anatomicomedical terminology ppt-1 by bitew m

Anatomicomedical Anatomicomedical Terminology Terminology

ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITYARBAMINCH UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH

SCIENCESCIENCE

BYBITEW MEKONNEN/[email protected]

December 01, 2012 1Bitew M/[email protected]

HUMAN ANATO MY

Anatomicomedical Terminology


OBJECTIVE

At the end of the session, students be able toList common anatomical terminologiesDescribe structures of the body using

anatomical termsApply Anatomicomedical terminologies in

studying anatomy


Terms of Relationship and Comparison

• Various adjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describe the relationship of parts of the body in the anatomical position and compare the position of two structures relative to each other.


•• Superficial, intermediate, and deep Superficial, intermediate, and deep describe the position of structures relative to the surface of the body or the relationship of one structure to another underlying or overlying structure.

•• Superficial Superficial --Toward the surface of the body,- The skin is superficial to the muscles.

•• IntermediateIntermediate- between a superficial and a deep structure-the infrascapularis muscle is intermediate between

the skin and the scapula• Deep- Away from the surface of the body

-the brain is deep to the cranium• Medial- Toward the midline of the body

- The heart is medial to the lungs.• lateral - Away from the midline of the body Lateral and medial are not synonymous with the terms external

(outer) and internal (inner). • External and internal mean farther from and nearer to the center of

an organ or cavity, respectively, regardless of direction.


•• Posterior (dorsal)Posterior (dorsal)-- Toward the back or nearer to the back.- The kidneys are posterior to the intestine.

•• Anterior (ventral)Anterior (ventral)-- Toward the front surface of the body.-the sternum is anterior to the thoracic vertebrae

• RostralRostral -is often used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain; it means toward the rostrum (L. from beak); however, in humans it denotes nearer the anterior part of the head (e.g., the frontal lobe of the brain is rostral to the cerebellum).

• December 01, 2012 6Bitew M/[email protected]

•• SuperiorSuperior / Cranial Cranial -refers to a structure that is nearer the vertex/toward the head.

- The thorax is superior to the abdomen.•• Inferior/ caudal Inferior/ caudal -- refers to a structure that is situated

nearer the sole of the foot/away from the head; toward the bottom

- The neck is inferior to the head.• Caudal (L. cauda, tail) is a useful directional term that

means toward the tail region, represented in humans by the coccyx, the small bone at the inferior (caudal) end of the vertebral column.

• Combined terms describe intermediate positional arrangements:

inferomedial means nearer to the feet and median plane;for example, the anterior parts of the ribs run inferomedially;

superolateral means nearer to the head and farther from the median plane.


•• ProximalProximal-- nearer to the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure-- The knee is proximal to the foot

•• distaldistal-- farther from the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of a linear structure- The hand is distal to the elbow.

•• DorsumDorsum-- usually refers to the superior or posterior (back) surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot. It is also used to describe the back of the hand.

• The sole indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when standing barefoot. The palm refers to the flat of the hand, exclusive of the thumb and other fingers, and is the opposite of the dorsum of the hand.


Terms of Laterality•• BilateralBilateral- Paired structures having right and left

members -the kidneys are bilateral

•• UnilateralUnilateral-- Structures occurring on one side only -- the spleen is unilateral

•• IpsilateralIpsilateral- something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure-the right thumb and the right great toe

•• ContralateraContralateral-means occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure; the right hand is contralateral to the left hand.


Terms of Movement• Various terms describe movements of the limbs and other parts of the

body.• While most movements occur at joints where two or more bones or

cartilages articulate with one another, several non-skeletal structures exhibit movement (e.g., tongue, lips, eyelids).

•• FlexionFlexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. For most joints (e.g., elbow), flexion generally involves movement in an anterior direction; however, flexion at the knee joint involves posterior movement.

• Dorsiflexion describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.

• Plantarflexion turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when standing on your toes).


•• Extension Extension indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body. Extension usually occurs in a posterior direction, but extension of the knee joint occurs in an anterior direction.

•• HyperextensionHyperextension (overextension) -extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit;cancause injury, such as whiplash (i.e., hyperextension of the neck during a rear-end automobile collision).


• when the foot is extended at the ankle joint, it is plantarflexed (e.g., when standing on your toes).

• Except for the thumb, from the anatomical position, flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane.


