analyzing the effects of facts devices
DESCRIPTION
Analyzing the Effects of FACTS Devices on SteadyState Performance of Hydro-Quebec NetworkTRANSCRIPT
By:
Ibrahem M. Hussein ID: 201405220
Date: 25-12-2014
2014
KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF
PETROLEM AND MINERALS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Electrical Transmission ,EE-525
Term-Paper
[ Analyzing the Effects of FACTS Devices on Steady
State Performance of Hydro-Quebec Network ]
Instructor: Dr. Chokri B. Ahmad
2
Table of Contents
List of Figures……………………………………………………2
List of Tables ………………………………………….…………2
Abstract …………………………………………………….…….3
Chapter One: Introduction…………...………………………...4 1.1 General overview ………………………………..………….4
1.2 Transmission system ……………………………..…………6
1.3 Control of power flow ………………………………..……..6
Chapter Two: FACTS Devices …………………………………9
2.1 FACTS devices ….………………………………….………9
2.2 General equivalent circuits for FACTS ……………………10
2.3 Static VAR compensator(SVC) ….………………...……....12
2.4 SVC configuration …………………………………..……..14
2.5 SVC controller ……………………………………..………15
2.6 Benefits of FACTS devices ……………………….……….16
Chapter Three: Modeling and Simulation ……………………17
3.1 Technical information and assumptions …………………...17
3.2 Simulink model ………………………………….………... 18
3.2.1 Transmission line technical data ………………...……...20
3.2.2 Generation stations technical data………………....…….20
3.3 Load distribution. …………………………………..………21
3.4 Simulation results …………………………………..……....21
Chapter Four: Conclusion and Future work ……......................28
3
Abstract Modern power systems are operates to supply power on demands to the various load
centers so, efficient transmission system must be constructed to transmit the bulk
power usually over long distances form the generation stations to the loads. For large
power systems such as Hydro-Quebec Network which is an international grid, located
in Canada with extensions into the northeastern United State of America which
transmit huge amount of power over very long distances, one of the major issues is to
maintain the steady state performance under verity of loads, as well as, the
disturbances that happened through the network. Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are powerful tool to maintain or even to
improve the steady state operation of the network. In addition, to control the power
flow through the system. One of the famous FACTS devices which is the static VAR
compensator (SVC), it’s classified as first generation FACTS device which improve
the transmission loadability, improve the voltage stability. In this study, an simplified
model of Hydro-Quebec Network transmission system will be build and simulated
using Matlab-simulink tool . Also, the effects of adding one FACTS device which is
the (SVC) will be considered for many locations through the network beside to a
comparison between selected locations, as well as, the number of used component.
4
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Overview
The Hydro-Quebec network is one of the largest electrical power transmission
system in the world. It’s consist of about 32,000 km of power lines and managed by
Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie which is a division of the crown corporation Hydro-
Quebec [3]. The bulks of the power are transmitted via longer 11000 km, 735 kV
transmission lines from the northern hydroelectric dams and power stations of James
Bay project and Churchill Falls to the load centers at Montréal and Quebec area.
There are about 60 hydroelectric planets most of them located in the north responsible
of about 85% of the total power generated. The map in figure 1 shows the 735 kV
Hydro-Quebec’s transmission system.
Figure 1: Hydro-Quebec’s 735 kV transmission network
5
The geographical characteristic play a major role in generating power, the fact that
the most generating units located in three large, remote hydroelectric complexes
which are James Bay complex, Churchill Falls complex and Manic complex. Among
the most important characteristic of Hydro-Quebec’s that make the stability and
voltage control critical issues are [4] :
1. The large distance between the generating stations and the load centers.
2. The use of 735 kV transmission system which is very extensive (more than
11000 km ) located mainly in two corridor as shown in figure 1.
The system planned in 2004, which includes generation of about 37,000 MW on a
system consist of eleven 735 kV transmission lines divided into two corridors, the one
links Jams Pay complex (15,000 MW) and the other which links the Churchill Falls
(14,000 MW) with about 1000 km of conductors for each corridor to the load centers.
In addition, thirty-one 735 kV substation are distributed along the lines and 11200
MVAR of series compensation [3]. Also, there are about 884 bus and 650 branch of
about 33,654 MW of loads according to the figures in 2010. [5].
