ancient and classical china
DESCRIPTION
ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL CHINA. The Sage Kings Gave the Chinese “civilization” King Yao A virtuous ruler bringing harmony to society King Shun Regulating the four seasons, Invented weights, measures, and units of time King Yu Rescued China from raging floods of the Yellow River Legendary? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Sage KingsThe Sage Kings Gave the Chinese “civilization”Gave the Chinese “civilization” King YaoKing Yao
A virtuous ruler bringing harmony to society A virtuous ruler bringing harmony to society King ShunKing Shun
Regulating the four seasons,Regulating the four seasons, Invented weights, measures, and units of time Invented weights, measures, and units of time
King YuKing Yu Rescued China from raging floods of the Yellow RiverRescued China from raging floods of the Yellow River
Legendary?Legendary? Legends reflect values of societyLegends reflect values of society Many may prove true!Many may prove true!
The Xia DynastyThe Xia Dynasty Considered historical by ChineseConsidered historical by Chinese Possibility that the Sage Kings were from the Possibility that the Sage Kings were from the
Xia DynastyXia Dynasty
APPEARANCE OF HUMANS IN APPEARANCE OF HUMANS IN EAST ASIAEAST ASIA BeginningsBeginnings
Over two hundred thousand years ago Over two hundred thousand years ago Domesticated Domesticated ricerice
Around 7000 B.C.E. Around 7000 B.C.E. In the valley of the Yangzi River In the valley of the Yangzi River
MilletMillet cultivation cultivation In the valley of the Yellow RiverIn the valley of the Yellow River Also around 8000 BCE Also around 8000 BCE
Wheat Wheat and and barleybarley Became staple foods of north China by 2000 Became staple foods of north China by 2000
B.C.E. B.C.E. Two Hearths?Two Hearths?
Genetic and archaeological evidence says Genetic and archaeological evidence says yesyes
Northern hearth (Yellow R) ethnically Northern hearth (Yellow R) ethnically ChineseChinese
Southern hearth (Yangzi R) ethnically Southern hearth (Yangzi R) ethnically PolynesianPolynesian
EMERGENCE OF CHINESE SOCIETY 2EMERGENCE OF CHINESE SOCIETY 2NDND MILLENNIUM BCEMILLENNIUM BCE Agricultural villages Agricultural villages
Appeared in the valleys of the two riversAppeared in the valleys of the two rivers Society was patriarchalSociety was patriarchal Fathers dominated familiesFathers dominated families Elder males ruled villageElder males ruled village Males performed religious sacrifices Males performed religious sacrifices
Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions Towns and small statesTowns and small states Appeared in north China during 2Appeared in north China during 2ndnd millennium millennium
B.C.E. B.C.E. Three dynastic states in the valley of Yellow Three dynastic states in the valley of Yellow
River:River: Xia Xia ShangShang ZhouZhou
EARLY AGRARIAN EARLY AGRARIAN SOCIETYSOCIETY
The Yellow River The Yellow River Water source at high plateau of Tibet Water source at high plateau of Tibet Loess soil carried by the river's water, hence Loess soil carried by the river's water, hence
"yellow" "yellow" River was "China's Sorrow" as it flooded River was "China's Sorrow" as it flooded
uncontrollably uncontrollably LoessLoess: rich soil, soft, easy to work: rich soil, soft, easy to work
Neolithic societies after 5000 B.C.E. Neolithic societies after 5000 B.C.E. YangshaoYangshao society, 5000-3000 B.C.E. society, 5000-3000 B.C.E.
Excavations at BanpoExcavations at Banpo village: fine pottery, bone tools village: fine pottery, bone tools LongshanLongshan culture: 3000 – 2000 BCE culture: 3000 – 2000 BCE
ANCIENT CHINAANCIENT CHINA
XIA DYNASTYXIA DYNASTY• Archaeological Evidence Archaeological Evidence
• Discovery of Discovery of XiaXia is still in preliminary is still in preliminary stagestage
• Archaeologists have found some tombs Archaeologists have found some tombs • Chinese scholars believe it existed Chinese scholars believe it existed
• Supposed HistorySupposed History• Established about 2200 B.C.E. Established about 2200 B.C.E. • Legendary King YuLegendary King Yu
• TThe dynasty founderhe dynasty founder• A hero of flood control A hero of flood control
• Erlitou: possibly the capital city of the XiaErlitou: possibly the capital city of the Xia
XIA CHINAXIA CHINA
THE THE SHANGSHANG DYNASTY: 1766- DYNASTY: 1766-1122 B.C.E.1122 B.C.E.
