ancient architecture
DESCRIPTION
Ancient Architecture. Interior Design II. Egyptian 3000 BC to Roman period. Funerary Buildings – Created for Monarchs & Nobles Stepped Design Granite, limestone, and sandstone - Both sun-dried and kiln-dried bricks were used extensively - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Egyptian 3000 BC to Roman period
Funerary Buildings – Created for Monarchs &
Nobles Stepped Design Granite, limestone, and
sandstone - Both sun-dried and kiln-dried bricks were used extensively
Hieroglyphics were decoration as well as records of historic events.
Egyptian
Temples Columns/Colonnades (post &
lintel) First stone capital = papyrus
flower Nile floods deposit fine clay,
allowing ceramic arts to develop early
Sandstone, limestone, & granite available for obelisks, sculpture, and decorative uses.
Ramps – build on the way up, decorate as it’s taken down
Mesopotamia – Babylon, Assyria, Persia
Planned city building, cobblestone streets, and architecture itself have their beginnings here
Mud brick on a raised plinth (platform base)
Walls are ornamented on the outside with alternating pilasters and recesses
Flat roofs, supported on palm trunks, (assumed)
Ziggurat
Greek
The temple is the best known form of Greek architecture.
These biggest and most beautiful buildings reflect the importance of religion.
The political purpose - to celebrate civic power and pride.
Beauty lies in ratios & proportions = The Golden Mean
The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing.
Doric Ionic Corinthian
The Doric style is sturdy and the capital is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.
The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.
The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves.
Greek Buildings were usually a
cube or a rectangle made from limestone which was cut into large blocks.
Marble was readily available. It was used mainly for sculptural decoration, only used as structural in the very grandest buildings of the Classical period.
Etruscans700 B.C. – 280 B.C. (Fall of Rome)
Palaces, public buildings, and early temples made of wood and brick, so nothing remains.
The Etruscans also built aqueducts, bridges, and sewers which were built so well they still exist today.
Etruscan
Etruscans are credited with the true stone arch
Etruscan architecture was really the beginning of Roman architecture.
Roman
Roman art and architecture shaped by extensive borrowing, first from Etruscans, then from Greece.
One architectural technique that came into use by experimentation was the arch and vault.
Roman
To support the tremendous weight of the arches, it was necessary to transmit the force of gravity from the top of massive piers to the foundation of the arch. The Romans achieved this feat through the use of the Keystone block.
Roman
Circular structures were common as well, exemplified by the Temple of Vesta, the Pantheon and the Castel Sant'Angelo.
Roman
The word "arena" is Latin for sand. Sand was spread across the amphitheater fighting floor to soak up blood.
Early Christian Early Christian builders
adapted structures that had long been used in the Hellenistic and Roman worlds. (recycled buildings)
Adistinct emphasis was placed on the centralized plan, which was of round, polygonal, or cruciform shape.
Early Christian
Developed from Roman secular basilica
Rectangular space separated by two rows of columns making a nave and two side aisles
Separated clergy from congregation
Byzantine
A continuation of Roman and early Christian architecture.
Eventually combined architecture of the near east, with the Greek cross plan for the churches.
Ancient America - Mayan
Monumental construction
Buildings erected on platforms
Upper walls decorated with continuous frieze
Lime stucco painted vivid colors
Mayan
Every day dwellings were rectangular Two doorways were placed directly opposite
each other to allow for the free flow of air.
Romanesque
Romanesque is characterized by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, cruciform piers supporting vaults, and groin vaults.
The great carved portals and church facades
Stone sculpture seems reborn in the Romanesque.
Romanesque
Romanesque seems to have been the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent. Merchants, nobles, knights, artisans, and peasants crossed Europe and the Mediterranean world for business, war, and religious pilgrimages, carrying their knowledge of what buildings in different places looked like.
Gothic
Originating in northern France (Denis) in the twelfth century, Gothic spread rapidly across the continent and England, then invaded Scandinavia, confronted the Byzantine provinces.
Made appearances, under the aegis of crusader and explorer in the Near East and the Americas.
By 1400 it had subsumed many types of structures.
Gothic There is no fixed set
of proportions in the parts, and no standard relationship between solid and void. The result is a distortion.
Gothic Light, open and aerial. Emphasizes verticality Features almost skeletal stone
structures Great expanses of glass
(stained) Sharply pointed spires Flying butresses Ribbed vaults Pointed arches Inventive sculptural detail
Renaissance
Rebirth of classical art and learning
Classical orders, round arches, and symmetrical composition
The golden mean
Renaissance
The ideals of art and architecture became unified in the acceptance of classical antiquity and in the belief that humanity was a measure of the universe.
The rebirth of classical architecture, which took place in Italy in the 15th century and spread in the following century through Western Europe, terminated the supremacy of the Gothic style.
Chinese
Simple, rectangular, low-silhouetted buildings
Stone and brick for permanent structures
Wooden frameworks on platforms with nonbearing screen walls
India
All surviving architecture is stone
Post and lintel, brackets and corbels
Rhythmical multiplication of pilasters, cornices, moldings, roofs, and finials
Overgrowth of sculpture decoration
Japanese Exclusively timber Strong Chinese
influence Pavilion structures
with nonbearing walls Tiled, hipped roofs are
widely projecting and upward turning.
Garden
References: http://architecture.about.com/library/bl-babylon.htm http://archnet.org/library/sites/ www.earchinfo.com/architecture/egyptian.htm http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554529/Renaissance_Art_and_A
rchitecture.html http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm http://www.greatbuildings.com/ http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/architecture/etruscans.htm http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/
greek_architecture.htm http://www.lookeducation.com/ancient-architecture-mesopotamia.html http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/worlds_intertwined/etruscan/
architecture.shtml http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/org/orion/eng/hst/hist.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_architecture