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Funerarymask ofTutankhamun

1327 BCGold inlaid withglass andsemiprecious stones

Cairo Museum

NewKingdom

18th Dynasty

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Ancient Egypt

Timeless Traditions in Art & Architecture

Excerptfrom theBook of theDead, NewKingdom

flashcard

Shows weighingfeather of Maat vs.heart of dead

Annubis balancesscale, Horus takes Kato Isis

Afterlife guide to helptransition

Painted papyrus

Found in tombs

Geography & Ancient Egypt

• Nile River - floods, fertile Delta• Farming, irrigation systems• Complex political systems developed• Seas & deserts protected the civilization

from invaders… stable civilization forthousands of years

• Very advanced civilization

How does Ancient Egyptcompare with other civilizations?

• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02&region=afe

• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02&region=wam

How does Ancient Egyptcompare with other civilizations?

VotiveStatue,2700 BCE

AncientNear East

Sumer

Detail of Head of Khafre, 2490BCE (from Temple/Pyramid)

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How does Ancient Egyptcompare with other civilizations?

VotiveStatue,2700 BC

AncientNear East

Sumer

Great Pyramids of Giza, 2500BCE

Ziggurat of Ur, 3100 BCE

Why do we know so much aboutAncient Egypt?

• Dry climate, tombs = survival of art & artifacts• Rosetta stone - decoded language• Herodotus- Greek historian, 500 BC (religious)• Menathos’ list, 3rd century BCE- grouped kings into dynasties

between 3000 & 300 BCE• Strabo visited Alexandria, 100 BC• Emperor Hadrian of Rome-took antiquities in 130 AD• Middle ages - Bible studies• 1798-99: Napoleon - military & scholarly visits• Archaelogical excavations & POPULAR interest ever since!!

Rosetta Stone

196 BC

Religious decreeof PharoahTalmee(Cleopatra)

Greek, demotic,hieroglyphicwriting

20 yrs todecipher

Flashcardimage Rosetta Stone

• Jean Francois Champillon, French linguist& Dr. Thomas Young, English scientist…found Cleopatra’s name on the stone

• Discovered in early 1800s, took years todecode

• Champillon spoke Coptic, figured outsounds, which led to birth of Egyptology

Stone Writing….

• Rosetta Stone 196 BC

• Stele of Hamurrabifrom 1750 BC

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Scepter, 1960s, GhanaEgyptian Iconography

Egypt United: Old KingdomBegins in 3000 BCE

• Dynasty I : Palette of King Narmer• In pre-dynastic Egypt, each village had own gods• King Narmer united upper & lower Egypt (see

crown symbols united)

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Palette of KingNarmer, 3000-2920 BCE

Commemoratesunification ofEgypt

Conqueredmarch dwellers

Hierarchy ofscale

Hierakonpolis / EgyptianMuseum, Cairo

Palette of Nar-mer

Side 2

Goddess Hathoron both sides-Horus helping King

Marching to viewheadless bodies

Long necked lionssymbolizeunification

Eye makeupwell onpalette

Palette of Narner Firsts

1. Depicted figure in twistedperspective… lasted 3000 yrs

2. Low relief sculpture in registerswith groundlines (1st in Egyptianart)

3. Unifed Egypt; depicted beginningof the Old Kingdom; transitionaway from Paleolithic farmingvillages

4. Religious iconography.

Palette of Narmer

3000 BCEVictory Stele of Naram-Sin,2621 BCE

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Palette of Naner

3000 BCEVictory Stele of Naram-Sin,2621 BCE

Egyptian figurative conventions

Used for approximately 3000 yrs

Twisted Perspective

REMEMBER THE ART MADE THEWORLD VIDEO???

How does this perspective reflect theirculture and civilization????

