Anatomy & PhysiologyLarry Johnson, PhD

Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A & M University

College Station, TX

http://peer.tamu.edu

Objective

• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function)

• Four Types of Tissues

• Fields of Anatomy

• Various Systems of body

Anatomy & Physiology Defined

Anatomy

Physiology

The study of the structure of living things.

The study of the function (mechanical, physical, or biochemical function) of living things.

Anatomy - Physiology Analogy

Anatomy of a horse:Is composed of its parts.

Physiology of the horse :

Is what the horse can do with its anatomy.

Fields of Anatomy

Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross anatomy)

The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye.

Studies the human or animal body by dissection.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of tiny anatomical structures that must be viewed with a microscope.

Cytology: the study of cells

Histology: the study of the organization of the four basic types of tissues

ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unite.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels

Introduction to HISTOLOGY

TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue)e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelium, connective tissue

CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm Simplest animals consist of a single cell

ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems

CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

SYSTEM

PROTOPLASM – Living Substance

Four Basic Types of Tissue

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUEMUSCULAR TISSUE

Covers organs

Functions of Epithelium

Secretory cells of glands

Lines viscera and blood vessels

Epithelia: Specialized for FunctionsAbsorption - IntestineSecretion - PancreasTransport - Eye, Endothelium in vesselsExcretion - KidneyProtection – Against Mechanical Damage and

DehydrationSensory Reception –

Pain To Avoid Injury, Taste Buds,

Olfactory, etc.Contraction – Myoepithelium

Epithelia line air ways and blood vessels in lungs

Small pieces of lungs from a non-smoker

and from a smoker

The HISTOLOGICAL GLUE which binds the other tissues together to form

organs, specializations include blood, cartilage, and bone.

Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue

Obesity

130 lbs vs 300 lbs

Fat cells ofconnective

tissue

Connective Tissue: Blood Cells

Red CellsCarry oxygen to and carbon dioxide

from the body’s tissues.

White CellsTransient inhabitants of the blood

Manufactured in bone marrow

Pass through the blood to connective tissue where they participate in defense against biological and chemical invaders!

PlateletsBlood clotting

BLOOD - DIAGNOSTIC VALUE - MOST EXAMINED

TYPES OF INFORMATION:

IDENTIFY NATURE OF DISEASEVIRAL – T LYMPHOCYTES

BACTERIAL – NEUTROPHILS

PARASITIC – EOSINOPHILS

FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF DISEASE

ALLOWS METHOD TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT

FunctionGeneration of contractile force

Distinguishing FeaturesHigh concentration of contractile proteins

actin and myosin arranged either diffusely in the cytoplasm or in regular repeating units called sarcomeres

Muscular Tissue

MUSCLE – Introduction

Contractivity is one of the fundamental properties of protoplasm and is exhibited in varing degree by nearly all cell types. In the cells of muscle, the ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work has become highly developed. Locomotion of multicellular animals, beating of their hearts, and movement of their internal organs depends on muscles of different types.

Nervous Tissue

FunctionsSpecialized for the

transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses

Distinguishing Features

Neurons: very large excitable cells with long processes called axons and dendrites.

The axons make contact with other neurons or muscle cells at a synapse where the impulses are either electrically or chemically transmitted to other neurons or various target cells (e.g., Muscle).

Communication:Function of the Nervous System

Dependent upon special signaling properties of

neuron

Long processes of neurons (e.g., 1 meter

motor neuroaxon)

Four Basic Types of Tissue

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUEMUSCULAR TISSUE

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?

EPITHELIUM

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?

MUSCULAR TISSUE

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?

NERVOUS TISSUE

Gross Anatomy of Four Basic Types of Tissue

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

MUSCULAR TISSUE

Gross anatomy of four basis tissues

EPITHELIUM

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MUSCULAR TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

Fields of Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

The study of body structures as they appear on the surface of the body.

Applied Anatomy

Surgical Anatomy

Radiological Anatomy

Kinesiology

Fields of Anatomy

Developmental Anatomy

The study of the formation of parts of the body.

NeuroanatomyThe study of gross and

microscopic structures of the nervous system.

Integument or Skin System

Epidermis

Outermost layer of skin

Dermis

Beneath the epidermis

Consists of connective tissue

Hypodermis

Lowest layer of skin

Mainly houses fat

Organ: 2 or more types of tissues making a larger functional unit

Functions of Skin• Protects against injury and desiccation

• Maintenance of water balance

• Excretes various substances

• Thermoregulation

• Receives stimuli– Temperature– Pain– Pressure

• Basis of recognition and yields

clues to one’s well being

• Fat metabolism in the hypodermis

Muscles: system of levers that aid muscle action

– Smooth Muscle

– Skeletal Muscle

– Cardiac Muscle

Bones: provide support and protection

– Long bones

– Short bones

– Flat bones

– Irregular bones

Musculoskeletal System

Parts of the Musculoskeletal System

Joints

Form the junction between two or more bones

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Attach muscles to bone

Types of Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, large and multinucleated cells, striated

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, mononucleated and branched cells, striated

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, mononucleated, non-striated

Functions of Muscle

Contractibility (Movement)

Running, walking, jumping.