Arose in the North ChinaArose in the North China Along Yellow RiverAlong Yellow River Between Ordos Bulge and Mouth of Yellow RiverBetween Ordos Bulge and Mouth of Yellow River
EvidenceEvidence Many records, material remains discovered Many records, material remains discovered BronzeBronze metallurgy, monopolized by elite metallurgy, monopolized by elite Vast network of walled towns Vast network of walled towns Agricultural surpluses supported large troops Agricultural surpluses supported large troops
Shang SocietyShang Society Shang-kings were warriors Shang-kings were warriors
Constant struggle with nobles for powerConstant struggle with nobles for power The Shang capital moved six timesThe Shang capital moved six times
Small Shang elite ruled large common Small Shang elite ruled large common populationpopulation
Lavish tombs of Shang kings Lavish tombs of Shang kings Contained chariots, weapons, bronze goods Contained chariots, weapons, bronze goods Sacrificial human victims, dogs, horsesSacrificial human victims, dogs, horses
SHANG CHINASHANG CHINA
MANDATE OF HEAVENMANDATE OF HEAVEN The right to rule granted by heavenThe right to rule granted by heaven
Zhou justified their overthrow of Shang Zhou justified their overthrow of Shang Ruler called "the son of heaven" Ruler called "the son of heaven" Only given to virtuous, strong rulersOnly given to virtuous, strong rulers To lose mandate = someone else should To lose mandate = someone else should
rulerule Replacement of dynasties = Dynastic CycleReplacement of dynasties = Dynastic Cycle
Signs one had lost mandateSigns one had lost mandate Corruption, heavy taxesCorruption, heavy taxes Lazy officials and rulersLazy officials and rulers Revolts, invasions, civil wars, crime Revolts, invasions, civil wars, crime Natural disastersNatural disasters Society develops bad morals, habitsSociety develops bad morals, habits
THE THE ZHOUZHOU DYNASTY: 1122-256 DYNASTY: 1122-256 B.C.E.B.C.E.
The rise of the Zhou The rise of the Zhou The last Shang king was a bad ruler The last Shang king was a bad ruler The Zhou forces toppled the ShangThe Zhou forces toppled the Shang
Political organization Political organization Adopted Adopted decentralizeddecentralized administration administration Used princes and relatives to rule regions Used princes and relatives to rule regions ConsequencesConsequences
Weak central government with ceremonial Weak central government with ceremonial functionsfunctions
Rise of regional powers; often called Rise of regional powers; often called feudalismfeudalism Constant rivalry between warring families, Constant rivalry between warring families,
noblesnobles
THE ZHOU MAPTHE ZHOU MAP
The Chinese movement which grew out of Confucianism, and which sought to establish order with harsh penalties for crimes and violations was: Daoism Legalism Buddhism Shintoism Ancestor veneration
Please take out your 2 pages
of notes over Han China
For Tomorrow p. 160 – The Long Reign of the Han
(164)2 pages of notes
For Fridayp. 164 – Imperial Parallels (168)2 pages of notes
In class next week, you will be writing a paper comparing and contrasting the Han Empire in China to the Roman Empire in Europe. You will not be able to use the book, but you will be able to use any notes you have written beforehand.
Just sayin’…..
"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness--That to secure these Rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from
the Consent of the Governed."
For the first time, more blacks are coming to the United States from Africa than during the slave trade.Since 1990, according to immigration figures, more have arrived voluntarily than the total who disembarked in chains before the United States outlawed international slave trafficking in 1807. More have been coming here annually - about 50,000 legal immigrants - than in any of the peak years of the middle passage across the Atlantic, and more have migrated here from Africa since 1990 than in nearly the entire preceding two centuries.
Master You said: “Those who are filial to their parents and obedient to the elder brothers but are apt to defy their superiors are rare indeed; those who are not apt to defy their superiors, but are apt to stir up a rebellion simply do not exist. The gentleman applies himself to the roots. Only when the roots are planted will the Way grow. Filial piety and brotherly love are perhaps the roots of humanity, are they not?”
Zi-Wa said: “He who loves worthy men instead of beautiful women; who, in service to his parents, can exert all his energy; who in serving the sovereign, can exhaust his talents; and who, in associating with friends, is truthful to his word – although others may say he has not learned, I will surely say he has learned.”
