anatomy and physiology - mrs. edwards' bhs science page - mrs
TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
1
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and PhysiologyEleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Chapter 5Tissues
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Four major tissue types
1. Epithelial2. Connective3. Muscle4. Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues
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Functions:
1. Protections (skin)
2. Absorption (stomach & intestines)
3. Excretion - Filters (kidney)
4. Secretion (glands)
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Epithelial Tissues
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General Characteristics:
1. Cells tightly packed and attached to each other• Covers organs and the body• Lines body cavities• Lines hollow organs
2. Always have one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ
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Epithelial Tissues
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General characteristics –
3. Always have a basement membrane (fixed sections) attached to underlying connective tissue.
4. Avascular - No blood vessels but can soak up nutrients from blood vessels in connective tissue below.
5. Can be innervated by many nerves.
6. Cells readily divide thus good at regeneration
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Epithelial Tissues
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Classified according to:
1. cell shape a) Squamous – flat and scale-likeb) Cuboidal – tall as they are widec) Columnar – tall, column-shaped
2. number of cell layersa) Simple – single layer of cellsb) Stratified – stacked layers of cells
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Epithelial Tissues
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Simple squamous –• single layer of flat cells• substances pass easily
through• line air sacs• line blood vessels• line lymphatic vessels
Simple cuboidal –• single layer of cube-shaped cells• line kidney tubules• cover ovaries• line ducts of some glands
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Epithelial Tissues
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Simple columnar –• single layer of elongated cells• nuclei usually near the
basement membrane at same level
• sometimes possess cilia• sometimes possess microvilli• often have goblet cells• line uterus, stomach,
intestines
Pseudostratified columnar –• single layer of elongated
cells• nuclei at two or more levels• appear striated• often have cilia• often have goblet cells• line respiratory
passageways
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Epithelial Tissues
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Stratified squamous –• many cell layers• top cells are flat• can accumulate keratin• outer layer of skin• line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
Stratified cuboidal –• 2-3 layers• cube-shaped cells• line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas
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Epithelial Tissues
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Stratified columnar –• top layer of elongated cells• cube-shaped cells in deeper layers• line part of male urethra and part of pharynx
Transitional –• many cell layers• cube-shaped and elongated cells• line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
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Glandular Epithelium
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Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances – 2 types
Endocrine glands are ductless
Exocrine glands have ducts•Classified by structure
•Simple vs compound•Tubular, branched, coiled, or alveolar
•Classified by type of secretion•Merocrine•Apocrine•Holocrine
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Structural Types of Exocrine Glands
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Types of Glandular Secretions
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Merocrine glands• fluid product• salivary glands• pancreas• sweat glands
Apocrine glands• cellular product• portions of cells• mammary glands• ceruminous glands
Holocrine glands• secretory products• whole cells• sebaceous glands
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Abnormal Epithelium
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Abnormal Epithelium
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Connective Tissues
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•Most abundant tissue type
• Functions • bind structures• provide support and protection• serve as frameworks• fill spaces• store fat• produce blood cells• protect against infections• help repair tissue damage
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Connective Tissues
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3 Elements of Connective Tissue
1. Ground substance called matrix – gel around cells and fibers
2. Fibers – provide strength, elasticity and support
3. Cells – that usually divide
Have varying degrees of vascularity
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Connective Tissue Major Cell Types
Fixed Cells
• Fibroblasts• most common cell
• large, star-shaped
• produce fibers
• Mast cells• release heparin
• release histamine
Wandering Cells
• Macrophages• phagocytic
• important in injury
or infection
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Connective Tissue Fibers
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Collagenous fibers• thick• composed of collagen• great strength • abundant in dense CT• hold structures together• tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers• bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin• fibers branch• elastic• vocal cords, air passages
Reticular fibers• very thin
collagenous fibers• highly branched• form supportive
networks
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Connective Tissues
