anatomy ch_01_powerpoint figures and tables (1)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1 Opener

PowerPoint Figures and Tables


Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales

Size

meters (m) millimeters (mm) micrometers (m) nanometers (nm)

Approximate Magnification (Reduction)FactorFrom actual to artwork on this page

Unaided human eye

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Compound lightmicroscope

Scanning electronmicroscope

Transmission electronmicroscope

( .15) ( .12) ( .6) 20 83 103 103 103 105 106 106 106 107 108

.1nm1nm2nm8–10nm11nm10–120nm120m 10m 1–12m 2m.5mm12mm120mm1.7m

Relative size m to mm Relative size mm to m Relative size m to nm


Figure 1.2 Comparative Anatomy

Dorsal, hollow nervecord forming

brain andspinal cord

Notochorda stiffened rod belowspinal cord, usually

replaced by vertebrae

Muscular tailextends beyond

exit ofdigestive tract

Digestivetract

Mouth Heart Anus

Braincaseof cartilage or

bone surroundsthe brain

Pharyngeal (gill)arches

may persist or be modifiedto form other structures

in adult

Ventral bodycavity

contains thoracicand abdominopelvic

organs

Somitessegmental blocksforming muscles,

vertebrae, etc.

Skullsurrounds

brain incranail cavity

Limb bud

Somites

Somites

Limbbuds

Embryo

Salmon (bony fish)

Chicken

Human

Adult

Vertebraesurround

spinal cordin spinal cavity

Skull

Skull

Vertebrae

Vertebrae

The similarities betweenvertebrates are most apparentwhen comparing embryos atcomparable stages ofdevelopment.

The similarities are lessobvious when comparingadult vertebrates.

All vertebrates share a basicpattern of anatomical organizationthat differs from that of otheranimals.

BasicVertebrateBody Plan


Figure 1.3 Composition of the Body at the Chemical Level of Organization

Molecularcomposition ofthe body

Elemental composition of the body.Trace elements include silicon,fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc,selenium, cobalt, molybdenum,cadmium, chromium, tin,aluminum, and boron.

Hydrogen62%

Oxygen26%

Carbon10%

Nitrogen1.5%

Carbohydrates3%

Lipids10%

Proteins20%

Water – 66%OTHER ELEMENTS

CalciumPhosphorusPotassiumSodiumSulfurChlorineMagnesiumIronIodineTrace elements

0.2%0.2%0.06%0.06%0.05%0.04%0.03%0.0005%0.0000003%(see caption)


Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization

Organism Level

Organ System Level

Organ Level

Tissue Level

Cellular Level

Chemical orMolecular Levels

.1nm

10nm

10m

1mm

1mm

120mm

1.7m

Size

All of the organ systems mustwork together for a person toremain alive and healthy.

IntegumentarySkeletal

MuscularNervous

EndocrineCardiovascular

Lymphoid

RespiratoryDigestive

UrinaryReproductive

The cardiovascular systemincludes the heart, the blood,and blood vessels.

The heart is acomplex three-dimensional organ.

Cardiac muscle tissueconstitutes the bulk ofthe walls of the heart.

Cardiac muscle tissueis formed from interlockingheart muscle cells.

Heart muscle cellscontain within themcontractileprotein fibers.

Complex contractileprotein fibers areorganized from molecules.

Molecules areformed frominteracting atoms.


Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 1 of 2)

ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS

Integumentarysystem

Skeletalsystem

Muscularsystem

Nervoussystem

Endocrinesystem

Cardiovascularsystem

Protection from environmentalhazards; temperature control

Support, protection of soft tissues;mineral storage; blood formation

Locomotion, support, heatproduction

Directing immediate responses tostimuli, usually by coordinating theactivities of other organ systems

Directing long-term changesin the activities of other organsystems

Internal transport of cells anddissolved materials, includingnutrients, wastes, and gases


Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 2 of 2)

ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTIONS

Lymphoidsystem

Defense against infection anddisease

Respiratorysystem

Digestivesystem

Urinarysystem

Reproductivesystem

Delivery of air to sites where gasexchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Processing of food andabsorption of organic nutrients,minerals, vitamins, and water

Elimination of excess water,salts, and waste products;control of pH

Production of sex cells andhormones


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 1 of 12)The Integumentary System

Protects againstenvironmental hazards;helps control bodytemperature

Hair

Epidermis andassociatedglands

Fingernail

Covers surface; protects deeper tissues

Organ/Component Primary Functions

Cutaneous Membrane

Hair Follicles

Sweat Glands

Nails

Sensory Receptors

Subcutaneous Layer

Nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands

Produce hair: innervation providessensationProvide protection for head

Secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

Produce perspiration for evaporativecooling

Protect and stiffen distal tips of digits

Provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Stores lipids; attaches skin to deeperstructures

Epidermis

Dermis

Hairs

Sebaceous glands


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 2 of 12)The Skeletal System

Provides support; protectstissues; stores minerals;forms blood cells

Skull


Bones, Cartilages,and Joints

AXIALSKELETON

APPENDICULARSKELETON

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Supporting bones(scapula andclavicle)

Upper limbbones

Pelvis (supportingbones plus sacrum)

Lower limb

bones

Bone Marrow

Axial skeleton (skull,vertebrae, sacrum,coccyx, sternum, ribs,supporting cartilagesand ligaments)Appendicular skeleton(limbs and supportingbones and ligaments)

Support, protect soft tissues, bones store mineralsProtects brain, spinal cord, senseorgans, and soft tissues of thoraciccavity; supports the body weight overlower limbs

Provides internal support andpositioning of the limbs; supportsand moves axial skeleton

Primary site of blood cell production (red marrow); storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 3 of 12)The Muscular System

Allows for locomotion;provides support;produces heat


Axialmuscles

Appendicularmuscles

Skeletal Muscles (700)

Tendons, Aponeuroses

Appendicular muscles

Axial muscles

Provide skeletal movement; controlentrances to digestive and respiratorytracts and exits to digestive andurinary tracts; produce heat; supportskeleton; protect soft tissues

Support and position axial skeleton

Support, move, and brace limbs

Harness forces of contraction toperform specific tasks


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 4 of 12)The Nervous System

Directs immediateresponses to stimuli,usually by coordinatingthe activities of other organ systems


CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM

Spinalcord

Brain

Peripheralnerves

PERIPHERAL NERVOUSSYSTEM

Central NervousSystem (CNS)

Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)

Brain

Spinal cord

Special senses

Acts as control center for nervoussystem; process information;provides short-term control overactivities of other systemsPerforms complex integrative functions;controls both voluntary and autonomicactivitiesRelays information to and from brain;performs less-complex integrativeactivitiesProvide sensory input to the brainrelating to sight, hearing, smell, taste,and equilibrium

Links CNS with other systems andwith sense organs


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 5 of 12)

The Endocrine System

Directs long-termchanges in activitiesof other organsystems


Pineal glandPituitary gland

Thyroid glandParathyroid gland

Thymus

Suprarenal glandPancreas

Ovary infemale

Testis in male

Pineal Gland

Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Glands

Thymus

Suprarenal Glands

Kidneys

Pancreas

GonadsTestes

Ovaries

May control timing of reproductionand set day–night rhythms

Controls other endocrine glands;regulates growth and fluid balance

Controls tissue metabolic rate;regulates calcium levels

Regulate calcium levels (with thyroid)

Controls maturation of lymphocytes

Adjust water balance, tissue metabolism,cardiovascular and respiratory activity

Control red blood cell production andelevate blood pressure

Regulates blood glucose levels

Support male sexual characteristicsand reproductive functions

Support female sexual characteristicsand reproductive functions


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 6 of 12)The Cardiovascular System

Transports cells and dissolved materials,including nutrients,wastes, and gases


Heart

Artery

Vein

Capillaries

Heart

Blood Vessels

Blood

Veins

ArteriesCapillaries

Propels blood; maintains blood pressure

Distribute blood around the bodyCarry blood from the heart to capillariesPermit diffusion between blood andinterstitial fluidsReturn blood from capillaries to the heart

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,and blood cells; delivers nutrients andhormones; removes waste products;assists in temperature regulation anddefense against disease


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 7 of 12)The Lymphoid System

Defends againstinfection and disease;returns tissue fluid tothe bloodstream


Thymus Lymph nodes

Spleen

Lymphatic vessel

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymph Nodes

Spleen

Thymus

Carry lymph (water and proteins) andlymphocytes from peripheral tissuesto veins of the cardiovascular system

Monitor the composition of lymph; engulfpathogens; stimulate immune response

Monitors circulating blood; engulfspathogens and recycles red bloodcells; stimulates immune response

Controls development andmaintenance of one class oflymphocytes (T cells)


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 8 of 12)The Respiratory System

Delivers air to sites wheregas exchange can occurbetween the air andcirculating blood;produces sound


Pharynx

Trachea

Lung

Diaphragm

Nasal cavity

Sinus

Larynx

Bronchi

Blind pockets at the end of thesmallest branches of the bronchioles;sites of gas exchange between airand blood

Nasal Cavities andParanasal Sinuses

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Alveoli

Responsible for air movement duringmovement of ribs and diaphragm;include airways and alveoli

Same functions as trachea; diameterdecreases as branching occurs

Filters air, traps particles in mucus;cartilages keep airway open

Protects opening to trachea andcontains vocal cords

Conducts air to larynx; a chambershared with the digestive tract

Filter, warm, humidify air; detectsmells


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 9 of 12)The Digestive System

Processes food andabsorbs nutrients


Salivary gland

Stomach

Large intestine

Pharynx

Esophagus

LiverGallbladder

Pancreas

Small intestine

Anus

Mouth

Salivary Glands

Pharynx

EsophagusStomach

Small Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Large Intestine

Receptacle for food; works with associatedstructures (teeth, tongue) to break of foodand pass food and liquids to pharynx

Provide buffers and lubrication;produce enzymes that begin digestion

Conducts solid food and liquids toesophagus; chamber shared withrespiratory tract

Delivers food to stomach

Secretes acids and enzymes

Secretes digestive enzymes, buffers,and hormones; absorbs nutrients

Secretes bile; regulates nutrientcomposition of blood

Stores and concentrates bile forrelease into small intestine

Secretes digestive enzymes andbuffers; contains endocrine cells

Removes water from fecal material;stores wastes


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 10 of 12)The Urinary System

Eliminates excesswater, salts, andwaste products


Kidney

Kidneys Form and concentrate urine; regulateblood pH and ion concentrations;perform endocrine functions

UreterUrinarybladder

Urethra

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

Conduct urine from kidneys tourinary bladder

Stores urine for eventual elimination

Conducts urine to exterior


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 11 of 12)The Male Reproductive System

Produces sex cellsand hormones


Prostate gland

Testes Produce sperm andhormones

Seminal gland

Ductusdeferens

Urethra

Epididymis

Testis

Penis

Scrotum

Accessory Organs

External Genitalia

EpididymisDuctus deferens(sperm duct)

Seminal glands

Prostate glandUrethra

Penis

Scrotum

Acts as site of sperm maturationConducts sperm from the epididymis andmerges with the duct of the seminal gland

Secrete fluid that makes up much ofthe volume of semenSecretes fluid and enzymesConducts semen to exterior

Contains erectile tissue; depositssperm in vagina of female; producespleasurable sensations during sexual activities

Surrounds the testes and controls their temperature


Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 12 of 12)The Female Reproductive System

Produces sex cellsand hormones; supports embryonicdevelopment fromfertilization to birth


Mammary gland

Ovaries Produce oocytes and hormones

Uterinetube

Ovary

Uterus

Vagina

Externalgenitalia

Uterine Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

External Genitalia

Mammary Glands

Clitoris

Labia

Deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus;normal site of fertilization