The Master said: “In governing a thousand-chariot state, be reverent to your duties and truthful; economize expenditure and love men; employ the people at proper times.”
The Master said: “A gentleman who is extensively learned in culture and restrains himself with the rituals is not likely to betray.”
THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN AND THE THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN AND THE DYNASTY CYCLEDYNASTY CYCLE
THE FALL OF THE THE FALL OF THE ZHOU ZHOU
Iron metallurgy Iron metallurgy Iron technology spread; 1st millennium B.C.E. Iron technology spread; 1st millennium B.C.E. Iron weapons were cheaper to produce than bronzeIron weapons were cheaper to produce than bronze Helped regional aristocrats to resist the central powerHelped regional aristocrats to resist the central power Feudal state of Qin mastered iron technology, Feudal state of Qin mastered iron technology,
weapons weapons Nomadic invasion sacked capitalNomadic invasion sacked capital
Prior period called Western ZhouPrior period called Western Zhou Capital moved to Loyang beginning Eastern ZhouCapital moved to Loyang beginning Eastern Zhou
Warring StatesWarring States Period Period (403-221 B.C.E.) (403-221 B.C.E.) Territorial princes became more independent Territorial princes became more independent
States warred one with anotherStates warred one with another Rise of Sun Tzu as military strategistRise of Sun Tzu as military strategist
Rise of Qin state Rise of Qin state Qin began conquering rivalsQin began conquering rivals Created vast army, no one able to stop Qin kingsCreated vast army, no one able to stop Qin kings
Last Zhou king abdicated his position in 256 B.C.E. Last Zhou king abdicated his position in 256 B.C.E.
FAMILYFAMILY Central to Chinese culture: kinshipCentral to Chinese culture: kinship Veneration of ancestorsVeneration of ancestors
Belief in ancestors' presence, continuing influence Belief in ancestors' presence, continuing influence Burial of material goods with the dead Burial of material goods with the dead Offering sacrifices at the graves Offering sacrifices at the graves Eldest males presided over rites honoring Eldest males presided over rites honoring
ancestorsancestors Only males could perform religious duties Only males could perform religious duties
Filial PietyFilial Piety Young must respect elders without questionYoung must respect elders without question Elders always right, make decisionsElders always right, make decisions
Patriarchal society Patriarchal society During Neolithic times, Chinese society = During Neolithic times, Chinese society =
matrilineal matrilineal Rise of states, war due to men's contributionsRise of states, war due to men's contributions After Shang, not even queens merited temples After Shang, not even queens merited temples
THE SOCIAL THE SOCIAL ORDERORDER
The ruling elites The ruling elites Royal family and allied noble families at the top Royal family and allied noble families at the top Their lavish consumption of bronze products, silk Their lavish consumption of bronze products, silk Hereditary aristocrats with extensive landholdingHereditary aristocrats with extensive landholding Most of the land owned by the king, noblesMost of the land owned by the king, nobles
Peasants, the majority of population Peasants, the majority of population Called the “Called the “meanmean” people” people Landless peasants provided labor Landless peasants provided labor Lived in small subterranean houses Lived in small subterranean houses Wood, bone, stone tools commonWood, bone, stone tools common Iron spread in 6th century B.C.E. Iron spread in 6th century B.C.E.
