ancient italy report (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Ancient Italy Gianan, Eleonor F. and Maglaqui, Ramon Joseph N.
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Facts
HistoricalBackground
City of Rome
Government
Roman Civilization
Ancient Italy Italian Deities
Roman Empire
Rome Vs Greece
Great Leaders
Timeline of RomanHistory
Landmarks
ContributionsVideos
I.T.A.L.Y.
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Official Name ² Italia
The name Italy comes from the Latin word Italia thatreferred to a territory owned by Rome.
Capital ² Rome
Official Language ² Italian
Total Land Area - 301,338 km2 (71st)116,346 sq mi
Total Water Surface ² 2.4%
Currency - Euro ()2 (EUR)
Facts about Ancient
Italy
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1. In ancient Italy, the Roman gods and goddesses played as large a
role as they did in Greece.
2. Rome was established in 753 BC.
3. The early inhabitants of ancient Italy were widely varied.
4. Engagement rings originated in ancient Italy.
5. The Pantheon dome still stands.
6. Farming is a long-held tradition in Italy.
7. Architecture from ancient Italy still survives today.
8. Clothing indicated social class in ancient Italy.
9. Divination was popular in ancient Italy.
10. Education was important to the ancient Romans.
Facts about Ancient
Italy
main
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A. MapB. Location and Climate
C. Flags and symbols
D. Etymology
E. People
Historical Background of
AncientItaly
main
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Map of Italy
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Map of Ancient ItalyBack
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Located in southern Europe.
Italy is a peninsula extending into the CentralMediterranean Sea.
It is shaped like a high-heeled boot kicking a"triangle"³the island of Sicily.
Italy borders France to the west, Switzerlandand Austria to the north, and Slovenia to theeast.
Location
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Temperate (mild) climate with regional
differences
Coastal areas have mild winters and warm,
dry summers
Mountains have cold, wet, and snowy winters
and humid summers
Climate
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DID YOU KNOW?
´Italosµ was the Greek word for bull-calf.
Because the earliest Romans used cattle as a
form of money. This ´Land of Calvesµ soon
became known as Italy.
Back
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Flag of Italy
Italy's flag is a tricolor featuring three equally sized
vertical bands of green, white and red, with the
green at the hoist side.
Meaning of National Italian Flag
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Italy¶s Flag
´Il Tricoloreµ, is a vertical tricolour with from left to
right the colours green, white and red. When used for
seafaring, the white bar in the Italy flag should have
added the combined weapons of four of the mostimportant seafaring republics of Italy.
The four most important seafaring republics in Italy
are Venica, Genua, Amalfi and Pisa. A lion represents
Pisa, Genua is represented by a red cross on a whitebackground, Amalfi and Pisa are also represented by
a cross, that of Amalfi being white on blue and Pisa
being a white cross on red background.
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Italian Symbols
War Flag Italian Emblem
The emblem comprises a white five-pointed
star, with a red border, superimposed on a
five-spoked cogwheel which stands between
an olive branch on its left and a branch of oak
on its right; the branches in turn are bound by
a red ribbon bearing the legend
"REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" (Italian Republic)
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Italian
National Anthem "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians), was
written in 1847, with lyrics by Goffredo Mameli.
Subsequently, the song is often known as L'Inno diMameli (Mameli's Hymn). When Italy united as a
nation in 1861 , the song was then known as the "March
of the House of Savoy" and it became the official
Anthem in 1947, one year after Italy was proclaimed aRepublic.
Back
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Etymology
The term Italia was borrowed through greek from the oscan Víteliú,
meaning "land of young cattle´.
The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and was often
depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during
the Samnite Wars.
The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern
Italy: according to Antiochus of Syracuse, it defined the southern portion
of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria). But by his
time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also
applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply
the name "Italia" to a larger region, but it was not until the time of theRoman conquests that the term was expanded to cover the entire
peninsula.
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Ancient People of Italy
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Ancient People of Italy
The Early Inhabitants1. Italians
The Italians proper inhabited the centre of the peninsula.
Two Branches:
Latins Umbro-Sabellians
2. Iapygians
The Iapygians dwelt in Calabria, in the extreme southeast corner of
Italy. Inscriptions in a peculiar language have here been discovered,
clearly showing that the inhabitants belonged to a different race
from those whom we have designated as the Italians. They were
doubtless the oldest inhabitants of Italy, who were driven toward
the extremity of the peninsula as the Latins and Sabellians pressed
farther to the south.
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Ancient People of Italy
The Early Inhabitants3. The Etruscans (Rasena)² The Etruscans, or, as they called themselves, Rasena, form a striking
contrast to the Latins and Sabellians as well as to the Greeks.
²Their language is radically different from the other languages of
Italy; and their manners and customs clearly prove them to be a
people originally quite distinct from the Greek and Italian races.
² Their religion was of a gloomy character, delighting in mysteries and
in wild and horrible rites. Their origin is unknown.
