ancient greece: development of democracy based on geography, why did greek government organized into...
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Ancient Greece: Development of DemocracyBased on Geography, why did Greek government organized into a Polis system and not an empire?
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Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy
• Peninsula +2000 islandsLong distance sea trade, communication
• City states (700 BCE): separate governments (Polis), common culture (olympics, alphabet, pottery, arts).
• Slaves: mostly captured in war
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Criteria for Democracy?(Demos=people; Cracy=rule by)
• Citizenship• Popular participation• Common law• Juries• Branches of government (separation of power)?• Class system?• Gender equality?• Slavery?• All participate?• Church-state separation?
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• Different governments among city states: Monarchy (single king), Aristocracy (landowning nobility), Oligarchy (merchant-artisan elite)
• Limited Democracy in Athens: 3 branches
Rule by men with property
Common law
Assembly of all citizens: all can propose and vote on laws
Executive: Council of 500 men, chosen by lot
Courts: Juries (varied in size), but no attorneys nor appeals
Pericles: 461-429 BCE (rule)—paid officials, direct democracy (not representation)
• Gender inequality
Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy
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Parthenon and Lincoln Memorial
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Theater at Epidarus, 350 BCE
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• Individualism: excellence in ability: can improve, create own destiny, ascribe success to self—not gods
• Reason: humans can solve problems of universe, explain cause and effect (rather than supernatural forces)
• Civic Humanism: citizens have political duty to serve
• Human perfection in art: heroic, public
• Alexander the Great: spreads Greek ideas (“Hellenization”)
Athenian Democracy: Humanism
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Sophocles, imitation of Greek Bronze, 4th century BCE.
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Discobolus (Roman copy of bronze original), 450 BCE
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Plato versus Aristotle
Plato
• Guardians=philosophers
• Don’t mix philosophers with cobblers and carpenters
• Oligarchy
Aristotle
• Inequalityenvy, hatred, violence
• Most should be middle class
• Government works best when no inequality and run by all people
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• Militaristic state:
• Peloponesian wars—struggle between Athens and Sparta. Later join under Delian League to defend against Persians (more than 140 cities).
Sparta and Oligarchy
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Unit IV: Faith and Empire in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece, Rome and Monotheistic Belief
Overview of Classical Greece, 2000—300 BCE
• Socrates killed for his ideas
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Ancient Greece versus Jewish Gods
Greek Gods
• Each had different human qualities
• Interacted with each other
Jewish God
• Created humans in likeness of God
• Embodied understanding of good and evil
• Interact with humans
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Ancient Greece: Birth of DemocracySolon, 594 BCE
• No citizen shall own another
• 4 social classes; top 3 hold office, all participate in assembly
• Any citizen could bring suit against other
Cleisthenes, 500 BCE
• Organized citizens by district, not wealth
• All citizen could submit laws to assembly
• Council of 500: members chosen at random
• Citizens were male, Athenian property owners—women, slaves, foreigners excluded
Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE• Increase number of paid officials• Direct democracy• Leaders chosen by lot• 3 Branches of government
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Ancient Greece: Birth of DemocracyGolden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE
• Increase number of paid officials
• Direct democracy
• Leaders chosen by lot
• 3 Branches of government
Humanism: Law made by people, higher than any individual
Civic Humanism: Responsibility to participate
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Tragic-comedic depiction of Herakles slaying Bousiris, 470 BCE
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Funerary statue, 525 BCE
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The Poseidon of Artemision. Bronze. God about to hurl trident against adversary (Zeus?).460-450 BCE.
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Empire of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenism, 4th century BCE
Alexandria, EgyptGhandara region, India
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Hellenism: the spread of Greek influence by Alexander the Great
Language
Libraries
Art
Trade
Universities
Science (astronomy, mathematics, physics,
Literature
Alexandria, Egypt
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Classical Greek statue
Classical Buddhist statue from India
Buddha from Ghandara region of India
Alexander the Great reached the Indus River in 326 BCE