U C S D J A C O B S S C H O O L O F E N G I N E E R I N G

C E N T E R F O R E N E R G Y R E S E A R C H

M A Y 1 5 , 2 0 1 3

System Reliability & Ancillary Services

CES 291: Smart Grid

Power System Reliability Requirements

Power System performance should meet North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Reliability Standards (http://www.nerc.com/page.php?cid=2|20) N-1 Contingency – no loss of load

N-1 -1, No cascading failure

Rapid detection of power system disturbance

Isolation of disturbance

Rapid restoration of power outage

NERC Reliability Standards

Resource and Demand Balancing (BAL) Communications (COM) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Emergency Preparedness and Operations (EOP) Facilities Design, Connections, and Maintenance (FAC) Interchange Scheduling and Coordination (INT) Interconnection Reliability Operations and Coordination (IRO) Modeling, Data, and Analysis (MOD) Nuclear (NUC) Personnel Performance, Training, and Qualifications (PER) Protection and Control (PRC) Transmission Operations (TOP) Transmission Planning (TPL) Voltage and Reactive (VAR)

WECC Reliability Criteria http://www.wecc.biz/library/Library/Planning%20Committee%20Handbook/WECC-NERC%20Planning%20Standards.pdf

Transient and Steady State Voltage Limits

Smart Grid Reliability Projects

• Automated Fault Location

• Composite Core Conductor

• Advanced System Planning Tools

• Dynamic Voltage and VAR Control

• Energy Storage for Transmission Reliability

• Real Time Voltage Stability Program

• Synchrophasors (Transmission)

• Automated switching

• Advanced Communication Systems

Smart Grid Reliability Enhancements

Smart Grid Vision

1. Automatic Fault Detection, Isolation, and Service Restoration Capabilities Are Being Enabled Requiring Minimal Human Intervention and Leading to Improvement in Outage Restoration

2. Cost Effective Energy Storage – Either Utility, Customer, or Third Party Owned – Is Helping to Resolve Voltage Regulation, Voltage Flicker, and Intermittency of Renewable Resources

3. Enabling Different Levels of Reliability Based on Customer Needs/Preferences for Self

Sufficiency (Particularly for C&I Customers)

4. Synchrophasor Data is Being Used to Assess the Condition of the Grid and Respond to Changes Before they Become Problems

5. Highly Reliable Network Services are Deployed to Targeted Areas to Ensure Continued Availability for Mission Critical Applications

Advanced Ground Fault Detection

8

Purpose-

Using new Technology Improve Our Capabilities of Detecting Faults with Low Fault Current

Scope –

1. Work with Relay Manufacturers for improved sensitive ground fault detection

2. On Existing Reclosers replace controllers with Cooper Form 6 (90)

3. Upgrade software on some existing equipment (60)

Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting Capabilities

9

Purpose-

Optimization of advanced weather monitoring information to develop weather forecasting tools for renewable generation forecasting and deployment strategies during inclement weather

Scope - 1. Develop a marine layer model 2. Develop a PV power generation

forecasting model 3. Develop an in house Weather Research

& Forecasting (WRF) model 4. Develop visualization tools within VISA

to support renewable integration and operational decision making.

Smart Isolation and Reclosing

10

Purpose- Application of pulse closing technology when reclosing onto faulted circuits to limit the energy into the fault, improving public safety

www.sandc.com/irw-demo

Synchrophasors

11

Purpose-

Deploy multiple phasor measurement units (PMUs) across the transmission system to enable wide area situational awareness capabilities

Scope – 1. Integrate PMUs into the bulk power

system 2. Develop applications to aid in System

Operations, System Protection, and Transmission Planning

3. Share Data with CAISO, WECC and neighboring systems

CENTRAL

STATION PDC

Serial Communication

MUX

Serial

(Fiber)

PDC

LOCAL ARCHIVING

Serial

(Fiber)

Ethernet

(Copper)

Ethernet

(Fiber)

Model

Validation

Post

Disturbance

Analysis

Voltage

Stability

Analysis

Contingency

Analysis

Inter-Area

Oscillation

Monitoring

Wide

Area

Monitoring

System

Integrity

Protection

Load

Shedding

Out of

Step

Generator

Shedding

Islanding

Detection

APPLICATIONS

FUTURE

hp DL380-G7 Server

Super PDC

SQL Server

SUBSTATION - A

MUX

Serial

(Fiber)

PDC

LOCAL ARCHIVING

Serial

(Fiber)

Ethernet

(Copper)

Ethernet

(Fiber)

SUBSTATION - X

Control Center

Serial Communication

DATA CONCENTRATOR

Ethernet

MUX

Data Center

UDP2 U

2 U

TRIGGERED

&

CONTINUOUS

DATA

STORAGE

Super PDC

Device mgmt

Data Mgmt

Sys & Apps Mgmt

ARCHIVING

Port 1433

Grid Operation, Engineering

CAISO – Primary

CAISO - Backup

CAISO

ECN

Network

UDP

UDP

UDP

IEEE C37.118

Protocol

IEEE C37.118

Protocol

IEEE 37.118

Protocol

IEEE C37.118

Protocol

Will this be existing EMS

to ISO Network at Control

Center?

WECC

UDP

Automated Fault Location

12

Purpose-Use relay information from all transmission line terminals and new analysis techniques to more accurately locate fault location

Scope – Install servers, Fault Location

software, secure modem bank and modem lines.

Advanced Communication System

13

Purpose-Expand fiber optic communication network to all transmission substations to enhance system protection capabilities and Smart Grid communication needs

Scope – Install, upgrade and expand utility owned fiber optic communications loops throughout the service territory by stringing on T&D structures All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) fiber optic or replacing the shield wire with Optical Ground Wire Cable (OPGW).

Outage Management System/Distribution Management System (OMS/DMS)

14

Scope – 1. Integrate SCADA and AMI for outage management (prediction) 2. Integration with line crew dispatch programs. 3. Storm Management features to track restoration process 4. Suggested switching for planned and unplanned outages 5. Feeder Load Management provides information to the Operators 6. Fault Location Analysis (FLA) complements Fault Location

Isolation Service Restoration (FLISR) for faster restoration of service

Purpose-Replace existing OMS and install new DMS system to improve outage restoration response, predict potential distribution grid issues, increase load on existing assets, and manage customer impact and increase process efficiencies

Ancillary Services

There are four types of ancillary services products, purchased by the CAISO: regulation up

regulation down

spinning reserve

non-spinning reserve

Regulation

Regulation energy is used to control system frequency that can vary as generators access the system and must be maintained very narrowly around 60 hertz. Units and system resources providing regulation are certified by the ISO and must respond to “automatic generation control” signals to increase or decrease their operating levels depending upon the service being provided, regulation up or regulation down.

Managing resources for regulation from load to generation

Page 17

0 MW

20 MW

- 20 MW

Storage Generation Demand Response

PMax Discharge

Charge Consumption

Spinning Reserve

Spinning reserve is the portion of unloaded capacity from units already connected or synchronized to the grid and that can deliver their energy in 10 minutes. Non-spinning reserve is capacity that can be synchronized and ramping to a specified load within 10 minutes.

Future Ancillary Services

Voltage Regulation and Control

Demand Response

Load following

Energy Imbalance

Black Start