The system’s is thus a complex system and needs to pay more attention about the
steady state performance and voltage stability which requires the use of most
technologies specific for large-scale transmission system, hence long line require
extensive control to maximize the power transfer capability, as well as, the system
stability thus, Hydro-Quebec start to use power grid control component such as large
synchronous condenser in the early 1970s and FACTS such as static compensators
devices in the early 1980s [5]. FACTS devices control the power flow through the
lines, it’s could supply or absorb reactive power, increase or decrease the voltage
level and control the line impedance. The benefits of FACTS devices depends on the
following points [6] :
1. The size of the component.
2. The number of the components.
3. Location of Installation.
4. The type of components
6
1.2 Transmission system
Transmission system is needed to transmit the power from one location to another
for many reasons, for example, if the natural resources that needed to produce or
generating the power are locating remotely from the consumers, or reduce the number
of the total reserves of the generators. Figure 2 below shows a simplified lossless
transmission system.
Figure 2: Simplified transmission system.
Where:
V1: The sending end voltage.
V2: The receiving end voltage.
ɵ1: The sending end angle.
ɵ2: Receiving end angle.
The line reactance of the line X and the generating power PG.
The power transmitted through the line can be given by equation 1.1 as the following:
The difference in the angle adjusted to match the generated power with the power
required by the load. In case of radial system, the power flow can be determined.
However, in ring configuration, it’s almost impossible to determine the load flow
between two nodes due to variety in loads [1].
1.3 Control of Power Flow in AC systems
One of the important issues regarding the AC transmission system is to control the
power flow, this refers to[7]:
1. Enhance power flow transfer capability.
2. Change power flow under dynamic conditions such as disturbances due to
sudden change in load or line trip (outage) .
3. Insure system stability and steady state operation.
7
One of the common methods to control power flow is using series compensation,
which can increase the line loadability. However, from equation (1), what if we can
regulate the voltage at the receiving end voltage, this can be done by controlling the
reactive power (Qc) at the receiving end bus, consider figure 3 which indicates a
transmission system with capability to change Qc [1]:
Figure 3: Transmission system with controllable reactive power source
At surge impedance loading, , substitute in eq(1.1) yields:
By regulating the voltage at the receiving end bus, we can double the power transfer
capability as shown in eq (1.2), where Qc is equal to:
Qc provide dynamic reactive power support at the receiving end bus while the
steady state reactive power support is provided by the mechanically switched
compensation mechanism. To achieve the dynamic support of Qc, fast response
devices must be used such as static VAR compensators (SVC) or generally the power
electronics controllers.
Loads changed during the day, and it’s function of time which correspond to change
the power flow through the network. Faults and trip of a line or generator will
overloads the lines, increasing the loads and it’s behavior being inductive results in
voltage drop through the system buses, such these major and manner disturbances
needs to be handle fast manner, this can be achieved by power electronics controllers
8
which have very fast switching characteristic, this will make the AC transmission
system flexible to adapt for changing happened due to load contingencies, load
variety and this lead us to the concept of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
[8].
9
CHAPTER TWO
FACTS DEVICES
2.1 FACTS devices
According to IEEE definition of FACTS: “ Flexible AC transmission systems
incorporating power electronics based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability” [9]. Others define FACTS as :
“power electronics based system and other static equipment that provide control of
one or more AC transmission system parameters” [10].
FACTS devices classified into four categories which are:
1. Shunt connected controllers
2. Series connected controllers.
3. Combined series-series controllers.
4. Combined shunt-series controllers.
Also, depends on the power electronic device used in control process, the FACTS
devices classified also to [11]:
1. Variable impedance type, also called Thyristorvalve.
2. Voltage source converter (VSC) –based.
Depending on the connection of the FACT device and it’s control characteristics
or the function to implement, there are many types of these devices according to
the last two categories. Figure 4 below summarize the different types of FACTS
and it’s connection type to the grid.
A small comparison between these two categories, in VSC-based FACTS, they
have compact design, supply the required reactive power (up to a specific limit)
under low voltage levels of the bus and can provide also real power if they have
an energy storage source or large storage DC-link. On the other hand, they needs
an self commutating power semi-conductor devices such as gate turn off (GTO).