Site of embryonic development andexchange between maternal andfetal bloodstreams

Site of sperm deposition; acts as a birthcanal during delivery; providespassageway for fluids during menstruation

Contains erectile tissue; providespleasurable sensations during sexualactivitiesContain glands that lubricateentrance to vagina

Produce milk that nourishes newborn infant


Figure 1.7 The Importance of Precise Vocabulary


Figure 1.8 Anatomical LandmarksFrons or

forehead (frontal)

Craniumor skull

(cranial)

Faciesor face(facial)

Cephalonor head

(cephalic)

Oris or mouth (oral

Mentis or chin(mental)

Axilla or armpit(axillary)

Brachiumor arm

(brachial)

Antecubitisor front of

elbow(antecubital)

Antebrachiumor forearm

(antebrachial)

Carpusor wrist (carpal)

Palmaor palm

(palmar)

Pollexor thumb

Digits(phalanges)

or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)

Patellaor kneecap

(patellar)

Crus or leg (crural)

Tarsus orankle

(tarsal)

Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or

phalangeal)Hallux or great toe

Pes or foot(pedal)

Anterior view in the anatomical position. Posterior view in the anatomical position.

Femur or thigh (femoral)

Pubis (pubic)

Inguenor groin (inguinal)

Manusor hand (manual)

Pelvis (pelvic)

Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)

Abdomen (abdominal)

Mamma or breast (mammary)

Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)

Cervicis or neck (cervical)

Bucca or cheek (buccal)

Auris or ear (otic)

Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)

Nasus or nose (nasal)

Shoulder (acromial)

Dorsum or(back

(dorsal)

Olecranonor back

of elbow(olecranal)

Trunk

Lumbusor loin

(lumbar)

Gluteusor buttock

(gluteal)

Popliteus orback of knee

(popliteal)

Suraor calf (sural)

Calcaneus orheel of foot(calcaneal)

Planta orsole of foot (plantar)

Lower limb

Upper limb


Cephalon or head (cephalic)


Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)Frons or

forehead (frontal)

Craniumor skull

(cranial)

Faciesor face(facial)

Cephalonor head

(cephalic)

Mentis or chin(mental)

Axilla or armpit(axillary)

Brachiumor arm

(brachial)

Antecubitisor front of

elbow(antecubital)

Antebrachiumor forearm

(antebrachial)

Umbilicusor naval (umbilical)

Abdomen (abdominal)

Mamma or breast (mammary)

Thoracis or thorax, chest(thoracic)


Bucca or cheek (buccal)

Auris or ear (otic)

Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)

Nasus or nose (nasal)

Trunk

Oris or mouth (oral


Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)Antebrachium

or forearm(antebrachial)

Carpusor wrist (carpal)

Palmaor palm

(palmar)

Pollexor thumb

Digits(phalanges)

or fingers (digitalor phalangeal)

Patellaor kneecap

(patellar)Crus or

leg (crural)

Tarsus orankle

(tarsal)

Digits (phalanges)or toes (digital or

phalangeal)Hallux or great toe

Pes or foot(pedal)

Femur or thigh (femoral)

Pubis (pubic)

Inguenor groin (inguinal)

Manusor hand (manual)

Pelvis (pelvic)


Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)

Shoulder(acromial)

Dorsum or(back

(dorsal)

Olecranonor back

of elbow(olecranal)

Lumbusor loin

(lumbar)

Upper limb


Cephalon or head (cephalic)


Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)

Gluteusor buttock

(gluteal)

Popliteus orback of knee

(popliteal)

Suraor calf (sural)

Calcaneus orheel of foot(calcaneal)

Planta orsole of foot (plantar)

Lower limb


Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder,right kidney, portions of stomach,small and large intestine

Cecum, appendix, andportions of small intestine,reproductive organs (rightovary in female and rightspermatic cord in male),and right ureter

Left lobe of liver, stomach,pancreas, left kidney, spleen,portions of large intestine

Most of small intestine andportions of large intestine,left ureter, and reproductiveorgans (left ovary in femaleand left spermatic cordin male)

Abdominopelvic quadrants divide the area intofour sections. These terms, or their abbreviations,are most often used in clinical discussions.


