Smart Villages: Andhra PradeshMaria Doerr, Sagari Handa, & Dilly Sanborn-Marsh

The Team

Terry Beaubois

Project mentor: background

in architecture

Maria Doerr

Senior studying

Environmental Systems

Engineering (Urban

Environments) ‘17

Sagari Handa

First year graduate student

studying Environmental

Engineering and Science, ‘18

Dilly Sanborn-Marsh

Senior studying

Environmental Systems

Engineering (Coastal

Environments) ‘17

Smart Villages Initiative- Program by the Central Government of India

- reconstruct rural India

- empower local communities through innovative ideas, sustainable systems

and tested tech solutions

- Non-negotiables addressed:

1. Homes for all, with access to toilet, safe-drinking water, and regular power

2. Every household has diversified livelihood opportunities and/or micro-enterprise

3. End unsanitary defecation practices

9. Functional toilet, potable water, electricity available in Anganwadi Centres, schools, health

centres, GP/Ward buildings

12 . Every farm has soil health card, enriched essential micro-nutrients and diversification with

livestock and trees

Mori Village ProfilePopulation 8000

No. of Families 1,565

Avg. Household Size 5.5

No. of Dwellings 1080

- Huts/ Thatched Homes 350

- Brick Homes 250

- Concrete Homes 480

Village Acreage (acres) 1,312

Poor dweller sq ft. residence 3.7

Profile by Solomon Darwin, Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley

Mori Village

Courtesy of Skylark Drones

Solomon Darwin, Center for Corporate Innovation, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

Addressing Energy

What renewable energy

systems could be feasibly

and sustainably

implemented in the

village?

Ag-Tech

How can new

technological innovations

facilitate shrimp farming

to provide nutritious food

and also stimulate the

local community?

Sanitation

Which sanitation systems

can provide safe,

economically feasible,

culturally acceptable and

environmentally sound

solutions to all village

residents?

Project objective: Developing integrated sustainable systems for improvement of standard of living in Mori

Energy in Mori:Review of existing technologies &

renewable energy options

Smart Villages Initiative:Non-negotiables addressed

Direct

● 1. Homes for all, with access to toilet,

safe-drinking water, and regular power.

● 9 . Functional toilet, potable water,

electricity available in Anganwadi Centres,

schools, health centres, GP/Ward

buildings.

Findings on Mori Energy Present

- All households have some electrical access

- Avg cost of at least 500-1000 rupees per month

- 33 KV of electricity come from neighboring Razole

- Remote & Intermittent Power:

- Hydropower plants 800km away, outside Hyderabad

Connection:

Energy - Water - Shrimp

Solomon Darwin, Center for Corporate Innovation, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

Energy Use in India in 2013

Findings on Renewable Energy ResourcesPresently in Andhra Pradesh:

- Solar: 968.05 MW (MNRE)

- Wind: 1,866.35 MW

(BusinessLine)

Solar Energy

Resources

(NREL)

Wind Energy Resources

(NIWE)

*MNRE*The Hindu Businessline

GIS Overlay Map for

best renewable energy

siting

Solar Focus

Rooftop Solar

Solar Plants

Concentrated solar

Innovative tech

- Accelerating popularity and falling costs

- Increasing funding options

Moving ForwardTech Mahindra plans to create small-grid decentralized

generation and distribution solar PV system in Mori

- In the next 30 days:

- Negotiating government support and financing

- Prioritization of uses:

Smaller, individual projects in Mori

- Kaneka Solar

- Cygni Energy

Individual

Households

Street

Lamps

Businesses &

Local Stores

Options for Winter & Spring Engagement- Reevaluating partnerships and 224A project goals with Tech

Mahindra, Kaneka Solar and Cygni Energy

- Developing training program to kick start local capacity and

economic sustainability of solar projects

- Professional development

- In-school practicums

- Supporting on the ground project to solicit donations and funding

for solar panels

Sanitation Review of existing technologies

Swachh Bharat Mission Report, Ministry of Rural water supply and Sanitation, 2012-13

Smart Villages Initiative:Non-negotiables addressed

1. Homes for all - with access to toilet,

safe drinking water and regular power.