For the variable impedance type, Thyristors generally have higher rating than the
10
self commutating devices and chipper to use. However, technically, the VSC-
based controller superior over the variable impedance type [11].
Figure 4: FACTS devices classifications.
2.2 General equivalent circuit for FACTS devices
Facts devices usually control the following parameters all together or at least one of
them, these parameters are :
1. Voltage magnitude and phase angle of the connected point.
2. The reactive current either drawn or supplied.
Figure 5 below shows an simple equivalent circuit that implement the control
variable in which the FACTS devices are control [1].
11
Figure 5: Simplified FACT device equivalent circuit.
Neglecting the losses, ( i) represents drawn or supplied by the FACT device, (e) is
the voltage injected by FACT device respectively .
The following constrain equation (2.1) applied and assuming the pharos
representation of i and e are I and E then:
The current (I) and voltage (E) can be resolved into two components, real (p) and
reactive (r) components in which:
We can represent V1 and I2 as:
Using equation 2.2,2.3 and 2.4 in 2.1 we get:
Positive Vp and Ip indicates real and active power flow, as well as, positive Ir and
Vr indicates positive reactive power that drawn by the FACT device.
The last equations can be considered as general equations for FACTS devices,
hence we will consider the static VAR compensator (SVC), then we can express the
SVC parameters as Vp=0, Vr=0, Ip=0 and Ir= - Bsvc V1, So we can express any
FACT device in term of this parameters. Here in the case of SVC, there are three
constrains and one control variable which is Bsvc.
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2.3 Static VAR compensator (SVC)
As we mentioned above, SVC classified as variable impedance device, it’s an
umbrella term for several devices, IEEE defines SVC as “ A shunt-connected,
thyristor-controlled inductor whose effective reactance is varied in a continuous
manner by partial-conduction control of the thyristor value”. Figure 6 shown below
gives an illustration about SVC connection through the grid, if the location in the mid
of the line, this have the effect of increasing the maximum power transfer of the line.
However, it’s may located at the end of the line, this have the effect to regulate the
voltage at the end of the transmission line, this analysis is an summary of [1],[13].
Figure 6: SVC connection to transmission system.
Let us perform the analysis at the mid-point of the line, the voltage magnitude at the
mid of the line given by :
Where , B is the propagation constant (rad/m) , w is the angular
frequency, l is the line length and is the power angle.
The system characteristic of the SVC is shown in figure (7-a), points A, B and D
defined the control range of the SVC, the line OA is the SVC in the capacitive region
limits, the line BC region for inductive limits. Vref correspond to reference voltage
when the SVC current ( I) is equal to zero. The SVC current given by:
From figure 7, the slope of the line OA and BC represent the suspetance in
capacitive (Bc) and inductive (BL) region respectively.
13
The SVC voltage can be determined by the intersection between the network
voltage or the network characteristic and the SVC characteristic (control
characteristic), figure (7-b) represent this intersection.
Figure 7-a: SVC Characteristic Figure 7-b: Intersection characteristic
From figure 6 and (7-b), the SVC voltage can be related with the thevenin system
voltage and reactance which is actually the voltage at the SVC or the mid-line and the
reactance’s seen by that SVC, as the following:
Where
and z is the transmission line impedance per km.
And from figure (7-b) and equation (2.6), we can relate Vscv with Isvc graphically
by:
Where Xs or (Bsvc) is the slope of the line AB or OA or BC, depending on the limits.
From equations 2.7 and 2.8, it can be shown that:
Where:
,
,
P0: the power flow of the line without SVC, P1 : is the power flow and the SVC is
included maintain constant voltage at the mid-point.
14
For small values of , the sine term will equal to one and the denominator will equal
to the line reactance X or Xth , this obviously maximize the power. Figure 8 shows
the improvement on the loadability.