Women’s WorldWomen’s World Wine making, weaving, silkworm raising Wine making, weaving, silkworm raising Managing household, raising childrenManaging household, raising children Elite women vs. poor womenElite women vs. poor women
Peasants
Nobles
Imperial Family
OTHERSOTHERS Specialized labor Specialized labor
Free artisansFree artisans Artists, musiciansArtists, musicians Craftsmen in great demand Craftsmen in great demand Served the needs of ruling elites Served the needs of ruling elites
Merchants, trade were important Merchants, trade were important Jade from Central Asia, tin from SE Asia Jade from Central Asia, tin from SE Asia A few pieces of pottery from IndiaA few pieces of pottery from India Merchants ranked socially lower Merchants ranked socially lower
Slaves Slaves Mostly war prisoners Mostly war prisoners Performed hard work Performed hard work Became sacrificial victimsBecame sacrificial victims
Suspicious towards ForeignersSuspicious towards Foreigners
Slaves
Artisans
Merchants
CONFUCIAN SOCIAL HIERARCHYCONFUCIAN SOCIAL HIERARCHY
Confucian Scholar Official
Meritocracy
CHINESE POPULAR CHINESE POPULAR RELIGIONRELIGION
Customary beliefs and practiceCustomary beliefs and practice As old as civilization in ChinaAs old as civilization in China Never encouraged/discouraged by stateNever encouraged/discouraged by state
Syncretic in natureSyncretic in nature Will absorb many different traditionsWill absorb many different traditions Blends all major ideas, philosophiesBlends all major ideas, philosophies Exists in harmony with official philosophies, faithsExists in harmony with official philosophies, faiths
Believes gods, spirits (Believes gods, spirits (shenshen) influence family, world) influence family, world Power over world affairsPower over world affairs Deceased members of community, familyDeceased members of community, family Deified figures of history, literatureDeified figures of history, literature Spiritual embodiment of nature, geographySpiritual embodiment of nature, geography
Maintenance of family shrines, community templesMaintenance of family shrines, community temples Prayers, supplicationsPrayers, supplications Food offeringsFood offerings Shamanism and divination are practicedShamanism and divination are practiced
EXPANSION OF EXPANSION OF CHINACHINA
The Yangzi valleyThe Yangzi valley The longest river of China The longest river of China Two crops of rice per year Two crops of rice per year Dependable and beneficial to farmersDependable and beneficial to farmers
Indigenous peoples of South ChinaIndigenous peoples of South China Ancestors of the Malayo-PolynesiansAncestors of the Malayo-Polynesians Many assimilated into Chinese society Many assimilated into Chinese society Some pushed into hills, mountains Some pushed into hills, mountains Many migrated to Taiwan, Vietnam, Many migrated to Taiwan, Vietnam,
ThailandThailand State of Chu (Conquered by Qin)State of Chu (Conquered by Qin)
Emerged in the central Yangzi regionEmerged in the central Yangzi region Challenged the Zhou for supremacyChallenged the Zhou for supremacy Adopted Chinese waysAdopted Chinese ways
CONFUCIUS’ SEARCH FOR ORDERCONFUCIUS’ SEARCH FOR ORDER ConfuciusConfucius (551-479 B.C.E.) (551-479 B.C.E.)
A strong-willed man, from an aristocratic family A strong-willed man, from an aristocratic family Traveled ten years searching for an official post Traveled ten years searching for an official post Educator with numerous disciples Educator with numerous disciples Sayings compiled in the Sayings compiled in the Analects Analects by disciples by disciples
Confucian ideas Confucian ideas Fundamentally moral and ethical in character Fundamentally moral and ethical in character Restore political and social order; stress ritual Restore political and social order; stress ritual Formation of Formation of junzijunzi - "superior individuals" - "superior individuals" Edited Zhou classics for his disciples to studyEdited Zhou classics for his disciples to study
The key Confucian concepts The key Confucian concepts RenRen - a sense of humanity - a sense of humanity LiLi - a sense of propriety - a sense of propriety XiaoXiao - filial piety - filial piety Cultivating of Cultivating of junzijunzi for bringing order to China for bringing order to China 5 Relationships and filial piety as basis of 5 Relationships and filial piety as basis of
societysociety
UNIFICATION OF UNIFICATION OF CHINACHINA
The Qin State and DynastyThe Qin State and Dynasty Partially sinified pastoralists, perhaps even TurkishPartially sinified pastoralists, perhaps even Turkish Located in west China and adopted Legalist policies Located in west China and adopted Legalist policies Encouraged agriculture, resulted in strong economy Encouraged agriculture, resulted in strong economy Organized a powerful army equipped with iron Organized a powerful army equipped with iron
weapons weapons Conquered other states and unified China in 221 Conquered other states and unified China in 221
B.C.E.B.C.E. Qin Shi Huang diQin Shi Huang di
King of Qin proclaimed himself First Emperor, 221 King of Qin proclaimed himself First Emperor, 221 B.C.E. B.C.E.
Established centralized imperial ruleEstablished centralized imperial rule Held sons of nobles as hostagesHeld sons of nobles as hostages Demolished nobles castles Demolished nobles castles Project of connecting and extending the Great WallProject of connecting and extending the Great Wall 700,000 people worked on project; 100,000 killed700,000 people worked on project; 100,000 killed
Legalism Legalism The doctrine of statecraft The doctrine of statecraft
Promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient Promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient approach approach
No concern with ethics and morality No concern with ethics and morality No concern with the principles governing natureNo concern with the principles governing nature
Doctrine used by Qin dynasty Doctrine used by Qin dynasty Shang YangShang Yang (ca. 390-338 B.C.E.) (ca. 390-338 B.C.E.)
