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Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yanagi (IPMU, the University of Tokyo)

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Page 1: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1

Holographic Entanglement EntropyHolographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments

Tadashi Takayanagi y g(IPMU, the University of Tokyo)

Page 2: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Thanks to my collaborators: 

Tatsuo Azeyanagi (Riken)Mitsutoshi Fujita (IPMU)j ( )Yasuyuki Hatsuda(YITP)Matt Headrick (Brandeis)

hi iTomoyoshi HirataVeronica Hubeny (Durham)Andreas Karch (Washington U )Andreas Karch (Washington U.)Wei Li (IPMU)    Tatsuma Nishioka  (Princeton)Noriaki Ogawa (IPMU)Mukund Rangamani (Durham)Shi i R (UC B k l )Shinsei Ryu (UC Berkeley)Ethan Thompson (Washington U.)Erik Tonni (MIT)Erik Tonni (MIT)Tomonori Ugajin (IPMU)

Page 3: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

ContentsContents

①① Introduction② Holographic Entanglement Entropy (HEE)③ HEE of Confining Gauge Theories and Higher Derivatives

④ AdS/BCFT and Quantum Entanglement④ AdS/BCFT and Quantum Entanglement

⑤ Towards Holographic Dual of Lattices

⑥ C l i⑥ Conclusions

Page 4: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

① Introduction① Introduction

Holography (e.g. AdS/CFT [Maldacena 97] )Holography (e.g. AdS/CFT  [Maldacena 97] ) 

⇒ Non‐perturbative Definition of Quantum Gravity

d+2 dimd+1 dim

M∂ Md+2 dim.d+1 dim.

Boundary Bulk

)()( MZMZ GQM =∂ )()( MZMZ GravityQM ∂

Page 5: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

l h h l h l d blTo explore the holography in general setups, we need suitable 

physical quantities.                  [not only AdS, but flat spaces, de Sitter, etc.]

Stationary BH ⇒Mass M, Charge Q, Spin J.                 (Thermodynamics)

Generic  spacetime ⇒ We need much more quantities !(Non‐equilibrium)  

We would like to argue that  the entanglement entropy (EE)

will be an appropriate quantity. 

Page 6: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Definition of Entanglement Entropy

Divide a quantum system into two subsystems A and B.

. BAtot HHH ⊗=A BExample: Spin Chain

W d fi h d d d i i f A bρWe define the reduced density matrix         for A byAρ

taking trace over the Hilbert space of Btaking trace over the Hilbert space of B .

Page 7: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

N h l i d fi d b hSNow the entanglement entropy        is defined by the 

von‐Neumann entropyAS

In QFTs,  it is defined geometrically:

slice time:N

A BA ∂=∂B A

Page 8: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Various Applications in other subjects

• Quantum Information and Quantum Computing

EE = the amount of quantum information[see e.g. Nielsen‐Chuang’s text book 00]

• Condensed Matter Physics

EE = Efficiency of a computer simulation (DMRG)  [Gaite 03,…]

Divergent at phase transition points ![G. Vidal, J. I. Latorre, E. Rico, and A. Kitaev, 02,…][ , , , , , ]

i.e. Quantum Critical Points [Sachdev’s talk]

A new quantum order parameter ![Topological entanglement entropy:  Kitaev‐Preskill 06,  Levin‐Wen 06]

Page 9: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Basic property: Area law p p y

EE in d+1 dim. QFTs (in the ground states) includes UV div. [Bombelli‐Koul‐Lee‐Sorkin 86,  Srednicki 93]

A)Area(∂ terms),subleading(A)Area(~ 1 +∂−dAS

ε

where       is a UV cutoff (i.e. lattice spacing).ε

Similar to the Bekenstein‐Hawking formula of black hole entropy   [ EE = loop corrections to BH entropy[ EE = loop corrections to BH entropy,

Susskind‐Uglum 94,…] .