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Ancient People of Italy
The GreeksThe Greeks planted so many colonies upon the coasts of southern
Italy that they gave to that district the name of Magna Graecia. The
most ancient, and, at the same time, the most northerly Greek city in
Italy, was Cumae in Campania. Most of the other Greek colonieswere situated farther to the south, where many of them attained to
great power and opulence. Of these, some of the most distinguished
were Tarentum, Sybaris, Croton, and Metapontum.
The GaulsThe Gauls, as we have already said, occupied the greater part of
northern Italy, and were so numerous and important as to give to the
whole basin of the Po the name of Gallia Cisalpina. They were of the
same race with the Gauls who inhabited the country beyond the
Alps, and their migration and settlement in Italy were referred by the
Roman historian to the time of the Tarquins.
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Ancient People of Italy
Ancient Races
The Sabini aka Sabines
The Sabini inhabited the rugged mountain-country in the central chain
of the Apennines, lying between Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Latium, andthe country of the Marsi and Vestini. They were one of the most ancient
races of Italy, and the progenitors of the far more numerous tribes which,
under the names of Picentes, Peligni, and Samnites, spread themselves to
the east and south. Modern writers have given the general name of
Sabellians to all these tribes. The Sabines, like most other mountaineers,were brave, hardy, and frugal; and even the Romans looked up to them
with admiration on account of their proverbial honesty and temperance.
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Ancient People of Italy
Ancient Races
The Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, and Marrucini
The Marsi, Peligni, Vestini, and Marrucini inhabited the valleys of the
central Apennines, and were closely connected, being probably all of Sabine origin. The Marsi dwelt inland around the basin of the Lake
Fucinus, which is about thirty miles in circumference, and the only one
of any extent in the central Apennines. The Peligni also occupied an
inland district east of the Marsi. The Vestini dwelt east of the Sabines,
and possessed on the coast of the Adriatic a narrow space between
the mouth of the Matrinus and that of the Aternus, a distance of
about six miles. The Marrucini inhabited a narrow strip of country on
the Adriatic, east of the Peligni, and were bounded on the north by
the Vestini and on the south by the Frentani.
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Ancient People of Italy
Ancient Races
The FrentaniThe Frentani dwelt upon the coast of the Adriatic from the frontiers
of the Marrucini to those of Apulia. They were bounded on the westby the Samnites, from whom they were originally descended, but
they appear in Roman history as an independent people.
The Brutti
The Brutii inhabited the southern extremity of Italy, lying south of Lucania; and, like Lucania, their country is traversed throughout by
the chain of the Apennines.
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Ancient People of Italy
Ancient Races
The LatiumThe Latium was used in two senses. It originally signified only the land
of the Latini, and was a country of small extent, bounded by theTiber on the north, by the Apennines on the east, by the sea on the
west, and by the Alban Hills on the south. But after the conquest of
the Volscians, Hernici, AEquians, and other tribes, originally
independent, the name of Latium was extended to all the country
which the latter had previously occupied. It was thus applied to the
whole region from the borders of Etruria to those of Campania, or
from the Tiber to the Liris. The original abode of the Latins is of
volcanic origin.
Back
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Roman Civilization
Latin language became popular world over in the times of the Roman
civilization as the various facts about this culture were discovered in this
language.
The Romans enriched their culture with that of the Etruscans (people
from ancient Tuscany and Umbria) like gladiator wars and chariot races
etc.
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Roman Civilization
It all started as a miniscule community and rose into a large empire. The
remarkable civilization of ancient Rome has witnesses the following
realms:
Monarchy - the kind of government in which all political decisions aremade by a single leader.
Oligarchy - the kind of government in which the political powers are
conferred upon a societal group on the basis of their family status and
prosperity.
Autocracy - this kind of government is more or less synonymous tomonarchy. In this unlimited authorities are bestowed over the ruler.
The massive spread of the civilization was into Europe, Middle East and
some parts of Africa. The acceptance of the Roman culture among
people was either by force or own will.
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Roman Civilization
The three classes were as below:
Servi - These were the slaves who lived a hard life with laborious jobs.
They were the basic economy builders being ruled by the top classes.
Liberti - These were slaves who were liberated and given Romancitizenship and were known as freedmen. The freedom was granted to
the slave if he was highly educated or had delivered an exceptionally
good service for long. The slave could also buy his freedom by paying the
desired amount or possessions to the owner.
Cives - These were the topmost class who were considered to be free-
born. There were divisions within this class as well like the patricians
(having one of the 100 patriarchs as their ancestors who founded Rome)
and the plebeians (who became politically strong with their wealth).
Main
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City of Rome
Rome, - the capital city of Italy
It was the capital of roman empire until it was replaced by
Mediolanum (Milan) under the tetrarchy Emperor Maximian,
in 285. At the beginning of the 5th century, Emperor Honorius
moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire to
Ravenna.
With the founding of Constantinople, the center of the
Empire moved eastward, but the city remained central to
the Roman Empire, not only historically and culturally (if no
longer politically), but as the home to the head of the
western church, the Pope.Main
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Officials and
Magistrates
Rome was ruled by kings , who were elected from each of
Rome's major tribes in turn.
²He may have held near-absolute power, or may alsohave merely been the chief executive of the Senate and
the people.
² He was also the head of the state religion.
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Officials and
Magistrates Aedile
The aediles were Roman ministers with various duties. the
curule aedile came to be responsible for the games.
ArgentariiArgentarii were Roman money changers.
Praetors
Praetors were Roman officials who were the original
replacements for the king. Excubitor
Excubitor was a palace guard corps organized by the
Emperor Justin.
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Officials and
Magistrates Comitia Tributa ² Plebeian Assembly
The supreme power in the Roman Republic was the assembly
which was made up of all the citizens of Rome.
Magister OfficiorumThe Roman Magister Officiorum was a powerful imperial
Roman bureaucrat
Plebeian
The term plebeian is synonymous with lower class, but by thetime of Caesar, the patrician Claudius chose to become a
plebeian in order to hold an important political office.
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Officials and
Magistrates Quaestor
were financial and administrative officials in charge of the
treasury. Quaestors served as paymasters in the military.
Prefectis a type of Roman military or civil official.
Comes
Emperor·s Companion, an officer in the military whose rank
is lower than that of a master (magister) of the soldiers.
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Roman Law
The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex DuodecimTabularum, more informally simply DuodecimTabulae)
was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman
law and formed the center piece of the constitution of the Roman
Republic. The extension of the Roman empire, the increase of riches,
and consequently of crime, gave occasion to a great number of new
laws, which were distinguished by the name of the person who
proposed them, and by the subject to which they referred. The
content of this article provides interesting history, facts andinformation about life in Ancient Rome including Roman Law.
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Roman Law
The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex DuodecimTabularum, more informally simply DuodecimTabulae)
² Laws relating to debtors
² Laws relating to inheritance
² Laws relating to Marriage
² Laws relating to the Rights of a Father
² Laws relating to Property
²Laws relating to Will and Testaments
² Guardians
² Laws relating to a Women
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Roman Law
Civil Law
Civil trials, or differences between private persons were tried in the forum
by the praetor. If no adjustment could be made between the two parties,
the plaintiff obtained a writ from the praetor, which required the
defendant to give bail for his appearance on the third day, at whichtime, if either was not present when cited, he lost his cause, unless he had
a valid excuse. Actions were either real, personal, or mixed. Real, was for
obtaining a thing to which one had a real right, but was possessed by
another. Personal, was against a person to bind him to the fulfilment of a
contract, or to obtain redress for wrongs. Mixed, was when the actions
had relation to persons and things.
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Roman Empire
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire is the term used to refer the period in
Ancient Roman history and civilization when Rome and its
territories were ruled by autocratic Emperors.
The most powerful the territories of the Roman Empire
included lands in West and South Europe (the lands around
the Mediterranean), Britain, Asia Minor, North Africa
including Egypt.
The Roman Empire was established in 27 BC when Octavian,
the adoptive son of Julius Caesar, was given the title'Augustus' by the Roman Senate and became the first
emperor of Rome, known as Augustus Caesar.
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Rome Vs Greece
Gods and Goddesses
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Rome Vs Greece
GEOGRAPHY The ancient Greek city-states were
separated from each other by hilly
countryside and all were near the
water.
Rome was inland, on one side of
the Tiber River, but the Italic tribes (inthe boot-shaped peninsula that is now
Italy) did not have the natural hilly
borders to keep them out of Rome. In
Italy, around Naples, Mt.
Vesuvius produced fertile land byblanketing the soil with tephra which
aged into rich soil. There were also two
nearby mountain ranges to the north
(Alps) and east (Apennine).
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Rome Vs Greece
ART Greek art is considered superior to
(imitative) Roman art.
The goal of the classical Greek sculptors
was to produce an ideal artistic form,
where the goal of Roman artists was to
produce realistic portraits fordecoration.
This is obvious oversimplification,
especially when considering the division
of Greek art into the Mycenaean,
geometric, archaic, and Hellenisticperiods, in addition to the Classical, but
the art we associate with Greece is the
Venus de Milo, and the Roman art is
the mosaic or wall painting known
as fresco.
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DID YOU KNOW?
The Entruscans made colors for
their arts from rocks and minerals.
Crushed chalk gave them white,
charcoals gave them black and
oxidized iron granules made red.
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Rome Vs Greece
ECONOMY The economy of both Greece and
Rome was based on agriculture.
Greeks ideally lived on small self-
sufficient wheat-producing farms, but
bad agricultural practices made many
households incapable of feeding
themselves.
The Romans, who imported their
wheat and annexed provinces that
could provide them with this all-
important staple, also farmed, butthey also engaged in trade.
Both Greece and Rome worked mines.
