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ANCIENT ROME
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VOCABULARY POWERRoman Republic- Government in which officials were chosen by the people
Senate- A council of nobles that passed laws and handled foreign affairs
Patrician- The landholding upper- class
Plebians- (majority of the population) - farmers, merchants, traders, and artisans
Consuls- Two elected representatives in charge of the military and supervising the government
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VOCABULARY POWERTwelve Tables- Codified written laws which caused fair treatment for citizens. Became the foundation for Roman Law
Assemblies- composed of all plebian citizens of Rome to vote.
Punic Wars- Conflicts between Rome and Carthage leading to victory for Rome and control of the Mediterranean basin
Carthage- city-state in North Africa that ruled over a large trading empire.
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VOCABULARY POWERHannibal- General of Carthage who crossed the Alps with army and elephants in second Punic War.
Julius Caesar- A Roman general who became dictator (complete power) and ended the Roman Republic.
First Triumvirate- Three person rule- An alliance between Julius Caesar and two others to control Rome- Caesar emerged as dictator having complete power.
Augustus Caesar- First Roman emperor, won the civil war following Caesar's assassination and established the Pax Romana
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VOCABULARY POWERPax Romana- 200 year span of Roman peace that began with Augustus Ceasar
Inflation- Decreasing Value of currency
Currency- Money
Roman Empire- Territories ruled by Roman emperors ranging from present day Britain, Germany, North Africa, and Persian Gulf from 27 B.C.- 476 A.D.
Jesus- founder of Christianity the son and incarnation of God.
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VOCABULARY POWER
New Testament- 27 books in the Bible that contain the life and teachings of Jesus.
Messiah- savior sent by God.
Apostles- disciples who spread Jesus’ message.
Paul- Apostle of Jesus that spread the teachings of Jesus to non Jews.
Incarnation- spirit or god in human form
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VOCABULARY POWERConstantine- Roman emperor who converted to Christianity and made it legal.
Martyrs- People who would choose to die or suffer on behalf of their religion
Persecution- to mistreat or harass
Devaluation- to lose value or worth
Moral Authority- being respected and having good character
Moral decay- loss of faith or beliefs
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Aqueducts- Structures that carried waters to cities
Latin- Language of the Romans
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ANCIENT ROMAN GEOGRAPHY
Mediterranean Sea
= City of Rome
= Greek Peninsula
Black Sea
Carthage
Mediterranean Sea
Alps Mountains
Italian Peninsula
AfricaEgypt
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GEOGRAPHY OF ROME
Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers.
Located on the Italian peninsula pushing out to the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea on its eastern coast.
Alps mountains provided some protection
The Mediterranean Sea provided protection and sea- borne commerce (trade along the sea).
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ROME
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ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
Based on Greek polytheistic religion
Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities and life events
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JUPITER
Father of the gods-god of sky and thunder
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JUNO
Protector of Love and Marriage
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APOLLO
Apollo - god of music and poetry
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DIANA
Goddess of wildlife and animals
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MINERVA
Roman goddess of
wisdom
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VENUS
Roman goddess of loveWednesday, November 21, 2012
IMPACT OF ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
Symbols and images in literature and architecture
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ROME
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Patricians- Powerful Nobility (upper class) few in number
Plebians- Majority of the population (farmers, traders, merchants, etc.)
Slaves- Not based on race; either debt slavery or conquered
in warWednesday, November 21, 2012
CITIZENSHIP IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Citizens included:
Patrician and plebian men
Selected foreigners
Citizens had rights and responsibilities such as paying taxes and military service.
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FEATURES OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Representative democracy- elected representatives to serve (Women and foreigners were excluded)
Assemblies- comprised of all plebian citizens to vote
The Senate- Council of 300 nobles that passed all of the laws and handled foreign affairs.
Consuls- Two leaders chosen from the Senate by the Assembly (1 year terms). One Consul usually ruled over the Senate while the other controlled the Army.
Law of Rome codified as Twelve Tables (written down laws)
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PUNIC WARS264- 146 B.C.E.
Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.
Carthage was the richest city in the Mediterranean
A series of three wars occurred between Rome and Carthage
During the second war, a Carthaginian general named Hannibal, crossed the Alps mountains and invaded the Italian peninsula and established small victories, but was later defeated.
These three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome.
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HANNIBAL CROSSING THE ALPS
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BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SPREAD OF
ROMAN CULTURE
Roman Republic eventually begins turning into the Roman Empire stretching from the Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)
Western Europe (Gaul -Present day France & British Isles)
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FROM CITY TO EMPIRE
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DECLINE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Roman Republic went into a civil war and was replaced by the Roman Empire.
Causes of the decline of the Roman Republic include:
1. Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
2. Farmers were unemployed and migrated to cities
3. Civil war in Rome over the power of Julius Casear.
4. Devaluation (loss of worth) of Roman currency which caused inflation
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ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF IMPERIAL ROME
Julius Caesar ended the republic and began the period of the empire.
He began to seize total power of this empire by creating the First Triumvirate which was a three person rule.
Caesar later seized total power (became dictator) before he was assassinated by senators on the Ides of March
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ROMAN EMPIREAfter his death, a second triumvirate is formed dividing the empire between Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius), Marc Antony, and Lepidus
Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius) eventually gains power after a civil war with Marc Anthony and becomes Rome’s first emperor.
Roman Empire- Unified and enlarged using imperial (with an emperor) authority and the military
HOWEVER, there was a failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors--(leads to the collapse of the Empire)
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THE PAX ROMANA
The Pax Romana was two centuries (200 years) of peace and prosperity under imperial (empire) rule
Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the near east
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ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA
Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade
Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
Promoted prosperity and stability
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SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE PAX ROMANA
Returned stability to social classes
Increased emphasis on the family
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POLITICAL IMPACT OF PAX ROMANA
Created a civil service system
Developed a uniform rule of law.
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ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY
Had its roots in Judaism
Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah
Conflicted with the polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire
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BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, AND CUSTOMS OF CHRISTIANITY
Monotheism
Jesus as both the Son and incarnation (human form) of God
NEW TESTAMENT, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians
Christian doctrine established by early church councils
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SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
Popularity of the message-- Appealed to all people (poor and rich)
Early martyrs inspired others
Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire
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IMPACT OF THE CHURCH OF ROME
The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal.
Christianity later became the official state religion
The Church became a source of moral authority.
Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.
The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME
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ART AND ARCHITECTURE Pantheon
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ART AND ARCHITECTUREColosseum
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ART AND ARCHITECTUREForum
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TECHNOLOGY
Roads
Roman Arches
Aqueducts (structures that carried waters to cities)
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CONTRIBUTIONS
Science: Ptolemy
Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools)
Language: Latin, Romance languages
Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid
Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANCIENT ROME
Law: The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)
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DECLINE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Geographic size- Difficulty of defense and administration (hard to protect Rome’s borders)
Economy- The cost of defense and the devaluation of Roman currency
Military- Army membership starting to include non-Romans, resulting in a decline of discipline
Moral decay- people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
Political problems- Civil conflict and weak administration
Invasion- Attacks on borders by Germanic TribesWednesday, November 21, 2012
DIVIDED ROMAN EMPIRE
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DIVISION OF ROMAN EMPIRE
Moved the capital, by emperor Constantine, from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople. (Rome was the capital in the West, Constantinople was the capital in the East)
Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 C.E., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
Eastern Roman Empire became known as the (Byzantine Empire)
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