4on)Area(horiz

NBH G

S =4 NG

Page 10: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

② Holographic Entanglement Entropy  

(2‐1) Holographic Entanglement Entropy Formula   [Ryu‐TT 06][ y ]

)A ( CFT

N

AA 4G

)Area(S γ=

1dCFT +

N

AdS

A

is the minimal area surface (codim.=2)  such that            

2dAdS +

zBAγ

. ~ and AA AA γγ∂=∂ )direction. timeomit the (We

Page 11: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

CommentsCo e ts• In the presence of a black hole horizon, the minimal surfaces 

typically wraps the horizon.  yp y p

⇒ Reduced to the Bekenstein‐Hawking entropy, consistently.

• We need to replace minimal surfaces with extremal surfaces in the time‐dependent spacetime.     [Hubeny‐Rangamani‐TT 07]

• The area formula assumes the supergravity approximation.

The holographic formula is modified by higher derivatives.[Lovelock: Hung‐Myers‐Smolkin 11, de Boer‐Kulaxizi‐Parnachev 11, 

AdS5×S5 in IIB String:  Ogawa‐TT to appear]           

Page 12: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

• In spite of a heuristic argument [Fursaev, 06] , there has been no 

l t f H th h b id dcomplete proof.  However,  there have been many evidences and 

no counter examples so far.

[A Partial List of Evidences]

Area law follows straightforwardly [Ryu‐TT 06]

Agreements with analytical 2d CFT results for AdS3 [Ryu‐TT 06]

Holographic proof of strong subadditivity [Headrick‐TT 07]

Consistency of 2d CFT results for disconnected subsystems               

[Calabrese‐Cardy‐Tonni 09]   with our holographic formula  [Headrick 10] 

Agreement on the coefficient of log term in 4d CFT  (~a+c)[Ryu‐TT 06, Solodukhin 08,10,  Lohmayer‐Neuberger‐Schwimmer‐Theisen 09,  

Dowker 10, Casini‐Huerta, 10,  Myers‐Sinha 10, Casini‐Hueta‐Myers 11] 

Page 13: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

(2‐2) Holographic Proof of Strong Subadditivity[Headrick‐TT 07]

We can easily derive the strong subadditivity, which is known asWe can easily derive the strong subadditivity, which is known as the most important inequality satisfied by EE. [Lieb‐Ruskai 73]

B ACA A A

BCBACBBA SSSS +≥+⇒ ++++

ABC

=ABC

≥A

BC BCBACBBA ++++

A CACBBA SSSS +≥+⇒ ++

ABC

=ABC

≥AB

C C C

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(2‐3) Calculations of HEE

Two analytical examples of the subsystem A:Two analytical examples of the subsystem A:

(a) Infinite strip (b) Circular disk(a) Infinite strip (b) Circular disk 

l

B          A       B                                     B A        l1−dL l

xi>1(a) (b) xi>1

z

x1x1

L

i>1

l

(a) (b) i>1

l

zl

Page 15: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Entanglement Entropy for (a) Infinite Strip from AdS

divergence law Area dependnot doesandfinite is termThis cutoff. UVon the

p

d=1 (i.e. AdS3) case:                                               ( )Agrees with 2d CFT results [Holzhey‐Larsen‐Wilczek 94 ; Calabrese Cardy 04]Calabrese‐Cardy 04]

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Basic Example of AdS5/CFT4Basic Example of AdS5/CFT4

SYM SU(N) 4SAdS 55 =⇔× N

L( )5

l

The order one deviation is expected since the AdS result corresponds to the strongly coupled Yang‐Mills. 

