AnatomyStudy of the structure and shape of the

body and its parts

PhysiologyStudy of how the body and its parts work or

funFunction

Form Vs Function….

Gross anatomyLarge structuresEasily observable

Figure 14.1

Microscopic AnatomyVery small

structuresCan only be

viewed with a microscope

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-

vascularsystem

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells

Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely

Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules

Maintain boundaries EX:Body org.-skin, pleura-organs, membrane-

cell Movement

Locomotion-externalMovement of substances-internal

Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion Break-down & absorb nutrients Mechanical- mouth & stomach Chemical- mouth, stomach , SI

Metabolism: ALL chemical reactions within the bodyProduces energy & Makes body structures

ExcretionEliminates waste from metabolic reactions:

solid, liquid & gas Reproduction

Pass on genetic traits/DNA Growth

Increases cell size and number of cells

Nutrients Chemicals that includes carbohydrates (energy),

proteins (cell building), lipids ( stored energy), vitamins, and minerals (reactions & catalysts)

Oxygen Required to breakdown sugar & release energy

(ATP) Water

60–80% of body weight, Necc. for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature- necc for reactions Pressure- Atmospheric- Breathing

Hydrostatic- Blood movement

Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalanceA disturbance in homeostasis resulting in

disease

Variable(in homeostasis)

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Variable(in homeostasis)

Imbalance

Imbalance

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Receptor (sensor)

Variable(in homeostasis)

Imbalance

Imbalance

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

Receptor (sensor)

Variable(in homeostasis)

Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate

Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis

Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate

Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systemsReceptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control centerControl center

Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response

Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control

mechanismsShuts off the original stimulus, or reduces

its intensityWorks like a household thermostat

Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the

variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting

and during the birth of a baby

IntegumentaryForms the external body

coveringProtects deeper tissue from

injuryHelps regulate body

temperatureLocation of cutaneous

nerve receptors

SkeletalProtects and supports

body organsProvides muscle

attachment for movementSite of blood cell

formationStores minerals

MuscularProduces movementMaintains postureProduces heat

NervousFast-acting control

systemResponds to internal and

external changeActivates muscles and

glands

EndocrineSecretes regulatory

hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

CardiovascularTransports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

LymphaticReturns fluids to blood

vesselsCleanses the blood Involved in immunity

RespiratoryKeeps blood supplied with

oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide

DigestiveBreaks down foodAllows for nutrient

absorption into bloodEliminates

indigestible material

UrinaryEliminates

nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base

balanceRegulates water and

electrolytes

ReproductiveProduces

offspring

Symptoms-more subjective, more difficult to measure consistently. Ex: pain (tolerance to pain varies with individuals)

Still important to diagnosis

Specific group of signs and symptoms is a syndrome.Signs and symptoms

lead to a diagnosis-an identification of a disease determined by studying a patient’s signs, symptoms, history and results of diagnostic tests

Obtaining the medical history can help determine the etiology, or cause of the disease

The prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of the disease

Idiopathic Vestibular Disease Idopathic –no known causeVestibular-inner

ear/balance Translation-we don’t know

why your cat walks in circles

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used forPositionDirectionRegionsStructures

Anterior body landmarks

Posterior body landmarks

Superior (AKA: cranial or cephalad)Towards the head

Inferior (AKA: caudal)Away from the head

Superior

Inferior

The lungs are superior to the stomach

The liver is inferior to the heart

Posterior (AKA: dorsal)Toward the

backside or behind

Anterior (AKA: ventral)Toward the front

Anterior Posterior

The tongue is anterior to the uvula

TongueUvula

MedialMore towards the

midline of the body, on the inner side of The heart is medial

to the arm

LateralMore towards the

side of the body, on the outside of The arms are lateral

to the chest

ProximalClose to the origin of the

body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The elbow is proximal to the

wrist

DistilFarther from the origin of

the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk The fingers are distal to the

elbow

SuperficialToward or at the

body surface The skin is

superficial to the skeleton

DeepAway from the

body surface, more internal The lungs are deep

to the rib cage

A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Figure 1.6

Dorsal body cavityCranial cavity houses the brainSpinal cavity houses the spinal cord

Ventral body cavityThoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and

othersAbdominopelvic cavity houses digestive

system and most urinary system organs

You may have heard of an umbilical bulge or an inguinal hernia, and now you know exactly where such hernias are located. A hernia is a tear in the muscle wall that allows a structure (usually an organ) to protrude through it. Sometimes this can be a minor nuisance, but a hernia can also be very dangerous if the blood flow to the portion of the organ that is protruding is restricted. Restricted blood flow can lead to death of the tissue and to serous consequences. Death of a tissue is called necrosis.

Why are boys more likely to develop inguinaly hernias than girls?