A chief minister of the Qin state A chief minister of the Qin state His policies summarized in His policies summarized in The Book of Lord The Book of Lord
ShangShang Was executed by his political enemies Was executed by his political enemies
Han FeiziHan Feizi (ca. 280-233 B.C.E.) (ca. 280-233 B.C.E.) Student of Xunzi, became the most articulate Student of Xunzi, became the most articulate
Legalist Legalist A synthesizer of Legalist ideasA synthesizer of Legalist ideas Forced to suicide by his political enemies Forced to suicide by his political enemies
The state's strength The state's strength Agriculture Agriculture Military force Military force Discouraged commerce, education, and the Discouraged commerce, education, and the
arts arts How to treat peopleHow to treat people
Harnessing self-interest of people for needs Harnessing self-interest of people for needs of stateof state
Called “carrot and stick” approach in west Called “carrot and stick” approach in west Called for harsh penalties even for minor Called for harsh penalties even for minor
infractions infractions Advocated collective responsibility before law Advocated collective responsibility before law
Not popular among the Chinese, Not popular among the Chinese, Chinese used legalism if state threatenedChinese used legalism if state threatened Legalism still doctrine common to ChinaLegalism still doctrine common to China
Suppressing the resistance Suppressing the resistance Bitterly opposed, was opposed by Confucian scholarsBitterly opposed, was opposed by Confucian scholars Buried 460 scholars alive because of their criticism Buried 460 scholars alive because of their criticism
against the Qin against the Qin Burned all books except some with utilitarian value Burned all books except some with utilitarian value
Policies of centralization Policies of centralization Standardization of laws, currencies, weights, measures Standardization of laws, currencies, weights, measures Standardized scripts: tried to create uniform languageStandardized scripts: tried to create uniform language Creates a uniform writing system but not language Creates a uniform writing system but not language
Tomb of the First Emperor Tomb of the First Emperor The tomb was an underground palace The tomb was an underground palace Excavation of the tomb since 1974 Excavation of the tomb since 1974 Terracotta soldiers and army to protect tombTerracotta soldiers and army to protect tomb
The collapse of the Qin dynasty The collapse of the Qin dynasty Massive public works generated ill will among people Massive public works generated ill will among people Waves of rebels overwhelmed the Qin court in 207 B.C.E. Waves of rebels overwhelmed the Qin court in 207 B.C.E. A short-lived dynasty, left deep marks in Chinese historyA short-lived dynasty, left deep marks in Chinese history
THE EARLY HAN THE EARLY HAN DYNASTYDYNASTY
Liu Bang Liu Bang A general, persistent man, a methodical A general, persistent man, a methodical
planner planner Restored order, established dynasty, 206 Restored order, established dynasty, 206
B.C.E. B.C.E. Han was long-lived dynastyHan was long-lived dynasty Early Han policies Early Han policies
Sought middle way between Zhou and QinSought middle way between Zhou and Qin Royal relatives were not reliableRoyal relatives were not reliable Returned to centralized rule Returned to centralized rule
Martial Emperor (141-87 B.C.E.) Martial Emperor (141-87 B.C.E.) Han Wudi ruled for 54 years Han Wudi ruled for 54 years Pursued centralization and expansionPursued centralization and expansion
HAN HAN STATECRAFTSTATECRAFT
Han centralizationHan centralization Adopted Legalist policies Adopted Legalist policies
Built an enormous bureaucracy to rule the empire Built an enormous bureaucracy to rule the empire Continued to build roads and canals Continued to build roads and canals Levied taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries Levied taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries Imperial monopolies on production of iron and salt Imperial monopolies on production of iron and salt
Established Confucian educational system for training Established Confucian educational system for training bureaucrats bureaucrats
Confucianism as the basis of the curriculum in imperial Confucianism as the basis of the curriculum in imperial university university
Thirty thousand students enrolled in the university in Later Thirty thousand students enrolled in the university in Later Han Han
Han imperial expansion Han imperial expansion Invaded and colonized northern Vietnam and Korea Invaded and colonized northern Vietnam and Korea Extended China into central Asia Extended China into central Asia
Han organized vast armies to invade Xiongnu territory Han organized vast armies to invade Xiongnu territory Han enjoyed uncontested hegemony in east and central AsiaHan enjoyed uncontested hegemony in east and central Asia
MAPPING HAN MAPPING HAN CHINACHINA
HAN SOCIAL STRUCTUREHAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE• Patriarchal, patrilocal households averaged five Patriarchal, patrilocal households averaged five
inhabitantsinhabitants• Large, multigenerational compound families also Large, multigenerational compound families also
developed developed • Women's subordination (Ban Zhao Women's subordination (Ban Zhao Admonitions for Admonitions for
Women)Women) • Cultivators were the majority of the populationCultivators were the majority of the population• Differences apparent between noble, lower class womenDifferences apparent between noble, lower class women• Scholar bureaucrats: Confucian trained bureaucratsScholar bureaucrats: Confucian trained bureaucrats
• Officials selected through competitive testingOfficials selected through competitive testing• Used to run the government in Early HanUsed to run the government in Early Han
• Scholar GentryScholar Gentry• Confucian bureaucrats intermarried with landed eliteConfucian bureaucrats intermarried with landed elite• New class comes to dominate local, national officesNew class comes to dominate local, national offices• Strongest in late HanStrongest in late Han
• Merchants held in low social esteemMerchants held in low social esteem
COMMERCE, COMMERCE, INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
Iron metallurgyIron metallurgy Farming tools, utensilsFarming tools, utensils WeaponsWeapons
Silk textiles Silk textiles Sericulture spread all over China during the Han Sericulture spread all over China during the Han High quality Chinese silk became a prized commodityHigh quality Chinese silk became a prized commodity Traded as far as India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Rome Traded as far as India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Rome
State monopolies on liquor, salt and iron State monopolies on liquor, salt and iron Paper production Paper production
Invented probably before 100 C.E. Invented probably before 100 C.E. Began to replace silk and bamboo as writing materials Began to replace silk and bamboo as writing materials
Population growth Population growth Increased from 20 to 60 million (220 BCE to 9 CE) Increased from 20 to 60 million (220 BCE to 9 CE) Despite light taxation, state revenue was largeDespite light taxation, state revenue was large
Silk Road established: horses for silkSilk Road established: horses for silk
HAN TROUBLESHAN TROUBLES Expeditions consumed the empire's surplus Expeditions consumed the empire's surplus
Raised taxes and confiscated land of some wealthy Raised taxes and confiscated land of some wealthy individuals individuals
Taxes, land confiscations discouraged investment Taxes, land confiscations discouraged investment Much of defense consumed on defending against nomads Much of defense consumed on defending against nomads
Social tensions, stratification between the poor and Social tensions, stratification between the poor and rich rich
Problems of land distribution Problems of land distribution Early Han supported land redistributionEarly Han supported land redistribution Economic difficulties forced some small landowners to sell Economic difficulties forced some small landowners to sell
property property Some sold themselves or their families into slavery Some sold themselves or their families into slavery Lands accumulated in the hands of a few Lands accumulated in the hands of a few No land reform, because Han needed cooperation of large No land reform, because Han needed cooperation of large
landowners landowners The reign of Wang Mang The reign of Wang Mang
A powerful Han minister dethroned the baby emperorA powerful Han minister dethroned the baby emperor Claimed imperial title himself, Claimed imperial title himself, 9 C.E. Land reforms - the "socialist emperor“ 9 C.E. Land reforms - the "socialist emperor“ Overthrown by revolts 23 C.EOverthrown by revolts 23 C.E
LOSS OF THE MANDATELOSS OF THE MANDATE The Later Han Dynasty (25-220 C.E.) The Later Han Dynasty (25-220 C.E.)
Overthrown of Wang Mang restores HanOverthrown of Wang Mang restores Han New Han much weakenedNew Han much weakened Rule often through large families, gentryRule often through large families, gentry Rise of Eunuchs in government as new source of powerRise of Eunuchs in government as new source of power The Yellow Turban Uprising (Daoist Revolt)The Yellow Turban Uprising (Daoist Revolt)
Rulers restored order but did not address problem of landholding Rulers restored order but did not address problem of landholding Yellow Turban uprising inflicted serious damage on the Han Yellow Turban uprising inflicted serious damage on the Han
Collapse of the Han Collapse of the Han Court factions paralyzed central government Court factions paralyzed central government Han empire dissolvedHan empire dissolved China was divided into regional kingdomsChina was divided into regional kingdoms
Period of 3 KingdomsPeriod of 3 Kingdoms Local aristocrats divided empireLocal aristocrats divided empire Later fragmented furtherLater fragmented further During period nomads invaded, Buddhism enteredDuring period nomads invaded, Buddhism entered