[cf 4/3 in thermal entropy Gubser Klebanov Peet 96][cf.  4/3  in thermal entropy,  Gubser‐Klebanov‐Peet 96]

Page 17: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Entanglement Entropy for (b) Circular Disk from AdS[R TT 06][Ryu‐TT 06]

lawAreadivergence

lawArea

f l lConformal Anomaly(~central charge)2d CFT c/3・log(l/ε)

A universal quantity inodd dimensional CFT

f ‘ h ’ 2d CFT     c/3 log(l/ε)4d CFT     ‐4a・log(l/ε)

⇒ Satisfy ‘C‐theorem’ [Myers‐Sinha 10]  

Page 18: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

(2‐4) HEE and AdS BH

BγA BCi iAdS

Aγ BH . purenot isCFTtemp.Finite BH AdS

BAtot SS ≠⇔⇔

ρ p BAtotρ

Time tion Thermaliza formation BH ⇔

BHBHofSizebut

,0 .. pure is

=finite

tottot

S

Seiρ

AdS entropy grained-CoarseEE BH.ofSize but

=→∝f

AS

[Arrastia‐Aparicio‐Lopez 10, Ugajin‐TT 10]

Page 19: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

③ HEE of Confining Gauge Theories and Higher Derivatives(3‐1) Supergravity Result  [Nishioka‐TT 06, Klebanov‐Kutasov‐Murugan 07]

4D N=4 SU(N) SYM on a Scherk‐Schwarz circle

⇔ AdS5 Soliton× S5                      [Witten 98]AdS5 Soliton S [Witten 98]

( ) ( ) ./1 2440

222222

22 −+⋅+++−= drrrdrLdydxdtrds θ( ) ( )

.,2~

./1/1

2

02440

22

⎟⎟⎞

⎜⎜⎛

=+

+−

+++

LRR

drrLrrr

dydxdtL

ds

πθθ

θ

We consider the EE when the subsystem A is just a half space:

.2

,2 0⎟⎟⎠

⎜⎜⎝

+r

RRπθθ

yVy

A B

x

Page 20: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Calculation of HEECa cu at o o

2Area)5()5(

rRVS ySUGRA

A == ∫∞π

di )l(

442

)5()5(0

VN

LGG

y

rNN

A ∫

.8

-div.)law(area R

y= ∞=λ

Free Field Calculation

After summing over KK modesAfter summing over KK modes 

. 12

-div.)law(area2

FreeYM VNS y

A = 0=λ

⇒ The dependence on λ is non‐trivial.

12)(

RA

p

Page 21: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

(3‐2) Higher Derivative Corrections  [Ogawa‐TT to appear]

We take into account the R4 correction in IIB string theory:

. ...8)3(

161 4

3'10

)10( ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡++−= ∫ WRgdx

GS

NIIB

αζπ

The correction to HEE can be calculated by using the replica trick:

816 ⎦⎣GNπ

[Cf. thermal entropy:  Gubser‐Klebanov‐Tseytlin 98]

)3(1 32 ⎞⎛ ζVN.

264)3(

81div.) law (area 2

32

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+−⋅+=

−λζ

RVN

S yA

Indeed, HEE increases as the coupling gets  smaller !

Page 22: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

N=4 SYM on A Twisted Circle

Twist

Supersymmetric PointMaximall SUSY Breaking(⇔ AdS Soliton)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-0.05

Twist parameter

0 15

-0.1 Free Yang‐Mills

-0.2

-0.15

AdS side (Strongly coupled YM)Higher derivative-0.25

EE

AdS side (Strongly coupled YM)Higher derivative corrections

EE

Page 23: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

(3‐3) Confinement/deconfinement phase transition

EE can be an order parameter.p

HEE of pure SU(N) YM Lattice Result for pure YM

l

HEE of pure SU(N) YM Lattice Result  for  pure YM

Sfinite10

]

123× 24, β=5.70

163× 32, β=5.70

0.05

0.150

0.1 0.350.30.250.2l 5

A| )

∂S

/ ∂l

[fm

-3]

16 × 32, β=5.70

163× 32, β=5.75

163× 32, β=5.80

163× 32, β=5.85

-0.05

IR:Confinement(disconnected)

0

( 1

/ |∂A

|

-0.1

-0.15

(disconnected) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1

l [fm]

-5

[4D SU(3), Nakagawa‐Nakamura‐

[Nishioka‐TT 06, Klebanov‐Kutasov‐Murugan 07]

Motoki‐Zakharov 09]

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④AdS/BCFT and Quantum Entanglement

(4‐1) AdS/BCFT 

h i h l hi d l f if ld i hWhat is a holographic dual of CFT on a manifold with 

Boundary (BCFT) ?         