2. Every household has diversified

livelihood opportunities and/or

micro-enterprise

4. End open defecation

5. Has functional solid/liquid waste

management system

8. Zero school drop outs of boys and girls

up to 12th class

9. Functional toilet, potable water,

electricity in Anganwadi centres,

schools, health centres and GP/ ward

buildings

10. Every GP/ ward has functional water

conservation and harvesting structures

Project objectives

● Analyze existing sanitation technologies for households and compare on:

○ Health and safety○ Cost of Construction○ Expertise required for construction○ User acceptance and comfort○ Ease of maintenance

● Review community sanitation options with a focus on schools and Anganwadi Centers:

○ Compare technical and health safety aspects of septic tanks vs composting vs anaerobic digester for waste management

○ Cost benefit analysis to compare investment and return

○ Identify key challenges for each system○ Design of toilet space from a user

experience and comfort perspective

Access to Sanitation for All

Options

Community Sanitation

Household Sanitation

Without resource recovery

With resource recovery

Centralized/ community waste

management

Waste managed at source

Conventional Household Systems: Pit Latrine

Single Ventilated Pit Latrine Tilley et. al. 2014

Health Concerns- Groundwater contamination

- Fly nuisance

- Odor

- Manual handling of waste

- Susceptible to failure during floods

Twin pit systems are an improvement due to higher retention time but most

challenges of the single pit system are not addressed.

Conventional System: Water Flush System with Septic Tank

Overview of a Septic Tank (Source Tilley et. al.)

Positives and Negatives

Simple construction/ can be made locally High water use

Flies and odor free More expensive than dry composting toilet

No electricity required Effluent and sludge require further treatment (additional cost / land)

Underground construction - less land area used

Manual sludge handling a health concern

Community Waste Treatment - Prefabricated Septic Tanks

Plastic Septic Tank Fiberglass Septic Tank Precast Concrete Septic Tank

Household Sanitation: Composting ToiletPositives

● Waterless toilet

● Resource generated - organic compost

● Waste managed at site, no transport necessary

● Urine harvesting as an alternative to fertilizers

Negatives

● Separation of liquid and solid waste streams

required

● Prefabricated toilet pans not easily available

● Use of urine and feces in farming may face social

acceptability issues

● Users require training to ensure proper functioning

● Complete construction above ground - land

availability could be an issue

● Difficult to construct indoors

Design by Paul Calvert, EcoSanRes: Ecological Sanitation Research

Design ConsiderationsToilet Pan Design

Schematic of the Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT). Source: TILLEY et al. (2014)

Feces hole

Anal washing troughUrination trough

Urine to holding tank

Anal wash water to soak pit

Door for removal of compost

Final Composting chamber

Composting chamber with sloping ground

Baffle wall

feces

Toilet pan

Wire mesh for leachate

Toilet superstructureVent Pipe

Important Design CriteriaEstimating Capacity for a family of 5:

- Safe holding period for feces - 1.5 years

- Total volume of twin composting chambers = 350L

- Safe holding period for urine = 6 months (WHO guidelines)

- Volume of urine generated per family = 1300 L

Land area required per household - 65 sq. ft.

Urine should be collected at a community level in compartmentalized

tanks, close to vegetation.

Urine Storage Tanks (Source: SuSanA on Flickr 2010)

Schematic of a Soak Pit (Source: Tilley et. al. 2014)

A collection tank servicing 10 families can irrigate 4.5 acres of land area in a year

Cost Comparisons

Composting Toilet:

Estimate by Gramalaya:

Cost of one Eco-San unit - 10,747 INR (160$)

Estimate does not include cost of urine holding

tank (cost effective at community level)

Septic Tank:

WHO/UNICEF Global Water Supply and

Sanitation Assessment Report (2000) estimates the

cost of septic tank based sanitation system to be

104$ or 7,012 INR.

Cost for a family of 5 = 35,000 INR (500$)

Centralized Waste Management: Container based Sanitation

Model adopted from Stanford Research in Haiti

[1]

in collaboration with SOIL

Adopted from www.oursoil.org

1 Tilmans et. al. Container based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti

Comparison with the household composting toilet

Household Container-based model

Composting process not controlled. Controlled process. Better quality compost.

