anatomy and physiology 3/15 and 3/16 review blood typing genetics review hemostasis review leukemia...
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy and Physiology
3/15 and 3/16Review Blood Typing Genetics
Review HemostasisReview Leukemia
Review Blood Related Genetic Diseases
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Blood Typing
• Blood Type Problems 1-15
• Blood Type Problems 1-3
• Blood Type Problems 1-8
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Hemostasis, Leukemia and Blood Disorders
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1. What is vasospasm and why is it important to hemostasis?• Vasospasm is a contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of
small blood vessels
• Vasospasm is important because it slows blood loss before any other system has a chance
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2. What relationship does serotonin have with hemostasis?• Serotonin can cause contraction of smooth muscles in the blood
vessels (vasospasm)
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3. Describe the steps in formation of a platelet plug?• Break in vessel wall leads to blood escaping
• Platelets adhere to each other, to the broken vessel and to the exposed collagen
• Platelet plug slows/stops the blood loss
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4. The major event in blood clot formation is the conversion of ___________ to ________________.
• Fibrinogen Fibrin
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5. Describe the major steps in blood clot formation• Tissue Damage leads to• Vasospasm• Platelet Plug Formation• Blood Clot Formation
• Prothrombin Activator activates Prothrombin• Prothrombin is converted into Thrombin• Thrombin helps convert Fibrinogen into Fibrin• Fibrin threads interweave and form the clot
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6. Why don’t massive clots form throughout the cardiovascular system?• Blood flow prevents massive clots by rapidly carrying excess thrombin
away and keeping its concentration too low in any one place
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7. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?• Thrombus – abnormally forming blood clot in a vessel
• Embolus – a clot that dislodges and is carried away in the blood flow
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8. What are some of the symptoms of Hemophilia?• Severe hemorrhage after minor injury• Frequent Nosebleeds• Large Intramuscular hematomas• Blood in urine
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9. What is the most common form of Hemophilia?• Hemophilia A
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10. Why is hemophilia A more prevalent in males?• Hemophilia A is more prevalent in males because it is an X-linked
recessive trait and because men only have one X chromosome, if it contains the allele for hemophilia A then the male has it.
XH
Xh
XH Y
XH XH
XH Xh
XH Y
Xh Y
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11. What is the treatment for Hemophilia A?• Replacing the coagulation factor VIII
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12. What are some symptoms of von Willebrand Disease?• Tendency to bleed and bruise easily
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13. How common is von Willebrand Disease and is it more prevalent in either sex?
• 1/100 people inherits a mutation in one of the four genes that encode the von Willebrand clotting factor
• 1/10,000 individuals actually develop the symptoms
• Same prevalence in males and females
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14. What is von Willebrand Factor and why is it important?• Plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells lining blood vessels
• It is important because it enables platelets to adhere to damaged blood vessel walls
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15. What complications may result from von Willebrand Disease?• Gastrointestinal and Urinary Tract bleeding
• Extra heavy menstrual bleeding
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16. What is Factor V Leiden?
• Mutation in the gene that codes for clotting factor V
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17. Why is Factor V Leiden so dangerous?• It can cause dangerous clots to form in the blood
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18. What are some factors that can lead to dangerous blood clots?• Factor V Leiden• Very long car rides• Oral Contraceptives• Grapefruit when taking oral contraceptives
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19. What is the difference between Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia?• Myeloid Leukemia – cancer of myeloid cells
• Lymphoid Leukemia – cancer of lymphocytes
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20. What are some of the most common symptoms of Leukemia?• Fatigue• Headaches• Nosebleeds• Frequent Respiratory Infections• Fever• Bone Pain• Bruising• Slow Blood Clotting
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21. What effects does leukemia have on red blood cells and platelets?• Red blood cells are reduced in number leading to anemia
• Platelet deficiency (Thrombocytopenia) leads to slow clotting, bruising and bleeding
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22. What is the difference between Acute and Chronic leukemia?• Acute – appears suddenly, progresses rapidly and without treatment
causes death within a few months
• Chronic - begins slowly, may remain undetected for months to years, without treatment life expectancy after symptoms develop is about three years
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23. How do traditional cancer treatments work?• By destroying any cell that divides rapidly
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24. How does the drug Gleevec work?• Targets only cancer cells
• Nestles into ATP binding sites on the enzyme tyrosine kinase which blocks the message for the cell to divide.
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25. What are some other treatment options for leukemia?• Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants
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26. How has diagnosis been refined to increased treatment of leukemia?• Using DNA Microarray to identify the proteins that particular leukemic
cells produce.
• Different types of proteins produced changes the treatment needed