CFTd:  SO(d,2)   ⇔ AdSd+1

BCFTd: SO(d‐1 2) ⇔ AdSdBCFTd:  SO(d 1,2)  ⇔ AdSd

B

?

Bounda

BCFT?

[cf Defect CFT Karch‐Randall 00 DeWolfe‐Freedman‐Ooguri 01

ary

[cf.  Defect CFT  Karch‐Randall 00, DeWolfe‐Freedman‐Ooguri 01,

Janus CFT  Bak‐Gutperle‐Hirano 03, Clark‐Freedman‐Karch‐Schnabl 04]

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AdS/BCFT Proposal [TT 11 + work in progress with Fujita and Tonni] 

In addition to the standard AdS boundary M, we include an extra boundary Q, such that ∂Q=∂M.

11∫∫ .)(

81)2(

161

∫∫ −−−Λ−−=Q

Qmatter

NN matter

NE LKh

GLRg

GI

ππ

EOM at boundary leads to the Neumann b c on Q :

Qthe Neumann b.c. on Q :

. 8 QabNabab TGKhK π=−

NM

Conformal inv ⇒

abNabab

bQb ThT −=Conformal inv. ⇒ .abab ThT

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(4‐2) Simplest Example 

Consider the AdS slice metric:

. )/(cosh 2)(

222)1( dAdSdAdS dsRdds ρρ +=+

Restricting the values of ρ to                              solves the

boundary condition with*ρρ <<∞−

boundary condition with. tanh1 *

RRdT ρ−

=

*ρρ =N (AdS) Q

−∞=ρ ∞=ρMρ ρAdS bdy

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(4‐3) Holographic Boundary Entropy

The entanglement entropy in 2D CFT 

( ) g p y py

with a boundary looks like [Holzhey‐Larsen‐Wilczek 94 ; Calabrese‐Cardy 04, 

R t i C l b C d 09 C i i H t 09]

l

B ARecent review: Calabrese‐Cardy  09, Casini‐Huerta 09]

ll lc⎟⎞

⎜⎛

B A

, log log6

glcSA +⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=ε

where log g is the boundary entropy [Affleck‐Ludwig 91].[Earlier holographic calculations: Yamaguchi 02 (Defect CFT),[Earlier holographic calculations:   Yamaguchi 02 (Defect CFT),

Azeyanagi‐Karch‐Thompson‐TT 07  (Non‐SUSY Janus),

Chiodaroli‐Gutperle‐Hung, 10   (SUSY Janus) ]

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In our setup,  HEE can be found as follows

. 4

log64

14

Length **

NNNA G

lcdGG

S ρε

ρρ

+=== ∫ ∞−NNN

Boundary Entropy

Comment 1. can be confirmed from the disk 

cylinder partition function.  Nbdy GS 4/*ρ=

.21log)/sinh(

24**

2

2

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−−++=

RrRrr

GRI

NDisk

ρεερ

ε ⎠⎝

.23

*

NBHCylinder G

TlcI ρπ+⋅⋅=

Comment 2. The null energy condition for TQ leads to a 

3 NG

holographic g‐theorem.