Posture

Joint Stability

Heat Production

Flexion (close angle of joint) and Extension (open angle)

? and ?

Functions of Muscle

Contractibility (Movement)

Running, walking, jumping.

Posture

Joint Stability

Heat Production

Flexion (close angle of joint) and Extension (open angle)

Flexion and Extension

Functions of Cartilage

Flexible Support

Return to original shape (ears, nose, and respiratory)

Slides across each other easily while bearing weight (joints, articular surfaces of bones)

Cushion – cartilage has limited compressibility (joints)

No nerves, so no painduring compression

of cartilage.

Functions of Bone

Skeletal support for land animalsProtective Enclosure

Skull to protect brainLong bone to protect hemopoietic cell

Calcium RegulationParathyroid hormone (bone resorption) and calcitonin

hormone (prevents resorption) are involved in tight calcium regulation

¼ free Ca 2+ in blood is exchanged each minute

HemopoiesisBlood cell formation in the body

Function of the Immune System

Protects against foreign invaders into body

Produces / protects the body’s germ free environment

Bone marrow

PROTECTION AGAINST

FOREIGN INVADERS INTO BODY

Three Key Steps of Combating Infections

reak the cycle of transmission

ill the infectious agent

ncrease host resistance

e.g., increase immunity of host

LINES OF DEFENSE

FIRST LINE - PHYSICAL BARRIER

– SKIN - STRATUM CORIUM

– HCL IN STOMACH

– MUCUS IN INTESTINES

reak the cycle

of transmission

LINES OF DEFENSESECOND LINE – PHAGOCYTES work on

NEUTROPHILS to ill the infectious agent MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGE

LINES OF DEFENSE

PHAGOCYTES at work– NEUTROPHILS

– MACROPHAGES

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNITY

•ACQUIRED - requires exposure to antigens

•SPECIFICITY - response is unique to exposure

•MEMORY - remembers previous exposure

ncrease host resistancethrough IMMUNITY

Parts of the Immune System

Lymph Nodes

Filters and traps foreign particles

Contain white blood cells

Tonsils

Lymphoid tissue

Protects against bacteria

Parts of the Immune System

The Thymus

Helps with development and maintenance of immunologic cells

The Spleen

Clears out old red blood cells

Foreign Invaders in the Body

Stopping Spread of Invaders

Function of the GI Tract

Movement of Food

Secretion of Digestive Juices

Absorption of digested foods, water, and electrolytes.

The Digestive System

Includes all the organs involved in prehension (process of seizing or grasping or otherwise getting food into the mouth), digestion, and absorption of food and elimination of solid waste materials.

Prehension

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

Oral Cavity

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Parts of the Digestive System

Different Stomachs

Horses, dogs, cats, pigs, and humans have a single

chambered stomach.

Cattle have ruminant stomachs with four different chambers!

Digestive system of the horse

The Respiratory System

All higher animals require a mechanism to:

1. Obtain O2 from the environment

2. Get rid of CO2

Plumbing inside the body = Anatomy

Oxygen diffuses out and Carbon Dioxide diffuses into the air space of the

alveolus

Diffusion: spontaneousprocess of equalization of physical states (e.g., heat

spreading in a room)

Diffuse: to spread in all directions

Gas Exchange?

Alveolus (Air)

Capillary (Blood)

Oxygen

CO2

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART PRODUCES BLOOD PRESSURE (SYSTOLE)

Vessels are structurally adapted to

physical and metabolic requirements.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

ELASTIC ARTERIES - CONDUCT BLOOD AND MAINTAIN PRESSURE DURING DIASTOLE

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCULAR ARTERIES - DISTRIBUTE BLOOD, MAINTAIN PRESSURE

ARTERIOLES - PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE AND DISTRIBUTE BLOOD

CAPILLARIES - EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS AND WASTE

VENULES - COLLECT BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES (EDEMA)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

VEINS - TRANSMIT BLOOD TO LARGE VEINS RESERVOIR

LARGER VEINS - RECEIVE LYMPH AND RETURN BLOOD TO HEART, BLOOD RESERVOIR

VOLUME: 5-6 L = 12-13 PINTS/PERSON

Endocrine System

An information signal system!

Series of small organs that involve the release of hormones

Important for regulating metabolism, growth/development, tissue function, and mood.

The Special Systems

The Eye (sight)

The Ear (hearing and balance)

The Tongue (taste)

The Nasal Cavity (smell)

Conclusions

• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function)

• Four Types of Tissues

• Fields of Anatomy

• Various Systems of body

Questions?