Figure 1.9bc Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

More precise anatomical descriptions are provided byreference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region.

Left hypochondriacregion

Left lumbarregion

Left inguinalregion

Right inguinalregion

Right lumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Quadrants or regions are useful because there is aknown relationship between superficial anatomicallandmarks and underlying organs.

Stomach

Spleen

Urinary bladder

Liver

GallbladderLarge intestineSmall intestine

Appendix


Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

More precise anatomical descriptions are provided byreference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region.

Left hypochondriacregion

Left lumbarregion

Left inguinalregion

Right inguinalregion

Right lumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion


Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

Quadrants or regions are useful because there is aknown relationship between superficial anatomicallandmarks and underlying organs.

Stomach

Spleen

Urinary bladder

Liver

Gallbladder

Large intestine

Small intestine

Appendix


Table 1.1 Regions of the Human Body


Figure 1.10 Directional References

SUPERIOR SUPERIOR

INFERIOR INFERIOR

Anterior viewLateral view

Right Left

Proximal

Lateral Medial

Distal

Distal

Proximal

Posterioror dorsal

Anterioror ventral

Cranial

Caudal


Table 1.2 Regional and Directional Terms


Figure 1.11 Planes of Section

Frontal plane

Transverse plane

Sagittal plane


Table 1.3 Terms That Indicate Planes of Section


Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization


Figure 1.13ab Body Cavities

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Pleuralcavity

Thoraciccavity

Pericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Peritonealcavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Abdominopelviccavity

Lateral view of the subdivisions of the ventral body cavities.The muscular diaphragm separates the superior thoracic(chest) cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

The heart projects into thepericardial cavity like a fistpushed into a balloon.

Heart

Visceralpericardium

Pericardialcavity

Parietalpericardium

Air space

Balloon


Figure 1.13cd Body Cavities

Anterior view of theventral body cavityand its subdivisions

Peritonealcavity

Pleural cavity

Pericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Pelviccavity

Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwisenoted, all sectional views are presented in inferiorview. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)

Sternum

Heart inpericardial

cavityPleural cavity

Pleura

Mediastinum

Spinal cord

Rightlung

RightlungLeft

lung

Leftlung


Figure 1.13d Body Cavities

Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwisenoted, all sectional views are presented in inferiorview. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.)

Sternum

Heart inpericardial

cavityPleural cavity

Pleura

Mediastinum

Spinal cord

Rightlung

RightlungLeft

lung

Leftlung


Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)

Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity

Right Pleural Cavity Mediastinum Left Pleural Cavity

Pericardial Cavity

Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

• Provides protection• Allows organ movement• Lining prevents friction

Surrounded by chest wall anddiaphragm

Surrounds right lung

Contains thetrachea, esophagus,and major vessels

Surrounds heart

Surrounds left lung

Contains the peritonealcavity

Contains manydigestive glandsand organs

Contains urinary bladder,reproductiveorgans, last portionof digestive tract

Separated by diaphragm into

subdivided into includes the

also contains


Clinical Note 1.1 Clinical Anatomy and Technology (Part 1 of 3)

X-ray Color-enhanced x-ray Barium-contrast x-ray

Small intestine

Stomach



CT scan of the abdomenThe relative position and orientation of the scans shown to the right.

Liver

Right kidney

Vertebra

Stomach

Aorta

Spleen

Left kidney

Stomach

Aorta

Left kidney

Spleen

Liver

Rib

Vertebra



Digital subtraction angiography

Heart

Arteries ofthe heart



Femur

Patella

Femoral condyle

Joint space

Head of fibula

Tibial tubersity

Spiral scan [Image rendered withHigh Definition Volume Rendering®Software, provided by Fovia, Inc.]



MRI scan of the abdomen Ultrasound scan of the abdomen

Liver

Kidney

Stomach

Kidney

Liver

Kidney

Stomach

SpleenVertebra

anatomy ch_01_powerpoint figures and tables (1)

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