Page 29: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

Holographic Dual of Disk Holographic Dual of Cylinder

Qo og ap c ua o s o og ap c ua o Cy de

QQ Q

M N M N Black HoleM N M N Horizon

z z

Page 30: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

⑤ Towards Gravity Dual of Lattices [work in progress with Ryu]y(5‐1) Holographic Dual of Two Points (or 2 qubits)

Thermal AdS32

2222 )( dxzhdzdtRds ⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎛

++−=

A B .020

2

222

2~ , /1)(

,)(

zxxzzzh

dxzzhzz

Rds

π+−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎜⎜⎝

++

N . 00

⎥⎥⎤

⎢⎢⎡

⋅≤ 0 arctan|)(| : RTzzzxN

HEE is calculated as follows:⎥⎥⎦⎢

⎢⎣ − 22

0

0)(

|)(|TRzhz

A and B aremaximally entangled

bdyN

z

zN

A SGzhz

dzGRS === ∫ 4

2)(4

2 *0

*

ρ

maximally entangled NN GzhzG 4)(4

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(5‐2) How does Holographic Dual of Lattices look like ?

Holographic dual of many pointsg p y p

A Minimal Surface        for ALL+1

AγAB

.log3

~4

|| LcG

S AA

γ=

L A

BN

34GN

The separation         does not have xΔ

1

2xΔ

pany direct physical meaning in CFT. But, it does in the AdS gravity. 

Emergent AdS space in the IR of a lattice theory

N

Emergent AdS space in the IR of a lattice theory(continuum limit)

Page 32: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

This argument looks a bit similar to the calculation framework g

called MERA (multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz).

[MERA: Vidal 06; Relation to AdS/CFT:  Swingle 09’]; / g ]

�Space directionA

Curve Aγ

ing

A

B d ][#MiS

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���� �� ���� ���� ������� ������� ������� �� ��� ����� ����������� ��� ��������Disentangler Coarse‐graining [O h h h l hi l i

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�� �� ��� �� ������ �� ����� �� ���� �� �� ������� �������� ���� �� �� ���� ��

������� ������ ��� �� �� ������ �� �� ���� ���� ��� ������ ���� ��� ���� ���� ����

�� ����� �� ���� �� �� �������� �� ������ � �� �� �� ����� ������������ �� ��� ����� �

Coarse graining

Fig taken from B. Swingle 0905.1317

[Other approaches to holographic lattices: e.g.  Kachru‐Karch‐Yaida 09,  Lee 10]

Page 33: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

⑥ Conclusions

• The entanglement entropy (EE) is a useful bridge between gravity and cond mat physics [ f S hd ’ t lk]between  gravity and cond‐mat physics. [cf. Sachdev’s talk]

Gravity                Entanglement Cond‐mat.

systemsμνg Area≈AS Ψy

• EE can be a universal quantity for holography in

μ A

• EE can be a universal quantity for holography in general spacetimes.  

[ h l h i fl Li TT 10[e.g.  holography in flat space: Li‐TT 10 

⇒highly entangled and non‐local gravity dualAdS Lorentzian wormholes: Fujita‐Hatsuda‐TT 11AdS Lorentzian wormholes:  Fujita Hatsuda TT 11

⇒The EE between two boundaries are actually vanishing.  ]

Page 34: and its New Developments - physics.uu.se Friday/1510...Strings 2011@Uppsala, July 1 Holographic Entanglement Entropy and its New Developments Tadashi Taka yyganagi (IPMU, the University

• EE is non‐zero even for pure states (cf. thermal entropy).

⇒ A quantum order parameter at zero temp⇒ A quantum order parameter at zero temp.e.g.  Useful for BH formation = Thermalization (quantum quench)

• We proposed a holographic dual of BCFT. 

⇒ Here again HEE played an important role. 

⇒ This holography can also be useful in AdS/CMT⇒ This holography can also be useful in AdS/CMT.e.g.   Edge states of QHE, Topological Insulators  ?

A h l hi SC l li d b d i ?Any holographic SC localized on boundaries ?

Non‐equilibrium systems with boundaries ?

: