ancient indian myths or futuristic invention ideas
TRANSCRIPT
Journal of Bharatiya Boudhik Sampada, Vol.42, July 2012
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Ancient Indian Myths or Futuristic Invention Ideas
A.S. Nene
Retired Professor of Civil Engineering, V.N.I.T. Nagpur
Abstract: The paper presents few futuristic invention ideas which are hidden in
ancient Indian texts and scriptures such as Veda, Purana, and Shilpsamhita etc.
Introduction: At present one can notice two groups of intellectuals. The first
group claims that all the present inventions were known to Indians and were
recorded in ancient Indian texts or scriptures. But the other group rejects this
claim and according to this group all such information is nothing but myths
without any scientific or technical background.
During compilation of information related Civil Engineering in ancient India,
many reference with futuristic invention potentials, were located. Only few such
references are presented in this paper.
Futuristic invention ideas: These ideas are grouped under three heads.
1- Related to Botany
§ Silver or Gold shining liquid for metals: Trees of Palash (Flame of
forest- Butea frondosa) are abundantly present in India. Flowering of
the trees occur in summer months around Holi festival. Ancient text
Aushadhikalplata mentions that “if juice of flowers, treated with sulfur,
when rubbed on copper metal surface, the surface shines as gold.
Similarly, decoction of mixture of flowers juice and Hartal is used to
make silver like lead metal (Ref. Pade, pp.213).
§ Herbal hair remover: Shami (Sprung tree - Prosopis spyicigers ) tree
seed are enclosed in 30 cm long beans. Ancient texts mention that “if a
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paste, of dry seed with milk, is applied on skin it acts as hair remover.
(Ref. Pade, pp 389).
§ Herbal Algaecide: Water treatment process involves removal of algae
from raw water. Ancient texts mention that “if a wooden block of
Jamun (Java Plum- Syzygium Cumini) tree is placed in raw water it
kills algae within 24 hours”. (Ref. Pade, pp 170). If this information is
found correct, inorganic algaecides can be replaced by organic one that
will have no effects on human health.
§ De-plasticizer: The main difference between floors of wheat and Jawar
is their plasticity. Jawar floor cannot be rolled to make chapattis.
Ancient texts mention that “if juice of cucumber is added to wheat
floor, it looses its plasticity. (Ref. Pade, pp 81). If such de-plasticizers
are developed, it would be a boon to agriculturists and civil engineers.
Damages due expansion and contraction of expansive soils (cracking
of building on Black cotton soils) can be controlled.
2- Related to Rock mechanics
The rock temples of south India are excellent examples of intricate carving. One
can see stone chains or moving stone earrings at such temples. Such intricate
carvings appear to be impossible, unless these stones were softened first and re-
hardened afterwards. Stone idols to be used for idol making must be intact and
free from micro-crack invisible to eyes.
§ Detection of defects in rocks
The stones, to be used for idol preparation were carefully inspected. Microscopic
defects, which are invisible to eyes, were detected by applying some herbal
paints so that the defects are clearly visible. Dye penetrate inspection (DPI), a
modern technique is used to detect micro cracks or other faults in metal casting.
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Shilparatna Ch. 14 and Varahsamhita describe an ancient procedure for
preparation of four herbal paints, and is given below.
§ Mix and grind equal parts of Ativish , Hirakas and Geru in milk, apply this
paint to stone and allow to dry overnight.
§ Mix and grind equal parts of Hirakas and Chor in milk and apply this
paint to stone and dry for three days.
§ Mix and grind equal parts of Jatamasi, Kusht, Gabha and Ratree in decoction
of Trifala, apply this paint to stone and dry for three days.
§ Mix and grind equal parts of Jatamasi, Rog and Ashwamari in rainwater
mixed with milk,
Apply one of above mentioned paint to stone and allow it to dry for three days. Such
paints were used to detect micro cracks or fissures.
§ ADAMANTINE GLUES
The subject of preparation of adamantine glue was closely connected with
construction of temples. A bonding agent was very essential for fixing idols or in
wall construction, when cement and other modern materials were unknown.
Even now, these glues were known as Astabandha, are prepared in temple
premises for fixing or re-fixing images of gods. Four such glues were described
in ancient texts. One formula or method is described below. Table [1] shows the
ingredients for adamantine glue.
Table 1- Ingredients
Sn Sanskrit English/ Latin 1 Tinduka Fruits of Diospyros paniculata 2 Kapittaka Feronia elephantum 3 Shalmali Flowers of silk cotton 4 Sallaki Seeds of Boswellia serrata 5 Dhanavana Barks of Orris root 6 Vacha Barks of Orris root
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7 Shrivasaka A tree resin used as incense 8 Raktabola Myrrh 9 Guggulu Commiphora roxburghii 10 Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium 11 Kunduruka Deodar tree resin 12 Atasi Linum usikatissimum 13 Bilvaphal Fruits of Aegle marmelos
Ingredients (1-6) are boiled 256 parts of water until the decoction reduces to an
eighth of its original volume (i.e. 32 Parts).
The sediments were mixed with other substances (7-13). The resulting paste is
termed as adamantine glue. This glue is heated and then used in construction of
temples, mansions, walls and wells as well as fixing Siva’s emblems and idols of
gods. This mortar was expected to last for a million years.
3 - Related to soil stabilization
The stabilized soils were mainly used for adobe construction (mud walls, bricks,
pottery, plastering, and flooring).Such soils were also used for outer coats of
idols and other objects. Many references, from Vedic period (5000 BC) to 15th
century AD, about soil stabilization methods are available.
§ Natural soil plasticizers
Nowadays Concrete plasticizers are used to increase workability of a concrete.
Natural soil plasticizers were similarly used in ancient India to improve the
quality of soil to be used for different purposes. The functions of these natural
soil plasticizers were to,
• Increase the plasticity with the same water content
• Increase the water repellent property
• Increase the strength by increasing the density.
• Impart glazing to pottery products.
The various types of ancient plasticizers can be grouped as;
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• Herbal extracts -Decoction of certain herbs such as Trifala were used. Trifala is
mixture of equal quantity of dry powdered Aamla (Emblica officinalis) Hirda
(Teminalia chebula) and Behada (Teminalia Billerica) The decoction (or kwath) is
prepared by boiling the solution of Trifala in water, till the volume of liquid is
reduced to one-forth of its original volume. The solution is cooled before
application. (Ref. Shilpa Ratna)
• Fruit extracts- The pulp of certain Indian fruits, such as Wood apple (Kapittha-
Limonia acidissima), Holy tree (Bilwa-Aegle marmelos) Tendu (Tinduk-Dioscoreo
peniculata) etc is highly sticky. The pulp of such fruits is added tosoil and allowed
for maturation for a minimum period on 30 days and the mixture has to be
thoroughly kneaded frequently (once a day). Ref Aparajitpruccha .
• Barks of tress- Dry barks of certain milky trees, such Shrivruksha (Turpentine
tree) or Palash (Flame of forest tree-Butea frondosa) etc as are boiled in water to
prepare a decoction. Vastu Vidya Savyakhya, Ref.13
• Natural fibers - Natural fibers were added to soil. The fibers were obtained
from flowers and fruits of Shalmali (silk cotton tree), coir, jute, flax etc.
Sakaladhikar.
• Natural polymers - Various natural polymers used to be added to ancient
construction materials (mud, lime, mortars paints etc). These polymers were
green algae, moss, coconut water, cow-dung, pastes of black gram, Jaggaery
solution etc. Tantrasamuchhyaya
§ Brick making
Yajur Veda, Chapter 13 mentions a name of Sage Medhatithi as a designer of
bricks (Eshtika) which were used to construct Yajna Kund (sacrificial fire tank).
Yajurvedsamhita mentions about method of preparation bricks and a special type
of pot (Ukha). The soil was stabilized by adding hairs of goat, fine sand, iron slag
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and stone dust. This soil is used for making square bricks. More details are
available in Ref.16 (Kulkarni, R.P.)