Figure .Joint Flexion and Extension. (a) Flexion of the elbow; (b) extension of the elbow;(c) hyperextension of the wrist; (d) extension of the wrist; (e) flexion of the wrist; (f) flexion of thespine; (g) extension of the spine and flexion of the shoulder; (h) hyperextension of the neck and shoulder


Abduction and AdductionAbduction and Adduction•• AbductionAbduction-moving away from the median

plane in the frontal plane. e.g1., when moving an upper limb away from

the side of the body. e.g.2 raising the arm to one side of the body or

standing spread-legged. To abduct the fingers is to spread them apart•• AdductionAdduction - moving toward the median plane in

a frontal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb toward the side of the body).


• (a) Abduction of the limbs; • (b) adduction of the limbs;• (c) abduction (lateral flexion) of the spine


(d) abduction of the fingers(e) adduction of the fingers


Terms of movement of the thumbTerms of movement of the thumbA.NeutralA.Neutral hand position hand position B.ExtensionB.Extension (radial abduction)(radial abduction)C.FlexionC.Flexion ((transpalmartranspalmar adduction) adduction) D.OppositionD.OppositionF.AdductionF.Adduction


•• CircumductionCircumduction is a circular movement that is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction occurring in such a way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle. Circumductioncan occur at any joint at which all the above-mentioned movements are possible (e.g., the hip joint).

•• RotationRotation involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one's head to face sideways. Medial rotation (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, whereas lateral rotation (external rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane.


(a) Circumduction of the upper limb and lateral rotation of the right femur(b) medial rotation of the right femur (c) rotation of the spine;December 01, 2012 25Bitew M/[email protected]

• (d) lateral rotation of the humerus• (e) medial rotation of the humerus• (f) rotation of the neck (atlantoaxial joint)


•• PronationPronation is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius (the lateral long bone of the forearm) medially around its longitudinal axis so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly. When the elbow joint is flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the palm faces inferiorly (e.g., placing the palms flat on a table). When applied to the foot, pronation refers to a combination of eversionand abduction that results in lowering of the medial margin of the foot. (The feet of an individual with flat feet are pronated.)


•• SupinationSupination is the rotational movement of the forearm and hand that swings the radius laterally around its longitudinal axis so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly (i.e., moving them into the anatomical position). When the elbow joint is flexed, supination moves the hand so that the palm faces superiorly. (Memory device: You can hold soup in the palm of your hand when the flexed forearm is supinated but are prone [likely] to spill it if the forearm is then pronated!) When applied to the foot, supination generally implies movements resulting in raising the medial margin of the foot.

• Opposition is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. This movement is used to pinch, button a shirt, and lift a teacup by the handle. Reposition describes the movement of the 1st digit from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.


• (a) Supination of the forearm• (b) pronation of the forearmDecember 01, 2012 29Bitew M/[email protected]

• (c) opposition of the thumb• (d) reposition of the thumbDecember 01, 2012 30Bitew M/[email protected]

•• ProtrusionProtrusion is a movement anteriorly (forward) as in protruding the mandible (chin), lips, or tongue.

•• RetrusionRetrusion is a movement posteriorly (backward), as in retruding the mandible, lips, or tongue. The similar terms protraction and retraction are used most commonly for anterior and posterior movements of the shoulder.

•• ElevationElevation raises or moves a part superiorly, as in elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper lid when opening the eye, or the tongue when pushing it up against the palate.

•• DepressionDepression lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders when standing at ease, the upper lid when closing the eye, or pulling the tongue away from the palate.


• (a) Elevation of the scapulae;• (b) depression of the scapulae;December 01, 2012 32Bitew M/[email protected]

Lateral and Medial Excursion

Biting and chewing food require several movements of the jaw: up and down (elevation-depression), forward and back (protraction-retraction), and side-to-side grinding movements.

The last of these are called lateral excursion(sideways movement to the right or left) and

medial excur-sion(movement back to the midline)


(c) protraction of the mandible(d) retraction of the mandible(e) lateralexcursion of the mandible(f) medialexcursion of the mandible


•• EversionEversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane (turning the sole laterally). When the foot is fully everted it is also dorsiflexed.

•• Inversion Inversion moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially). When the foot is fully inverted it is also plantarflexed.


• Joint Movements of the Foot. (a) Dorsiflexion;• (b) extension; (c) plantar flexion; (d) inversion; (e) eversion.December 01, 2012 36Bitew M/[email protected]

Summary of terms of movement


Any Any Question?Question?


The end

Thank for your attention!


anatomicomedical terminology ppt-1 by bitew m

Health & Medicine