Pyramids & Tombs• 80 pyramids were built

• Began with the Mastaba (means Bench).. Mud brick tombs used in theOld Kingdom

• Egyptians believed that Isis ruled the underworld and judged deadsouls; Ka lived forever

• Death & resurrection

• Important to preserve/mummify bodies and to provide for life in the nextworld

Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, III Dynasty. , 2630 BCE 1st large scale stonebuilding in world, build over mastaba. 14 gateways, facades of buildings.Columns mimicked bunches of reed with papyrus tops.

Significant: 1st large scale building EVER in world

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Flashcard image - Great Pyramids of Giza

IV Dynasty (Old Kingdom) Khafre, Khufu, Menkaure. Granite and limestone

Size: height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m)

How Pyramids Were Built

• http://touregypt.net/construction/construc.htm

2 million blocks, 1-2 tons each! How did they get them up there?

Great Sphinx, believed to bea portrait of Khafre. Originallypainted & had a beard.

Valley temple ofKhafre Menkaure and Queen

Khamerernebty

Medium: Graywacke with traces red & black paint54½ inches highDate: Fourth Dynasty (ruled 2490–2472 BCE)

OLD KINGDOMSource/Museum: from Giza / Museum of FineArts, Boston Harvard University–MFA Expedition

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Equal scale

Embrace

Sheer dress onQueen

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Pepy II and HisMother, QueenAnkhnes-Meryre

Egyptian alabaster15¼ X 9 13/16"

Date: Sixth Dynasty, c.2323–2152 BCE

Source/Museum: TheBrooklyn Museum of Art,New York

She ruled until hewas old enough,carved morenaturalistically

Arms posed awayfrom side.. Lesspermanence

Seated Scribe(FLASHCARD)Painted limestone; eyes of rockcrystal mounted in copper

Size: height 21"

Date: Fifth Dynasty, c.2450–2325 BCEOLD KINGDOM

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Shows how differentclasses wereportrayed.

Much smaller thanstatues of Pharoahs,etc. (21” vs life size orover sized”

Limestone, not moreelegant materials

The Middle Kingdom

• 1975-1640 BCE (intermediate thru 1520)• Mentuhop (11th Dynasty) kings reunited

Egypt.• Powerful, unified govt w/ strong military• Arts & literature flourished• Portraiture became more sensitive &

realistic

Head of Senusret IIIYellow quartzite17¾ X 13½ X 17"Middle KingdomTwelfth Dynasty, c.c. 1836–1818 BCE

More realistic

Looks tired,older

Dynamic Kingwho led 4expeditions intoNubia;overhauledadministration

Rock-cut tombs, Beni Hasan.Middle KingdomDate: Twelfth Dynasty, c.1938–1755 BCE

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Pectoral of Senusret II, Gold and semiprecious stonesDate: Twelfth Dynasty, c 1938–1755 (ruled c 1842–1837 BCE)

Tomb of Princess Sithathoryunet, el-Lahun. / The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

“May the sun god give eternal life to Senusret II” … ankh, falcons, cobras, Ra…

Hippopotamus, Middle Kingdom, 12th dynasty. Made of faience. GoddessTaweret?

Stele of Amemhat I, 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom)… Portrays daily family life. Foundin his tomb. 11” x 15”

The New Kingdom

• 1539-1075 BCE• Hykkos invaded; 18th Dynasty reunited kingdom• Thutmose III (1st Pharoah) expanded Egypt into

present day Syria• Trade with near East• Built New Kingdom Temples & tombs to glorify

kings / Pharoahs

Ruins of the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, Egypt

(New Kingdom, 1579 BCE)

Symmetrical & Axial Design (processional path)

Covered area size of 60 football fields; hypostyle hall w/ lots of columns

Statues of gods clothed and “fed” daily by priests

Added to by various Pharoahs; sacred lake, coronation rooms

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Flower & Bud columns

Hypostyle Hall

Great Temple of Amun atKarnak

http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/experience/IntroductionToTheTempleOfKarnak/1

Queen Hatshepsut Enthroned

New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE

FLASHCARD IMAGE

20 year reign, 1st female Pharoahportrayed in art

Sometimes shown as male w/falsebeard

Led diplomacy with Punt

Built incredible funerary templepositioned against high cliffs, orientedtowards Karnak

Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir El-Bahri

1473 BCE (New Kingdom)

Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamum, 1400 BCE(New King.), fragment of wall painting, BritishMuseum

•18th dynasty

•Suggests distance &movement

•Animals, butterfliesnaturalistic

•Wife/daughtersmaller thanNebamum (hierarchyof scale)•Hieroglyphic: enjoying himselfand seeing beauty, (Foreveryoung?)