§ Adobe floors
Floors made from poured and toweled mud, are softer and warmer to the touch
than tiles or cement, and carry the rich colors of natural earth. Various additives
have been tested to make adobe floors easy to create and maintain. One additive
is made from psyllium hulls, or commonly known as Isabgol. This additive makes
the mud easy to work and acts as a binder when the floor dries. It reduces
cracking and increases strength.
Case Studies
Two case studies are presented to explain ancient stabilization methods.
A. Gadhi soils: These are special types artificially stabilized soil. Such soils were
mainly used for construction of Gadhis or Havelis of rich persons. Such Gadhis ill
exist in many parts of Maharashtra (India). The soils from such abandoned
building are now commonly used by poor persons for mud plastering. Such soils
possess some thixotropic properties and impart great strength on drying. The
constituents and procedures of preparations were secrets till recent times. The
main constituents of Gadhi soil are local soil, fine sand, cow dung, lime, extracts
of Belphal (Holy tree fruit-Aegle marmelos), fibers of jute and water for mixing.
The mixture is allowed to mature for a minimum period of 30 days and kneaded
everyday. If a clay ball of prepared soil does not does not disintegrate when
immersed in water, then the procedure is considered successful. Recent at Latur
earthquake showed that houses constructed with Gadhi soils were more earthquake
resistant.
B. Mud flooring. : The Padmanabhapurum palace in Kerala was constructed
around 1601 A.D by Kulasekhara Perumal. It has unique flooring. The black
lustrous floors of the palace are still so shiny that one can see one’s reflection in
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them. But it is not the glitter of mosaic, granite or marble. The floors were made
of a material that is unique blend of burnt coconut shells, lime, palm toddy, the
whites of eggs and crushed extracts of certain barks of trees and nuts. Modern
engineers and artisans are still unable to replicate the flooring.
CONCLUSIONS
From the review of ancient Indian literature presented herein, it can be
concluded that,
1. All information available in Ancient Indian texts and scriptures contain many
hidden futuristic ideas. Such ideas should be verified with modern research
methodology and experimentations.
2. Many of the ancient Indian techniques may not be relevant as modern
methods and materials are more cost effective. But one must appreciate the
ancient Indian knowledge which was centauries ahead of that available in rest of
the world.
3. Kautilya (350 B.C - 283 B.C) has advised that "One should review the past with
modern perspective-Naven Anaamn Shodhayet". Hence there is a need to preserve
this treasure of ancient Indian traditions.
REFERENCES
1. Aparajitprichha- (12th to 13th Century A.D.), Bhuvana Dev Acharya,
Gaikwad Oriental Series ~No. 65 (51.28).
2. Kulkarni, R.P (1973), "Bharatiya Shilpa Sastra aur mitti ka sthirikaran", Journal
of Institution of Engineers Hindi section, Vol .53.
3. Manasollas -1113 AD text, edited by Shri G K Shrigondekar, Published by
Gaikkwad Oriental Series No. 28, Baroda
4. Pade S.D. (1973), “Vanoushadhi Gunadarsh “ , Marathi book, Pub. Rajesh
Prakashan, Pune.
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5. Sakaladhikar, - Ed by V.G. Iyengar, Published by Saraswati Mahal Library,
(1973), Thanjavur. TSM Series No. 141
6. Shilpratna-(16th Century, A.D.), Shrikumar, Gaikwad, Oriental Series 23
Baroda.
7. Tantrasamuchhyaya-(1428 A.D.) Anantha Shayana Sanskrit Series No. 151
8. Varahsamhita- Brihatsamhita (5000 BC) Pub. By Khemraj Shrikrishnadas,
Bombay (1945).
9. Vastu Vidya Savyakhya - Pub. By Trivendrum Sanskrit Series No. 142,
Trivendrum.
10. Yajurved Samhita (B.C.2500), Published by M/s Khemraja Krishnadas New
Delhi.
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