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Rome Vs Greece
SOCIAL CLASSES
Greece
²Slaves
²Freedmen
²Metics
²Citizens²Women
Rome
²Slaves
²Freedmen
²Plebeians
²Patricians
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Rome Vs Greece
WOMEN Dealing with Athens, according to the
literature, women were valued for not
gossiping, for managing the household,
and, most of all, for producing
legitimate children. The aristocraticwoman was secluded in the women's
quarter and had to be accompanied in
public places. She could own, but not
sell property. The Athenian woman
was subject to her father, and even
after marriage, he could ask for her
return.
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Rome Vs Greece
WOMEN The Roman woman was subject to
the pater familias, whether the
dominant male in her household of
birth or the household of her husband.She could own and dispose of property
and go about as she wished. From
epigraphy, we read that a Roman
woman was valued for piety, modesty,
maintenance of harmony, and being a
one-man woman. She could be a
Roman citizen.
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Rome Vs Greece
GOVERNMENT
Originally kings ruled Athens; then an
oligarchy, and then democracy (votingby the citizens). Kings originally
governed Rome.
Rome enjoyed a mixed Republican
form of government, followed by
emperors.
Main
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
451 Rome developed the first law code, the
Twelve Tables
390 Gauls invaded and sacked Rome
31
2 Began construction of first aqueduct andfirst major road
275 Rome controlled all of Italian Peninsula
264 - 241 First War between Rome and Carthage
(First Punic War)
218 ² 201 Second Punic War with Carthage with
Hannibal leading the Carthage Army
202 Romans defeated Hannibal at battle of
Zama
200 Romans used concrete for first time in
Roman town of Palestrina
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
55 ² 54 Julius Caesar attacked Britain
49 Julius Caesar ordered to disband army -
instead began civil war
49²
45 Civil war with Julius Caesar the winner
44 Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of
March (15th )
44 ² 30 Civil war between Marcus Antony and
Octavian
42 Hortensia argued that taxes on rich women
were unfair
31 B. C. Marcus Antony and Cleopatra defeated at
battle of Actium
30 B. C. Marcus Antony and Cleopatra escaped to
Egypt and committed suicide
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
27 B. C. Beginning of Empire age with Octavian
claiming title of Augustus and assuming all
the power of the magistrates in the Roman
government-beginning of the Pax Romana
(peace of Rome)
A. D. 6 Vigils developed to protect and fight fires in
city of Rome under Augustus
A. D. 19 Pont du Guard aqueduct in Gaul ( France)
built, still stands today
A. D. 30 Jesus Christ Crucified in Jerusalem
64 Great fire in Rome - Nero blamed Christians
and began persecution
66 ² 73 Jewish Revolt
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
69 ² 96 Flavian period
79 Vesuvius erupted burying towns of Pompeii
and Herculaneum
80 Colosseum finished
121 ² 126 Hadrian's wall built in Britain
130 Hadrian ordered building of Pantheon in
Rome
96 ² 138 Empire reached greatest extent under
Emperors Trajan (96-117) and Hadrian (117-
138)
138 ² 193 Antonine Period of rulers
235 ² 285 Time of Anarchy, uncertainty who was
legitimate Emperor for much of the time
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
197 Roman soldiers given permission to marry
during tour of duty
293 Diocletian split empire into four sections
ruled by two co-emperors
303 Persecution of Christians
312 Constantine I invaded Italy and took over
with Licinius
313 Edict of Milan gave freedom of worship to
Christian church, Christianity became official
religion of Empire
324 Constantine I defeated Licinius and took
over sole rule of Empire
330 Capitol moved from Rome to
Constantinople (current day Istanbul) by
Constantine I
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Timeline of Roman
HistoryDate Event
395 Empire divided into East and West
410 Rome lost control of Britain
452 Attila the Hun invaded Italy - stayed out of
Rome as request of Pope Leo I
453 Attila the Hun died
455 Rome sacked by Vandals
476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire by
invasion of Goths
533²
554 Justinian began to recapture WesternRoman Empire
554 ² 1453 Eastern Empire survived as the Byzantine
Empire
1453 Byzantine Empire defeated by Ottoman
TurksMain
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Cultur e
Identity
- The Italians identify first with their village, this is
known as "Campanilismo" - that area visible from the
bell tower of the church in their village. "Campanile"meaning bell tower.
- But first and foremost Italians give priority to
themselves, then their families, the village, province,
region, and finally the country.
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Cultur e
Italian Family and Values
- The family is the centre of the social structure and
provides a stabilizing influence for its members.
- In the north, generally only the nuclear family livestogether; while in the south, the extended family often
resides together in one house.
- The family provides both emotional and financial
support to its members.
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Cultur e
Italian Style
- Appearances matter in Italy.
- The way you dress can indicate your social status,
your family's background, and your education level.
- First impressions are lasting impressions in Italy. The
concept of 'bella figura' or good image is important to
Italians. They unconsciously assess another person's age
and social standing in the first few seconds of meetingthem, often before any words are exchanged.
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Cultur e
Italian Style
- Clothes are important to Italians.
- They are extremely fashion conscious and judge
people on their appearance.
- You will be judged on your clothes, shoes, accessories
and the way you carry yourself.
Bella figura is more than dressing well. It extends to
the aura your project too - i.e. confidence, style,demeanour, etc.
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Cultur e
Catholicism
- The primary religion in Italy is Roman Catholic.
- There are more Catholic churches per capita in Italy
than in any other country.
- Although church attendance is relatively low, the
influence of the church is still high.
- Many office buildings will have a cross or a religious
statue in the lobby.- Each day of the year has at least one patron saint
associated with it.
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Cultur e
Catholicism
- Children are named for a particular saint and
celebrate their saint's day as if it were their own
birthday.
- Each trade and profession has a patron saint.
- The church promulgates hierarchy, which can be
seen in all Italian relationships.
- They respect and defer to those who are older, thosewho have achieved a level of business success, and
those who come from well-connected families
Back
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Food and Bever ages
Pizza- It was popular food in ancient Rome. Many historical evidences reveal a
pizza was relished by ancient historians Cato the Elder and Herodotus. In
olden days, a pizza was baked on a hot stone. Later it was consumed
with vegetable or meat stew. Sometimes pizzas were seasoned with herbsand spices.
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Food and Bever ages
Tuscan Roast BeefThis dish has some similarity to Canadian roast beef, but the preparation
is very different. It is best prepared with rump roast, but you can use top
sirloin as well. Serve as a main course with roasted root vegetables and
fennel.
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Food and Bever ages
Mozzarella Cheese
is made of water buffalo·s milk.
Provolone Cheeseis made of cow·s milk.
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Foods and Bever ages
Hard-boiled Spaghetti
Hard-boiled egg with spaghetti sauce.
Food in the old days of poor people.
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Foods and Bever ages
GnocchiThese small dumplings are one of the oldest preparations in the history of
food, recorded as far back as cookbooks of the thirteenth century. In a
fragment of a book of the 1300s there is a recipe for gnocchi written in
the Tuscan dialectal language.
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Foods and Bever ages
PastaFresh pasta is dough made of flour and water and is present in most
cultures and on all continents. Dry pasta began in Italy and embarked
from there to conquer the world.
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M i d H
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Marr iage and Home
Lif e
The father was head of the household and
was called paterfamilias.
Women were not entirely without rights, but
they never became full citizens.
Widow women had a big difference with
women that are married.
Parents arranged marriages for their children.
Back
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Money
The aureus a goldcoin of ancient
Rome valued at 25
silver denar ii.
the denarius was a
small silver coin
The sestertius was
a br onze coin. The dupondius was
a br ass coin
Back
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Clothing
Toga
The toga was the standard dress
for all Romans. This was a long
sash like garment, which is about6 meters in length. The toga was
wrapped around the body and
was made of wool. This kind of
ancient Roman clothing found its
base in the formal dress robe
that was used by the Etruscans.
The classic toga was always worn
over a tunic.
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Clothing
Different types of togas were worn by people of
different social rank:
Toga Praetexta: Characterized by a purple stripe, worn by
curule magistrates as well as boys until the age of 15 or 16.
Toga Virilis: The plain toga of a typical citizen. Worn by boysafter age 15 or 16.
Toga Picta: A crimson toga embroidered with gold, donned by
victorious generals in triumphal processions and the emperors.
Toga Candida: A toga given a shiny, glossy look by rubbing
it with chalk, worn by people running for public office. Toga Pulla: Made of natural black wool and worn in funerals.
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Clothing
Stola
The stola was only worn by the
women in ancient Rome. The
stola was created on similar lines
of the toga. The toga was almostlike a large blanket wrapped
around the body and the stola
was rectangular in shape. When
draped around the body, it
formed as a long garment that
reached the ground. The stolaalso included pleats for the
garment and was also worn over
a tunic.
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Clothing
Tunics/TunicaThe Romans also wore garments that
were known as the tunics or the tunica
which were around knee length. These
were long and resembled the Tee shirts
because they were loose andcomfortable and also made generally
of linen. The unmarried women also
wore the tunica but it was styled
differently. Women also had to cover
their head in the ancient days as per
the customs and traditions. Little boys
in Rome also wore tunics, which went
all the way down to their knees. These
were often styled in white color and
with a crimson border.
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Clothing
CloaksOne can see that the Romans also used
a variety of cloaks that formed an
important part of their attire. Cloaks
such as the palla (worn over the tunic
or the toga), the panenula (simplecloak), the laena (double coat) and
the lacerna (military cloak) were some
of the varieties that were used by the
Romans.
Colors often dictated the social statusof the people in Rome. The Romans
were quite particular about their
dressing which included accessorizing
and even styling their hair.
Women in particular loved to
wear ornate necklaces, bracelets
with the Roman clothing.
Men wore a personalized signet
ring, as other forms of jewelrywere considered not really
suitable for men. Hairstyles were
also elaborate and the use of
false hair can be seen since the
ancient days. This was done toincrease the thickness of the hair.
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Clothing
Cloaks
Apart from the ancient Roman
clothing, the footwear also
denoted the status of the person
in the society. One of the typicalpatterns of the Roman sandals
that are used even today is the
tie up fashion. In ancient Rome,
such a sandal had a leather sole
and the lace was used to wind
around the legs. The thickness of the sandals always indicated the
quality of the shoes. The various
strata of society wore various
types of Roman sandals.
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Clothing
Trousers
The Romans initially wore neither
stockings nor breeches, but used
sometimes to wrap their legs and
thighs with pieces of cloth calledfrom the parts which they
covered, tibialia and feminalia.
This later changed in the period
of the Roman Empire when
soldiers wore trousers or
breeches.
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DID YOU KNOW?
Men went to special shops to have the hair on
their arms removed. A mixture of bats· blood
and hedgehog ashes was popular for getting
rid of unwanted hair.
Back
Worshipping the
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Wor shipping the
Gods
Romans worshipped the same gods as the
Greeks, but with another name.
They use Animals to predict if there will be
something good or bad that will happen.
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Religion
Christianity
Because of Jesus being executed under
roman law. His death inspired the spread of the
Christian Religion throughout the Empire.
Back
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Italian Deities
Anteros
Italian-Roman god of love
and passion. He was,specifically, the god of
mutual love and would
punish those who did not
return love.
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Italian Deities
Aradia
Italian witch goddess. She
came to earth to teach hermother Diana's magic.
Symbolizes the air element,
the moon.
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Italian Deities
Astraea
Italian goddess of truth and
justice. Also known as
Astria.
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Italian Deities
Carmen
Italian goddess of spellcasting and
enchantments.
Cel
Italian god of death and theunderworld.
Comus
Italian god of revelry, drinking, and
feasting.
Copia
Italian goddess of wealth plenty.
Corvus
Italian messenger god.
Fauna
Italian goddess of the earth, wildlife,forests, and fertility. Symbolizes
prosperity as well.
Faunus
Roman and Italian god of woodlands.Symbolizes love. Also known as
Pan [Greek].
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Italian Deities
Frebruus
Italian god of purification,
initation, and of the dead.
Fortuna
Italian goddess of fortune, fate,destiny, blessings, luck, and fertility.
Often invoked when one wants to
receive money by chance, like in a
lottery or contest.
Jana
Italian goddess of the moon.
Jove
Italian-Roman sky god.
Lethns
Italian earth and nature deity.Invoke during sky, water, or
element of earth, or for divination.
Lucifer
Italian god of sun and light.Brother and soulmate of Diana,
father of Aradia.
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Italian Deities
Lucina
Italian goddess of childbirth.
Lupercus
Italian god of agriculture, wolf-
god.
Marica
Italian goddess of agriculture.
Nox
Italian goddess of the night.
Pertunda
Italian goddess of sexual love.
Umbria
Italian goddess of shadows and
things which are hidden or secret.
Uni
Italian goddess of witchcraft.
Vertumnus
Roman-Italian god of fruits.
VirbiusItalian god of outlaws and
outcasts; the guardian of
sanctuaries.
Main
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Landmar ks
The Pantheon The Pantheon stands as the most
complete Roman structure on earth,
having survived 20 centuries of
plunder, pillage and invasion.
The original Pantheon was arectangular temple built by Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of
Augustus, the first Roman emperor,
as part of a district renewal plan in
27-25 BC.
The Pantheon contains the tombs of
Rafael and of several Italian Kings.
Pantheon is a Greek word meaning
"to honor all Gods."
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Landmar ks
Roman Forum The Roman Forum (also
known as the Foro Romano, in
Italian, or just the Forum) is
one of the Top Ancient Sites in
Rome as well as one of the Top
Rome Attractions for visitors.
The Forum was the center of
political, religious, and
commercial life of ancientRome and provides insight into
the splendor that once was the
Roman Empire.
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Landmar ks
The Capitoline Hill The Capitoline Museums in
Rome, or Musei Capitolini, were
established by Pope Clement
XII in 1734, making them the
first museums in the world
open to the public. Actually
one museum spread out in two
buildings ² the Palazzo dei
Conservatori and the PalazzoNuovo ² the Capitoline houses
numerous artistic and
archeological treasures that
help to tell the story of Rome.
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Landmar ks
Piazza Navona
It built as a stadium in the first
century for athletic contests
and chariot races, PiazzaNavona is lined with luxurious
cafes and Baroque palaces and
is the home to three lavish
fountains. It was laid out in the
15th century on the ruins of the
stadium.
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Landmar ks
The Palantine Hill The area of the Palatine is about 25
acres. It is the central hill of the
seven hills of Rome. It was the first
hill area to become a settlement.
Much of the Palatine has not beenexcavated, except for the area
nearest the Tiber. The residence of
Augustus (and Tiberius, and
Domitian), the Temple of Apollo
and temples of Victory and the
Great Mother are there. The exactlocation on the Palatine of Romulus'
home and the Lupercal cave are
unknown.
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Landmar ks
Baths of Diocletian The Baths of Diocletian, once
covering 32 acres, were the largest
public baths or thermae in ancient
Rome. Opened in 306 AD, the baths
were used for more than 200
yearsand accommodated up to 3000
bathers. Besides baths and pools,
there were two libraries, a garden,
and an exedra, probably used as a
theater, where Piazza della
Repubblica is today. The baths wererichly decorated with marble,
sculptures, and floor mosaics.
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Landmar ks
Baths of CarcallaAt the foot of the Aventine
hill are the monumental ruins
of the Baths of Caracalla,
used from the Second to Sixth
century AD. Taking a bathwas a social event for the
people of ancient Rome and
the huge complex could hold
up to 1600 bathers! Besides
baths, they held an array of facilities such as a gym, art
galleries, gardens, and shops
selling food and drinks.
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Landmar ks
CatacombsCatacombs are interesting
burial places in Italy and
some of the best are in Rome.
Mazes of undergroundtunnels were used to bury
thousands of bodies and
some of them are open to the
public for tours. Here are the
best places to visit catacombs
in Rome.
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Landmar ks
The Colosseum of Rome The Colosseum, sometimes
spelled "Coliseum", was built
between 70 and 82 AD in the
heart of Rome. It was called
the Amphitheatrum Flaviumor Flavian Amphitheater
because it was built by the
the Flavian emperors,
Vespasian and Titus. Some sayis was able to hold 87,000
spectators, but more likely it
was around 50 ,000 , still
monumental for the time.Main
ROMAN ARMY
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ROMAN ARMY
The Roman army has 2 forms:
² Infantry (on foot)
² Cavalry (on horseback)
The Roman Legion
A roman legion consisted of about 5,000 foot-
soldiers. Before going to war, this legion was
divided into groups and called a century with100
men was led by a commander called centurion.
Besides the weapon that they carry food for 3 days
and tools for making camps.
ROMAN ARMY
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ROMAN ARMY
The conquest of ancient Rome depended on
its well-trained army, a powerful fighting
force that marched across much of the known
world pushing out the Empire·s frontiers.
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G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
The Year of the Four
Emperors 68 - 69 ADBeginning of the
Flavian Dynasty
Galba - "The old man the first in the Year of
the four Emperors"Otho - "The greedy ruler who lasted just three
months´
Vitellius - "The man who killed his dissolute
son´
Vespasian - "The Emperor who built the
Colosseum´
Main
G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Flavian Dynasty 69AD -
96AD
Vespasian
Titus - "The Emperor who destroyed the temple in
Jerusalem"
Domitian - "The evil emperor who murderedthousands of Christians"
List of Five Good Emperors
and the Nervan / Antonine
Dynasty
(96²192)
Nerva - "The first of the Five Good Emperors"
Trajan - "The Emperor who left the legacy of
Trajan's market and Column"
Hadrian - "The Emperor who built Hadrian's Wall"
Antoninus Pius - "The Excellent Emperor"Marcus Aurelius - "The Philosopher, last of the
Five Good Emperors"
Main
G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Antonine Dynasty Lucius Verus - ruled jointly with Marcus Aurelius
Commodus - "More savage than Domitian, more
foul than Nero".
Year of the Five Emperors(192 - 193)
Pertinax - "The Emperor who was murdered bythe Praetorian guard"
Didius Julianus - "The man who paid to become
Emperor"
Pescennius Niger - "The Black Emperor"
Claudius Albinus - "The Emperor who made a
bad deal"Septimius Severus - "Emperor who increased the
Praetorian Guards to 50 ,000"
Main
G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Severan dynasty
(193 - 235)
Septimius Severus
Caracalla - "The common enemy of mankind."
Geta "The hated brother of Caracalla..."
Macrinus - "The Praetorian guard who killed
Caracalla."
Diadumenian (son of Macrinus) - "Boy-Caesar -
killed when he was 10 years old"
Elagabalus - "He married a Vestal Virgin and
then took a husband."
Alexander Severus - "He who revoked all former
edicts against the Christians"
Main
G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Crisis of the Third Century
Year of the Six Emperors(238)
Start of th
e BarracksEmperors
(238 - 268)
Maximinus Thrax - "The Thug."
Gordian I - "The Octogenarian."
Gordian II - "Co-Emperor with his father´
Balbinus -"The Orator and Poet.´
Pupienus - "The Disciplinarian.´
Gordian III - "Grandson Of Gordian I and Nephew
Of Gordian II"
Barracks Emperors
(238 - 268)
Philip the Arab "Philip and Severa - the first
Christian imperial couple"
Philip II - "The boy emperor who died in his mother'sarms"
Pacatian - "The Usurper from Bulgaria.´
Jotapian - "The Usurper from Syria.´
Trajan Decius - "One of the most cruel persecutors of
the Christians"
Main
G t L d
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Barracks Emperors
(238 - 268)
Herennius Etruscus - "Killed by a Goth's arrow"
Hostilian - "The Emperor who died from the
Plague´
Trebonianus Gallus - "The Emperor, the Plague,the Persians and the mutiny"
Volusian - "The son who was raised to the position
of Joint Emperor"
Aemilian - "Three months as Emperor, then
death´
Valerian - "The Emperor who was skinned andstuffed with manure"
Gallienus - "Famine, Plague and the 'Thirty
Tyrants"
Main
Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Gallic Emperors
(260 - 273)
Salonina Augusta (Empress)
Valerian II
Saloninus
MacrianusQuietus
RegalianusPostumus
Laelianus
Marius
VictorinusTetricus I
Tetricus II
Main
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Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Roman Empire split into
the
Western and Eastern
Roman Empire in 285AD
Constantinian dynasty(285 - 364)
Constantius I - "The Emperor who recovered
Brittania."
Galerius - "Emperor who persecuted Christians
and then begged for their prayers"Severus II - "The Emperor who was murdered at
Tres Tabernae."
Maximinus - "Killed in Tarsus with his wife and
children ."
Maxentius (usurper)
Valerius RomulusDomitius Alexander (usurper) - "The usurper
Emperor of Africa."
Licinius I - "The Emperor who fought against
Constantine the Great."
Main
Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Roman Empire split into
the
Western and Eastern
Roman Empire in 285AD
Constantinian dynasty(285 - 364)
Licinius II - "The Son of the Emperor who plotted
with the Goths."
Valerian Valens - "The Emperor whose death
formed part of a peace treaty."Sextus Martinianus - "Executed on orders from
Constantine"
Constantine the Great - "The Christian Emperor
who united the Empire."
Crispus - "The Caesar who was falsely accused of
treason."Constantine II - "Killed fighting over territory
with his brother."
Constans - "The Emperor who was put to death by
an ambitious soldier."
Main
Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Roman Empire split
into the
Western and Eastern
Roman Empire in285AD
Constantinian dynasty
(285 - 364)
Constantius II "The second and worst of the sons of
Constantine the Great"
Delmatius
HannibalianusMagnentius
Decentius (usurper) "The Usurper Emperor who hung
himself."
Vetranio "The Emperor who was stripped of the purple."
Nepotian "The Emperor who had his head paraded on a
spear."
Constantius Gallus "His pardon failed to reach the
executioner."
Julian the Apostate "The Last non-Christian Roman
Emperor."
Jovian "The Emperor who re-established Christianity"
Main
Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Valentinian dynasty
(364 - 394)
Valentinian I "The Emperor given to fits of rage."
Valens "The Emperor who allowed the Goths to settle on
Roman territory."
Procopius (usurper) "The last of the Constantinian dynastydies..."
Gratian "The Emperor who was deserted and murdered
by his soldiers."
Valentinian II "The Emperor who was strangled to death."
Theodosius I "The Emperor who resisted the Barbarians."
Magnus (usurper) "Was this Emperor the nephew of Old
King Cole?"
Flavius Victor "The Usurper whose mother was a Queen of
the Britons"
Eugenius "Executed by beheading"
Arcadius "The Emperor who hired Alaric the Goth"
Main
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Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Emperors of the
Western Empire
(394 - 476)
Ioannes "Captured, mutilated and killed in the Roman
Circus."
Theodosius II
Valentinian III "The Vandals were coming and so wasAttila the Hun"
Marcian "The Emperor who refused to recognize the
emperors of the West"
Petronius Maximus "The Assassin Emperor"
Avitus "The Emperor who was backed by the Visigoths"
Leo I "Known as 'the great Thracian' by friends, 'the
Butcher' by his enemiesµ
Majorian "The Emperor who gained victories over the
Franks & Vandals"
Libius Severus "The Puppet Emperor who was probably
poisoned"
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Great Leaders
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Great Leaders
LIST OF ROMAN EMPERORS
DYNASTY ROMAN EMPERORS NAMES
Emperors of the
Western Empire(394 - 476)
Anthemius "The Emper or who believed that he
was a victim of sor cer y´
Olybrius "Pawn of Ricimer , who died of dr opsy"
Glycerius "The Exiled Emper or "
Julius Nepos "The Emper or who was killed by the
man he had deposed"
Romulus Augustus "The Last Roman Emper or "
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Contr ibutions to the
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Society Christianity
Rights of Women
Architecture
Art
Political System Military Force
Latin
Optical lasses
Mechanical clock
Barometer andThermometer
Piano, Violin, Cello
Screws
Columns
Shampoo
Public pool/bath
Sewer system Modern wedding
tradition
Concrete
Pizza
Modern calendar Literature
Classical music
Wine
Roman Numerals
Census
Aqueduct
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DID YOU KNOW?
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DID YOU KNOW?
That roman emperors did not wear crowns
like kings. Instead, they wore laurel wreaths
on their heads. These had once been given to
generals to celebrate victories in battles.
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