Figure 8: Loadability Curve for SVC
2.4 SVC Configuration
There are two main types of SVC topology [14],[15]:
1. Fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR).
2. Thyristor switched capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (TSC-TCR).
Figure 9 shows all these configurations, first, there is an transformer to step down
the voltage to SVC levels, the thyristor rating will minimized, the potential
transformer (PT) get an reference voltage from the bus where the SVC is connected,
there is also current transformer for current values, the reactors are connected to limit
the di/dt problem due to switching. In addition, there is high pass filter and tuned filter
to reduce harmonics and provide the signals at the fundamental frequency. An control
unit to control Thyristors on and off state and provide the gate pulses.
15
Figure9: A typical SVC (TSC-TCR) Configuration.
In TCR operation mode, the firing angle ( ) varied from 90o to 180
0 using phase
angle control in which to control the TCR current, figure 10 represent this process.
The same process can be done to TSC, so it’s a matter to control the current flowing
through the elements.
Figure 10: TCR circuit and output wave form.
For switching operation of TSR, the firing angle will be 90 or 180 for full or zero
conduction respectively.
2.5 SVC Controller
SVC controller responsible to provide the firing angle that in turn to control the
current through the TSC and TCR, figure 11 shows a simplified controller operation
to produce the firing angles.
16
Figure 11: SVC Controller.
First, a samples for current and voltage is taken from the potential and current
transformer, an AC filter to prevent parallel resonant, as well as, high pass filter to
prevent low frequency harmonics to pass, the signal then will be rectified and a DC
filter which include low pass filter to remove the ripple from the signal and tuned
filter which is tuned to the harmonics frequencies to prevent it to pass. The auxiliary
signals came from another controllers to obtain full control range, an limiter to
provide the minimum and maximum for the output signal, the logic function will
convert the analog signal to an digital and processed by the CPU to produce the firing
angles [1].
2.6 Benefits of FACTS devices
Some of the benefits that gained from using FACTS devices in our project are:
1. Provide voltage support at critical buses in the system (shunt connected
controllers) which improve the network voltage profile.
2. Improve the line loadability or increase the thermal limit.
3. Overcome dynamic disturbances by fast switching operation.
However, there are some limitations and major issues when applying FACTS
devices in the system, the capital investment which include the instrument cost and
operating cost which represent the power losses on that elements and maintenance.
Also, the payback time. From technical point of view, the location, rating and control
strategy play an important role and used as index for network planning.
17
CHAPTER 3
MODELING AND SIMULATION
3.1 Technical Information and Assumptions
The Hydro-Quebec generating power of about 35,125 MW according to [16]. The
generation stations distribution in MW are shown in table 1.
Table 1: Hydro Generation stations in MW.
The transmission system voltages and substation numbers are shown in table 2, with
total 735/765 kV lines length of more than 10,000 km [16].
Table 2: Transmission system summary.
Hence our goal from this report is to perform the simulation using simulink tool in
Matlab environment. The system that we try to simulate is Quebec international grid.
First of all, many assumptions should be made for simplification, hence Quebec
network is huge complex network, these assumptions as the following:
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1. Hydro-Quebec network uses 735 kV transmission system, the technical data
for transmission lines, transformers and generators are taken from Matlab
simpower library, actually, this library designed by Hydro-Quebec research
team.
2. The generation units will be designed for JAMES PAY project and
CHURCHILL FALLS project of total power as indicated in figure 1.
3. The system will be designed without any compensation through the lines.
4. The loads are designed in according to the annual report of the company in
2012 [16]. The load bulks will be designed to be in Monterial and Quebec
area.
5. The simulation performed for the network with and without SVC, the
installing location for SVC depends on results founded in [17].
3.2 Simulink Model
The network simulink model is shown in figure 13, notice that there are two
concentrated bulk of power generation units in Jams Pay and Churchill Falls area, the
total power generated is about 17, 000 MW which implement about 50% of the total
power generated in Hydro-Quebec network. The simulink model consist of eleven
735 kV transmission system which is the same as the number of transmission line
physically installed through the network, these lines divided into two corridors, five
lines from Churchill Falls which feeds Quebec area and the around cities in the
southern of the network and connected also to 6 lines came from Jams Pay project
which feeds Montréal and the around cities .
