and Applications for Mobile Communications

О nur Osman Osman Nuri Ugan

(g) CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Group Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

A N A U E R B A C H B O O K

Contents

Preface xiii

Authors x v

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Digital Communication Systems: An Overview 1

1.1.1 Source Coding 2 1.1.2 Channel Coding 2 \ \ Ъ ^a&dߣJRKv'3f8*KtIS> П 1.1.4 Channel Capacity 3

1.2 Mathematical Fundamentals 3 1.2.1 Sampling Theory 3 1.2.2 Information Theory 4

References 4

2 Modulation Techniques 7 2.1 Pulse Code Modulation 7 2.2 Delta Modulation 11 2.3 Adaptive Delta Modulation 15 2.4 Line Coding 16

2.4.1 Unipolar Signaling 16 2.4.2 Polar Signaling 18 2.4.3 Dipolar Signaling 18 2.4.4 Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) Signaling 18 2.4.5 Coded Mark Inversion 19 2.4.6 The n&rriX Code 19

2.5 Amplitude Modulation 22 2.6 Frequency Modulation 24 2.7 Phase-Shift Keying 26

2.7.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 26

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2.7.2 M-ary PSK 28 2.7.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 31

2.8 Continuous Phase Modulation 32 2.8.1 Decomposition of CPM 35 2.8.2 Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying 36

2.8.2.1 2CPFSK for h = 1/2 40 2.8.2.2 4CPFSK for h = 1/2 41 2.8.2.3 8CPFSK for h = 1/2 43 2.8.2.4 16CPFSK for h = 1/2 .' 45 2.8.2.5 4CPFSK for h = 1/4 48

References 50

3 Multiplexing 53 3.1 Time Division Multiple Access 53 3.2 Code Division Multiple Access 55

3.2.1 Wideband CDMA 56 3.2.2 CDMA Cellular System 57

3.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 59 3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 59

3.4.1 Producing the Subcarrier Using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) 62

3.4.2 Guard Time and Cyclic Extension 64 3.4.3 Windowing 66

References 68

4 Fundamental Coding Techniques 69 4.1 Source Coding 69

4.1.1 Huffman Codes 69 4.2 Channel Coding 72

4.2.1 Block Codes 72 4.2.1.1 Code Distance 73 4.2.1.2 Code Length 73 4.2.1.3 Algebraic Codes 73 4.2.1.4 Cyclic Codes 74 4.2.1.5 Reed-Solomon Codes 75 4.2.1.6 Convolutional Encoders 77 4.2.1.7 Recursive Systematic Convolutional Codes 80

4.3 Trellis-Coded Modulation 82 4.4 Viterbi Algorithm 87 References 87

5 Channel Models 89 5.1 Mobile Communication Channels 89 5.2 Fading Channels 90

5.2.1 Large-Scale and Small-Scale Fading 91 5.2.2 Mathematical Model of Multipath Fading Channels 92

5.2.2.1 Compatibility 92 5.2.2.2 Doppler Spread 93

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5.2.2.3 Delay Scattering 93 5.2.2.4 Compatibility Duration 93

5.2.3 Fading Channel Types 93 5.2.3.1 Flat Fading 94 5.2.3.2 Frequency Selective Channels 94 5.2.3.3 Slow Channel Fading 95 5.2.3.4 Fast Fading 95

5.2.4 Static Model of Fading Channels 96 5.3 Frequency Selective Multipath Fading 97

5.3-1 Correlation Functions of Statistical Channels 100 5.3.2 Classification of Statistical Channels 101

5.3.2.1 Wide-Sense Stationary Channels 102 5.3.2.2 Uncorrelated Scattering 102 5.3.2.3 Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering 103

5.3.3 Auto-Correlation of WSSUS Channels 105 5.3.4 COST 207 Models 105

5.4 Multiple Input Multiple Output Channels I l l 5.4.1 MIMO Channel and Space-Time Block Codes I l l 5.4.2 WSSUS MIMO Channels 113

References 114

6 Channel Equalization 115 6.1 Semiblind Equalization with Adaptive Filters 115

6.1.1 LMS Algorithm 115 6.1.2 Recursive Least Square Algorithm and Kaiman Filtering 117 6.1.3 Genetic Algorithms 118 6.1.4 WSSUS MIMO Channel Equalization Using GA 120

6.2 Blind Equalization with Adaptive Filters 121 6.2.1 ML Channel Equalization 124 6.2.2 Baum-Welch Channel Equalization 125

References 128

7 Turbo Codes 131 7.1 Turbo Encoder 132

7.1.1 RSC Component Codes 133 7.1.2 Trellis Termination 134 7.1.3 Interleaving 135 7.1.4 Convolutional Code Representation 136

7.1.4.1 State Diagram Representation 137 7.2 Turbo Decoding 138

7.2.1 MAP Algorithm 139 7.2.2 Max-Log-MAP and Log-MAP Algorithms 144 7.2.3 Performance Analysis 146

7.3 Error Performance of Turbo Codes 149 7.3.1 Error Performance of Turbo Codes over Fading Channel 149

References 162

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8 Multilevel Turbo Codes 165 8.1 Multilevel Turbo Encoder 166 8.2 Multilevel Turbo Decoder 169 8.3 Error Performance of Multilevel Turbo Codes 172

8.3.1 Multilevel Turbo Codes over Fading Channel 173 8.3.2 Multilevel Turbo Codes over WSSUS Channels 174

8.3.2.1 Equalization of WSSUS Channels 177 8.3.2.2 Simulations of ML-TC Signals over WSSUS

Multipath Channel 178 References 188

9 Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation (TTCM) 191 9.1 Turbo Trellis Encoder 191 9.2 Turbo Trellis Decoder 193

9.2.1 Metric Calculation 193 9.2.2 MAP Decoder 195

9.3 Error Performance of Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation 196 9.4 Time Diversity Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation (TD-TTCM) 196

9.4.1 TD-TTCM Encoder 199 9.4.2 TD-TTCM Decoder 199 9.4.3 WSSUS MIMO Channel Model of the TD-TTCM Scheme 201

9.4.3.1 Transmit Diversity Scheme 203 9.4.3.2 Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Genetic-Based

Channel Estimator 205 9.4.3.3 The Structure of the Combiner 207

9.4.4 Simulation of TD-TTCM 210 9.5 Space Time Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation (ST-TTCM) 214

9.5.1 ST-TTCM Encoder 216 9.5.2 Blind Equalization 217 9.5.3 Simulation Results of ST-TTCM for Two-Transmitter

and One-Receiver Antenna Configuration 220 References 226

10 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 229 10.1 Encoding of LDPC Codes 232 10.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 233 10.3 LDPC-Like Codes: GC Codes 234

10.3.1 Hamming Distance 4 GC Codes 235 10.3.2 Higher-Distance GC Codes 238 10.3.3 Simulation Results 239

References 240

11 Coding Techniques Using Continuous Phase Modulation ...243 11.1 Multilevel Turbo-Coded Continuous Phase Frequency Shift

Keying (MLTC-CPFSK) 244 11.1.1 Encoder Structure 245 11.1.2 Decoder Structure 249 11.1.3 Simulation Results over Rician Fading Channel 253 11.1.4 Simulation Results over MIMO Channel 257

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11.2 Turbo Trellis-Coded Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying (TTC-CPFSK) 266 11.2.1 Encoder Structure 267 11.2.2 Channel Capacity for CPFSK and TTC/CPM 271 11.2.3 Decoder Structure 273 11.2.4 Blind Equalization 274

11.2.4.1 Baum-Welch Algorithm 276 11.2.5 Simulation Results of TTC/CPM for 16-CPFSK 278

11.3 Turbo Trellis-Coded/Continuous-Phase Modulation for MEMO Channels 280

11.4 Low-Density Parity Check/Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying 284

11.5 Simulation Results 288 References 292

12 Image Transmission Using Turbo Codes 297 12.1 Adaptive Wiener-Turbo System (AW-TS) 297

12.1.1 Bit Plane Slicing/Combining 302 12.1.2 The Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Encoders 303 12.1.3 Wiener Filtering Applied to Bit Planes 304 12.1.4 Turbo Decoding Process 309 12.1.5 Simulation Results of AW-TS System 312

12.2 Adaptive Wiener-Turbo Systems with JPEG and Bit Plane Compressions (AW-TSwJBC) 319 12.2.1 AW-TSwJBC Decoding Process 321 12.2.2 Simulation Results of AW-TSwJBC System 322

References 326

Index 329