Supported tariffsSupported tariffs Opposed sale of public lands at low pricesOpposed sale of public lands at low prices

– South—John C. Calhoun (SC)South—John C. Calhoun (SC) Economy based on agricultureEconomy based on agriculture Opposed to tariffsOpposed to tariffs

– West—Henry Clay (KY)West—Henry Clay (KY) Emerging and diverse economyEmerging and diverse economy Supported internal improvements and Supported internal improvements and Sale of public lands at low pricesSale of public lands at low prices

The Nullification Crisis The Nullification Crisis Congress passed high tariffs on imported Congress passed high tariffs on imported

goods goods – Pressure from Northerners to protect American Pressure from Northerners to protect American

businessbusiness– Southerners who opposed tariff called it the Southerners who opposed tariff called it the

“Tariff of Abominations”“Tariff of Abominations” South Carolina passed a law nullifying these South Carolina passed a law nullifying these

tariffs tariffs – Saw them as a violation of state’s rights Saw them as a violation of state’s rights – Threatened secession Threatened secession – V.P. John C. Calhoun resigned over issue V.P. John C. Calhoun resigned over issue

Replaced with Martin Van Buren a year later Replaced with Martin Van Buren a year later

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis

Jackson insisted that SC Jackson insisted that SC abide by federal law abide by federal law – Threatened to send Threatened to send

Federal Troops to enforce Federal Troops to enforce tariffs tariffs

Henry Clay saved the Henry Clay saved the day by issuing a bill day by issuing a bill designed to gradually designed to gradually reduce tariffs over 10 reduce tariffs over 10 years years – Bill passed, SC satisfied, Bill passed, SC satisfied,

and “Nullification Crisis” and “Nullification Crisis” was ended was ended

Henry Clay

Opposition to National BankOpposition to National Bank Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the

United States United States – Concentrated too much of the Government’s Concentrated too much of the Government’s

finances in one institution finances in one institution – Exercised power on members of Congress Exercised power on members of Congress – Served to make the rich richer Served to make the rich richer

Favored Northern states Favored Northern states – Exposed US finances to foreign interests Exposed US finances to foreign interests

Jackson vetoed an extension of bank’s Jackson vetoed an extension of bank’s charter in 1832 charter in 1832 – Moved funds to various smaller state and local Moved funds to various smaller state and local

banksbanks ““Pet Banks”Pet Banks” Led to inflation and Crisis of 1837Led to inflation and Crisis of 1837

Jackson fighting the “National Bank Monster”

Indian Removal Indian Removal ““Indian Removal Act” in 1830 Indian Removal Act” in 1830

allowed President to negotiate allowed President to negotiate with eastern Indian tribes for with eastern Indian tribes for their land their land – Giving them western territory Giving them western territory

and moneyand money 70 treaties were signed and over 70 treaties were signed and over

45,000 Indians were moved west 45,000 Indians were moved west during Jackson’s presidency during Jackson’s presidency

““Treaty of Dancing Rabbit” in Treaty of Dancing Rabbit” in 1831 removed Choctaw tribe 1831 removed Choctaw tribe from Mississippi from Mississippi – ¼ of tribe died during journey ¼ of tribe died during journey

Federal official did not provide Federal official did not provide enough food/suppliesenough food/supplies

Creeks, Chickasaw and others Creeks, Chickasaw and others also removed from eastern lands also removed from eastern lands

Cherokee Nation Cherokee Nation Gold was found on Cherokee lands in Georgia Gold was found on Cherokee lands in Georgia

– Cherokees refused to move Cherokees refused to move – Georgia militia attackedGeorgia militia attacked

Cherokee Nation sued Georgia – “Worcester v. Georgia”Cherokee Nation sued Georgia – “Worcester v. Georgia”– Claimed that they were an independent political body, not bound Claimed that they were an independent political body, not bound

by Georgia Law by Georgia Law Supreme Court, led by John Marshall, ruled in favor of Cherokee Supreme Court, led by John Marshall, ruled in favor of Cherokee

– Jackson replied “Marshall has made his decision; now let him Jackson replied “Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”enforce it”

Refused to stop GA militia attacks on Cherokee Refused to stop GA militia attacks on Cherokee Jackson sent negotiator to try and buy Cherokee Land Jackson sent negotiator to try and buy Cherokee Land

– 21 out of thousands of Cherokees signed treaty of New Echota21 out of thousands of Cherokees signed treaty of New Echota Bought Cherokee Land for 5 million and promise of peace & land in Bought Cherokee Land for 5 million and promise of peace & land in

Oklahoma Oklahoma Approved by Congress Approved by Congress

– Led to Led to “Trail of Tears”“Trail of Tears” – forced removal of remainder of tribe – forced removal of remainder of tribe Nearly ¼ (4,500) of 18,000 Cherokee died along Journey west to Nearly ¼ (4,500) of 18,000 Cherokee died along Journey west to

Okalahoma Okalahoma Winfield Scott and 7,000 federal troops administered march Winfield Scott and 7,000 federal troops administered march 800 miles 800 miles 1838-18391838-1839

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears

Assassination attempt Assassination attempt Assassination attempt Assassination attempt

in the Capitol on 1-30-in the Capitol on 1-30-18351835

Richard Lawrence Richard Lawrence approached and approached and attempted to fire 2 attempted to fire 2 pistols at Jackson pistols at Jackson – Both misfired Both misfired

Jackson beat Lawrence Jackson beat Lawrence with his cane with his cane

Lawrence found to be Lawrence found to be crazycrazy– Accused Jackson of Accused Jackson of

preventing him from preventing him from being King of England being King of England

Retirement Retirement

Retired to his Retired to his home, “The home, “The Hermitage” in Hermitage” in Nashville, TN in Nashville, TN in 18371837

Died in 1845 Died in 1845 – 78 years old 78 years old

Al Gore at the unveiling in 1998

The 275 year old Tulip Poplar tree