At corridor that links Churchill Falls to the Quebec area, the line divided into three
sub-distances or stages and implement an total length of 1000 km, the first stage
consist of three – three phase, 400 km transmission lines links the stations to Arnaud
area (from B20 to B19), then another two –three phase 200 km transmission lines
links Arnaud to Manicouagan area (from B19 to B18), and continue (with distance of
400 km) to an set of three – three phase lines going from Jams Pay project (from B18
to B16), the third line run to be linked with another three –three phase lines coming
from Jams Pay project with distance of 200 km (from B17 to B16 and B14).
19
The second corridor, which have six –three phase lines going from Jams Pay project
to Abitibi and Albanel areas with total distance of 600 km (from B10 and B15 to B12
and B11), the first three –three phase set continue to Monterial area with distance of
400 km (from B11 to B13 ), and the other set continue with two – three phase set of
lines to the line coming from Churchill Falls (From B12 to B14). For more details, see
appendix A.
Figure 13: Simulink Model of Hydro-Quebec network
20
3.2.1 Transmission lines technical data
The data used for the resistance, inductance and capacitance per kilo-meter are
shown in table 3 below.
Table 3: Transmission line parameters.
Line voltage [kV] Resistance[R1,R0]
[Ohm/km]
Inductance[L1,L0]
[H/km]
Capacitance[C1,C0]
[F/km]
735 [0.01165,0.2676] [0.867e-3,3.0e-3] [13.41e-9,8.57e-9]
From the above table, we can calculate the characteristic impedance, this an very
important quantity to calculate the surge impedance loading (SIL) of the line, which
in turn determine the maximum thermal limit of the line.
From the simulink model initialization, the generators are initiated to generate 1375
MW for each one. The total generation from the northern side is about 17 GW.
Our design consist of 10 lines feeding and extended to 11 , 735 kV as shown in
figure 13.
3.2.2 Generation stations and transformers technical data
Each unit consist of an set of synchronous machine models, Jams pay project
produce about 11.5 GW and Churchill Falls produce about 5.6 GW with total power
generated of 17 GW. The generators, as well as, the transformers data are taken from
simpower library in simulink.
21
According to the SIL founded above, this system valid to deliver the required power
by loads. Notice that the system is uncompensated and hence the limits can be
increased by applying the compensation technique to the lines.
3.3 Load distribution
The loads are distributed according to the load centers that usually happened in the
large cites, an large areas such as Quebec and Monteral areas are considered to be the
load centers also, another cities located in the path of the transmission system. The
amount of load values are divided in according to the amount of power generation.
3.4 Simulation results
In this section, the simulation results for voltage profile, as well as, the generated
power will be shown when the system running under normal conditions or unity load
factor , the system is expected to have an good voltage profile which located between
0.95 to 1.05 pu. Then the load factor for the hole loads will increased to 1.09, the
system will be simulated and results for voltage profile and power generation will be
shown. Moreover, the process of adding SVC will be considered at three locations in
the system to improve the system voltage profile, the locations of these SVC’s are
taken from [17]. In addition, we will show that the optimum number of SVCs is three.
With load factor 1, or the loads are about 17 GW, the voltage profile at buses shown
in figure 14:
Figure 14: Voltage profile with unity load factor
22
All busses voltage are within the limits, the minimum bus voltage is 0.953 pu and the
maximum bus voltage is 1.052 pu.
For load factor of 1.09, an increment to the above 17GW loads correspond to 18.53
GW. The voltage profile without installing SVC’s shown in figure 15. (don’t forget
the SIL for lines which is 19.11 GW). The generated power shown in figure 16.
Figure 15: Voltage profile for load factor 1.09 without SVC.
As we can see from figure 15, there are three buses have voltage violation, the first
bus voltage is 1.059 above the maximum allowed voltage, the second has voltage of
0.94 pu, the third has voltage of 0.93 pu below the minimum allowed bus voltage.
Figure 16: Total generated power from P10, P20 and P15.
23
Now, the process of adding three SVC’s in the system will be discussed for load
factor of 1.09, the locations are selected in according to the load centers, as well as,
near the buses have voltage violations. Monterial buses (B13) area have low voltage
levels and one SVC3 is installed in that area also, from the voltage profile, B19 and
B16 and the around buses have voltage upper or lower than the required range,
another two SVCs (2&3) are installed in that regions. According to [17], the selected
locations for SVC’s are optimal by using genetic algorithm. Figure 17 shows the
modification we made to install the SVC’s in the network.