No recurring cost Monthly cost - affordable (5$ for SOIL project per household)

Not a sustainable social enterprise model Centrally managed. Could generate employment

Larger area requirement. More expensive construction

Manual handling of waste. May result in social unacceptance

Improving Hygiene: CM Dashboard

Mori Podu

Possible Additions:

1. Database of homes with an Individual toilet

2. A public dashboard for residents to request a toilet (based on options available)

3. Status of completion of these requests

Ag-Tech in MoriReview of existing technologies &

Environmental factors

Smart Villages Initiative:Non-negotiables addressed

Direct

● #2: Every household has diversified

livelihood opportunities and/or

micro-enterprise

Indirect (all others, including)

● #1: Homes for all, with access to toilet,

safe-drinking water, and regular power

● #3: End unsanitary defecation practices

● #9: Functional toilet, potable water,

electricity available in Anganwadi

Centres, schools, health centres,

GP/Ward buildings

Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in MoriShrimp

Ag-Tech

Natural factors Human/Tech factors

Shrimp farming & biology

Environmental variability AppScape Local economy

Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in MoriShrimp

Ag-Tech

Natural factors Human/Tech factors

Shrimp farming & biology

Environmental variability AppScape Local economy

Shrimp farming - trends in IndiaFindings

Native species

● giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)

● Indian whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus

indicus) *disappeared from farming

Non-native species

● whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus

vannamei)

○ Shorter production cycles (less

feed and less waste)

whiteleg shrimp

giant tiger prawn

2010

1,731

MT

2012

81,000

MT

2015

140,000

MT136,000

MT

*According to Seafood Watch 2015 report

136,000

MT

136,000

MT

1 MT = 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lb)

Shrimp biology - challenges to ag-techEnvironmental variables

● Can be farmed at low salinities

● Require stable oxygen concentrations

Disease/parasites

● Non-native (whiteleg) rely on

imported broodstock (pathogens)

● Antibiotics used to combat bacteria

○ Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in

intensive-farming regions

○ Illegal antibiotic residues in

shrimp exports

*According to Seafood Watch 2015 report

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Environmental variability - MoriWinter/Summer seasonal

variability

Summer (pre-monsoon): April-May

● Hot temperatures & low rainfall

stimulate algae & pathogen growth

● Algae decay at night depletes oxygen

Winter: July-September

● Lower water temperatures retain more

oxygen

● Less algae means more oxygen

maintained

Climate change

● Overall warmer global temperatures

● Greater interannual variability in

climate patterns

● Longer dry seasons could inhibit

shrimp agriculture

** Invest in new technologies to protect

against climate change!

Implementability of shrimp ag-tech in MoriShrimp

Ag-Tech

Natural factors Human/Tech factors

Shrimp farming & biology

Environmental variability AppScape Local economy

Local economy

http://corporateinnovation.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Prototyping-a-Scalable-Smart-Village-Aug-17.pdf

AppScapePrototyping a Scalable Smart

Village by Leveraging Open

Innovation (Berkeley)

● “Smart Agriculture - better farm yield

by monitoring and advising on the

right soil quality/composition.”

● “Monitoring water quality, flow and

water-level for farmers and shrimp

cultivators”

Oxygen/pH

● Oxygen concentration & pH tied

together through carbon cycle

● Sensors monitor the pH/oxygen

concentrations & alert day/night watch

people to turn on aerators (mixes in

oxygen)

Pathogens

● Learn how to detect frequent

pathogens to alert day/night watch

people to treat ponds with antibiotics

Future plans for sub-projects

Energy

● How can local capacity be increased through solar training

programs?

● What are the energy needs that could go unmet with just

rooftop solar?

Sanitation

● On ground survey of toilet facilities in the village and

people’s preferences

● Detailed plan of sanitation system in the village including

options for household toilets on a public platform

Ag-Tech● What species of shrimp are being used?

● What portions of Mori are already used for farming, and

what are some potential new zones?

Future

Directions

In depth analysis and

recommendations for

sanitation, energy and

ag-tech

Designing on ground

surveys and data

collection methods to aid

other processes

Planning for better data

dissemination using

public dashboards in

accordance with digital

India mission

Other avenues tackling

quality of life issues -

economic opportunities,

education, drinking water

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Project timeline for rest of the year

Terry in India

- Collect data

Spring quarter

● New class (CEE 224A)

focussed on India urban

systems

● Terry continues with

Smart Villages

Winter quarter

● Continuation of India

urban systems class

● Terry looks into

Stanford-funded student

scholarships for travel

Questions?