•Marsh symbolizes rebirth

•Cat can symbolize deity huntingenemies of light and order

Flashcard image, not in book

Amarna Period: Revolution inArt and Religion

• 1353-1336 BCE• Changed name to Akhenaten (one who is effective for

Aten, a god)• 1st Monotheist in Egypt: Worshipped Aten (sun god)• New capital in Tell el-Amarna• Changed typical Egyptian figurative style in artworks• Promoted glass making

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Akhenaten, Colossal Figure, locatedat Temple of Karnak (16 ‘ tall)

Long face, thin neck, swollen belly,somewhat androgynous looking.

Built temples to Aten.. Sun disk, opencourtyards

Wife Queen Nefertiti was priestess

Truth (Maat) emphasized… morerealistic artwork and informalsituations.

Akhenaten & his Family, 1353 BCE (New Kingdom), painted limestone sunken relief

How is this

Relief so

Different?

Queen Tiye, New Kingdom

Funerary piece of yew wood,ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis,cloth, clay & wax

Entire sculpture was 1/3 lifesize

Older woman, mom ofAkhenanten

Married for love.

Played key role in affairs ofstate husband Amenhotep III.

Realistic style; African features

Queen Nefertiti

(flashcard)1302-1234 BCE

18th Dynasty/

New Kingdom

Painted limestone

21” (life size)

Tomb found in 1904.Most impressiveQueen’s tomb found

Fave wife ofRamses III

Diplomacyw/Hittites

“mother ofkings”

Book of Dead

Shown w/GodHorusfrequently

Egyptians mastered glass blowing & faience

Tutankhamun & Ramses II:Return to Tradition

• Priesthood of Amun regained former power a few years afterAkhenaten’s death

• Tutankhaten = Tutankhamun (changed name)• Court moved back to Thebes• Tutankhamun’s tomb discovered in 1922-incredible riches captured

public imagination (died young)• Ramses II built mighty empire.. Peace with Hittites• Amazing Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel (see Object Speaks in

book)

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Flashcard image

Funerarymask ofTutankhamun

1327 BCGold inlaid withglass andsemiprecious stones

Cairo Museum

NewKingdom

18th Dynasty

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Inner Coffin of Tutankhamun’s SarcophagusGold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stonesEighteenth Dynasty, 1332–1322 BCE, New KingdomSource/Museum: Tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings, near Deir el-Bahri / Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Temple of Ramses II at AbuSimbel

4 65 foot statues of Ramses

Association w/Gods, Religious &political power

QueenNefertrari,wife ofRamses II,shown behindhis leg

Hieratic scale?

Judgment of Hunefer before Osiris, Scene from Book of the DeadPainted papyrus, height 15⅝ " (39.8 cm), Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE NEW KINGDOMIllustration From a Book of The Dead. The British Museum, London

KNOW RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE, HOW THIS WAS USED!

Eater waits forjudgment

Feather of Maat vs.Heart

Osiris, king ofunderworld

Mummy wrapping of a young boyMedium: Linen wrappings with gilded stuccobuttons and inserted portrait in encaustic onwoodSize: height of mummy 53⅜ " (133 cm) portrait9½ X 6½"Date: Roman period, c. 100–120 CE

AFTER NEW KINGDOM ENDED, ROMANRULE

Source/Museum: Hawara / The BritishMuseum, London

Conventions of Roman painting not Egyptian