Figure 17: The network after adding SVCs.
The SVCs configurations are selected to control the voltage or the option of voltage
regulation. the used parameters for this mode is the defaults parameters expect the
reference voltage which you can modify to improve the system voltage.
The voltage profile for figure 17 is shown in figure 18, as we can see, the voltage
profile is improved through the buses in which the SVCs are installed and the buses
around it. i.e. Bus 13 has voltage of 0.958 pu , bus 16 has voltage of 0.9503 pu and
24
bus 19 has voltage of 1.048 pu which are improved values for both power increment
and the accepted voltage profile hence the load factor still 1.09.
Figure 18: The voltage profile for load factor 1.09, with SVCs.
The voltage and control characteristics of the SVCs are shown in figure 19,20 and
21. At bus 19, the voltage and control characteristics for SVC-1 is shown in figure 19.
Figure 19: SVC-1 Voltage and control characteristics.
Next, the voltage characteristic for SVC-2 at bus 13 is shown in figure 20.
25
Figure 20: SVC-2 Voltage and control characteristics.
Finally, the voltage characteristic for SVC-3 at bus 16 is shown in figure 21.
Figure 21: SVC-3 Voltage and control characteristics.
Now, we turn to the optimization process, the number of SVC’s will decreased to
two, then it will be increased to four keeping load factor equal to 1.09 for both cases,
also with the same parameters used for the last three locations.
26
1. In case of removing SVC-1 at bus B19, then the system will suffer from
voltage violation at bus 19, actually the voltage at the buses near to B19
increased and a slightly decreasing in other buses occurs. Figure 22 represent
this effect.
Figure 22: Voltage profile after remove SVC-1.
2. Another attempted to remove SVC-2 from the network and return SVC-1 to its
place have worst effect than removing SVC-1, gradual decreasing in the
voltage profile near B19 and the around buses, and heavy decreasing in
voltage at B13 and the around buses, it’s reach 0.93 pu. Figure 23 represents
this effect.
Figure 23: Voltage profile after removing SVC-2.
27
3. Finally, removing SVC-3 from the network and return SVC-1 and 2 to its
original place have also deep effect on the system, the voltage at the buses
near to B19 and the around region decreased from 1.05 to some values near to
1.04 and lower. Also, heavy decreasing in voltage happened at bus B13 and
the near buses which reach 0.93 below the minimum rated value of 0.95 pu.
However, an attempted to increase the number of SVCs in the system have no
significant improvement happened, actually, an fourth SVC added to the system at
different locations other than the current located SVCs and with the same
configuration parameters, the voltage profile slightly decreasing or increasing
depending on the new location of the SVC.
28
Chapter 4
Conclusion and Future Work
This report represented analyses and discussion about the effects of one of the
FACTS devices which is the SVC on the steady state performance regarding the
voltage stability of the Hydro-Quebec Network, three SVCs were installed in the
model, the selected locations are depends on the information provided in [17] hence,
there are two physically installed SVCs in the network in addition to an third one
which added in the simulation environment. Also, the simulation performed to the
system in the steady state operation for unity and with 1.09 increment in load factor in
both with and without SVCs. Based on the results in our model, three SVCs are the
best number of components which can be added to the network, hence our attempts to
increase the number of SVCs for higher than three components in different locations,
almost we get the same result, the voltage slightly decreased or increased depending
on the new installed location. We conclude that three SVCs improve the system
loadability by increasing the load factor from 1 to 1.09 and hence the network still
maintains the voltage profile within the allowed range.
Future Work
From the simulation results in this report, many features can be added to the system
such as:
1. Use a specific algorithm to determine the location of the FACTS devices such
as the Genetic algorithm.
2. Trying to install different types of FACTS devices rather than the SVC.
3. Extend the system to have the series compensation applied in Hydro- Quebec
network .
4. Extend the network to have the third generation station at Manic complex.
Challenging Faced us through our work, the big challenge is ability to perform the
simulation for such huge network like Quebec network, we try our best to make the
system design as the physically installed grid in Quebec. Also, the original system
was designed with another tool rather than Matlab simulink tool.
29
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