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Connective tissue proper• loose connective tissue• adipose tissue• reticular connective tissue• dense connective tissue• elastic connective tissue
Specialized connective tissue• cartilage• bone• blood
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Connective Tissues
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Loose connective tissue• mainly fibroblasts• collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• fluid to gel-like matrix• bind skin to structures• beneath most epithelia• blood vessels nourish
nearby epithelial cells• between muscles
Adipose tissue• adipocytes• cushions• insulates• store fats• beneath skin• behind eyeballs• around kidneys and heart
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Connective Tissues
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Reticular connective tissue• composed of reticular fibers• supports internal organ walls• walls of liver, spleen,
lymphatic organs
Dense connective tissue• packed collagenous fibers• elastic fibers• few fibroblasts• bind body parts together• tendons, ligaments, dermis• poor blood supply
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Connective Tissues
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Elastic connective tissue• abundant in elastic fibers• some collagenous fibers• fibroblasts• attachments between bones• walls of large arteries,
airways, heart
Bone (Osseous Tissue)• solid matrix• supports• protects• forms blood cells• attachment for muscles• skeleton• osteocytes in lacunae
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Connective Tissues
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Cartilage• rigid matrix• chondrocytes in
lacunae• poor blood supply• three types
1.Hyaline cartilage• most abundant• ends of bones• nose, respiratory passages• embryonic skeleton
2. Elastic cartilage• flexible• external ear and larynx
3. Fibrocartilage• very tough• shock absorber• intervertebral discs• pads of knee and pelvic girdle
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Connective Tissues
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Three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
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Connective Tissues
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Blood• fluid matrix called
plasma• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets• transports• defends• involved in clotting• throughout body in
blood vessels• heart
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Clinical Application
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The Extracellular Matrix:The Body’s Glue
Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis
• imbalances of collagen production and degradation
• ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart
Liver Fibrosis (Cirrohosis)
• collagen deposit increases
• ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow
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Clinical Application
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Collagen Disorders
Chondrodysplasia• collagen chains too wide• stunted growth
• deformed jointsDystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
• breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers
• stretchy skin• lax joints
Hereditary osteoarthritis
• change in amino acid in collagen
• painful jointsLupus• autoimmune disease • destruction of collagen
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Muscle Tissues
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General characteristics• muscle cells called
muscle fibers• contractile• three types
• skeletal• smooth• cardiac
Skeletal muscle• attached to bones• striated• voluntary
Smooth muscle• walls of organs• skin• walls of blood vessels• involuntary• not striated
Cardiac muscle• heart wall• involuntary• striated• intercalated discs
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Muscle Tissues
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Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Muscle Disorders
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Muscular Dystrophy: muscle fibers destroyed and replaced with connective tissuehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrPnmgs4rHM&feature=related
Fibromyalgia: chronic non-inflammatory pain in muscles and connective tissues
Irritable Bowel syndrome: smooth muscle disorder causing alternating bouts with constipation and diarrhea
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Nervous Tissues
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• found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
• basic cells are neurons
• neuroglial cells supportand bind nervous tissue components
• sensory reception
• conduction of nerveimpulses
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Abnormal Nervous Tissue
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Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing memory loss and problems with thinking and behavior
Tay Sach’s is another disease that affects nervous tissue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5JWQCBOMx4&feature=related
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Types of Epithelial Membranes
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Serous• line body cavities that
do not open to the outside
• reduce friction• inner lining of thorax
and abdomen• cover organs of
thorax and abdomen• secrete serous fluid
Mucous• line tubes and organs that
open to outside world• lining of mouth, nose,
throat, etc.• secrete mucus
Cutaneous•covers body• skin
Synovial• composed entirely of
connective tissue• lines joints
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Clinical Application
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Classification of Cancers:
Carcinoma–originates in epithelial tissue (i.e., tissue that lines organs and tubes)
Leukemia–originates in tissues that form blood cells
Sarcoma–originates in connective or supportive tissue (e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle)