analyzing diary data: multilevel approach
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Analyzing diary data: Multilevel approach . Asko Tolvanen & Kaisa Aunola Methodology Center for Human Science& Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä. From a quantitative point of view , the use of diary design provides a possibility to: . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Analyzing diary data: Multilevel approach
Asko Tolvanen & Kaisa AunolaMethodology Center for Human Science&
Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä
From a quantitative point of view,the use of diary design provides a possibility to:
(a) Obtain reliable person-level information(b) Obtain estimates of within-person change
over time, as well as individual differences in such change
(c) Conduct a causal analysis of within-person changes and individual differences in these changes
Bolger, Davis, & Rafaeli, 2003
You may, for example, be interested in to investigate not only individual level processes (i.e., individual differences) but also day level (i.e., within individual differences, for
example, from day-to-day) processes, and cross-level interactions…
Different processes may be going on at different levels.
For example,
At the person-level => positive correlation between parental affection and
guilt-inducing parenting (those typically showing high affection, also typically use quilt-inducing in child rearing)
At the day-level => negative correlation between parental affection and
guilt-inducing parenting (on the days parents show high affection, they don’t use guilt-inducing, and vice versa, i.e. they do not use these two types of parenting simultaneously)
Cross-level interaction: e.g., there are indivdiual differences in the processes going on at the day level
Multilevel modeling is a feasible tool to analyze both
a) between-person differences and
b) within-person changes… as well as interpersonal differences in these within-person
changes
The term ”multilevel” refers to a hierarchical or nested data structure
= cluster sampling
Nested means that the data includes different levels:
- family members nested within families
- pupils nested within schools
- spouses nested within couples
- time-points nested within individuals
- etc.
Observations nested within a certain cluster share something which makes them more or less similar with each other.
Family 1
Mother 1 Father 1
Child 1
Family 2
Mother 2 Father 2
Child A 2 Child B 2 Family 3
Mother 3
Child A3
Child B3
Individual 1
Mon Tue
Wed
Mon Tue
Wed Thu
Tue
Wed
Thu
Individual 2
Individual 3
’Clusters’
The variation in measured variables is due toa) individual differences ANDb) differences within individuals, i.e.
differences between days
Multilevel modeling is used when the data have been obtained by cluster sampling (i.e., nested design)
… to avoid biases in parameter estimates, standard errors, and tests of model fit
(if clustering is not taking account, s.e.’s are too small and, thus, t-values are too big)
… to learn about both within- and between-cluster relationships.
Muthén & Muthén, 2004
Technically…
… the variation of variables are divided into two parts
(1) Between-level variance
(2) Within-level variance
… there may also be variables that have variation only at the between-level or only at the within-level.
=> two separate covariance-matrixes, one for each level
Parental Affectionbetween
Guilt-inducingbetween
Parental Affectionwithin
Guilt-inducingwithin
Between-level(e.g., between individuals)
Within-level(e.g., within-individuals; between timepoints or days)
Parental Affection
Guilt-inducing parenting
R = .20
R = -.20
Psychological Control in Daily Parent–Child Interactions
Increases Children’s Negative Emotions Journal of Family Psychology (2013)
Kaisa Aunola, Asko Tolvanen, Jaana Viljaranta, & Jari-Erik Nurmi
AimsThe aim of the study was to examine the daily dynamics between parental behaviors, i.e., affection and psychological control, and children’s negative emotions:
Negative emotions
Negative emotions
Psychological control / Affection
Psychological control / Affection
BETWEEN-PERSON LEVEL
Psychological control / Affection
Negative emotions
t-1 tWITHIN-PERSON LEVEL
Participants and Procedure• LIGHT-data (150 mothers, 115 fathers, 150
children (Grade 1))
• Daily diary across one week period for mothers and fathers during the Autumn term of Grade 1– Negative daily emotions (8 items); Within-level
alphas .72-.78– Psychological control (5 items) and affection (4 items)
in daily parenting; Within-level alphas .67-.73
Results
Negativeemotions / mother report
Negativeemotions / father report
Psychological contol / mother
Psychological control/ father
Affection / mother
Affection / father
.40
.41
.42
.43
.58
.56
Children’s negative emotions and mothers’ and fathers’ psychological control varied more between days than between persons, whereas mothers’ and fathers’ affection varied more between persons than between days.
Intraclass correlations (ICC) were first calculated to determine what proportion of the variance in the observed variables is due to the differences between individuals (between-person variation) and what is due to differences experienced by each individual on different days (within-person variation):
ICC Intraclass correlation (ICC):
Between-cluster variability relative to total variation, i.e. intra-class homogeneity
An example of daily variation in parenting
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Psych. Control / Mother 1
affection / Mother 1
Avarage value of affection (across days)
Avarage value of psychological control (across days)
Mothers’reports
Fathers’reports
.56
.55
Mothers’reports
Fathers’reports
.53
.52
WITHIN-PERSON LEVEL
Negative emotions
Negative emotions
Psychological control
Psychological control
BETWEEN-PERSON LEVEL
Psychological control
Mothers’report
Fathers’report
.78
.70
Negative emotions
-.07*
.06*
-.08***
.06***
.53*** .59* **
.68***
Figure 1. Multilevel prospective change model for mothers’ psychological control and children’s negative emotions.
t-1 t
Mothers’reports
Fathers’reports
.53
.57
Mothers’reports
Fathers’reports
.49
.53
WITHIN-PERSON LEVEL
Negative emotions
Negative emotions
Psychological control
Psychological control
BETWEEN-PERSON LEVEL
Psychological control
Mothers’reports
Fathers’reports
.76
.77
Negative emotions
-.17***
.27***
-.25***
.04
.43*** .46***
.77***
Figure 2. Multilevel prospective change model for fathers’ psychological control and children’s negative emotions.
tt-1
Conclusions
• Mothers’ and fathers’ psychological control in daily interactions increased the negative emotions in their children. In contrast, children’s negative emotions during a given day predicted decreased parental psychological control for the next day.
• The positive relation of psychological control to children’s subsequent negative emotions was significantly stronger when exerted by fathers than when applied by mothers
Emotion transmission within the family: Child’s temperament as a moderator
(manuscript under preparation)
Suvi Kaila, Asko Tolvanen & Kaisa Aunola
Research questions(1) What kind of week trend do parents’ and children’s emotions
show? (2) To what extent parents’ positive and negative emotions are
transferred to their children in daily interaction?(3) To what extent children’s positive and negative emotions are
transferred to their parents in daily interaction?(4) Does children’s temperament impact on emotion transmission in
the family? 4a. Are children with certain temperament characteristics
more prone to receive their parents’ emotions than others? For example, does child’s ’easy’ temperament function as a protective factor against receiving negative emotions from parents?
4b. Are parents more prone to receive emotions from children with certain temperament characteristics?
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Positive emotions
Child / mother-report
Child / father-report
Father
Mother
Scor
e
Week trends in emotions
Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
Negative emotions Child / mother-report
Child / father-report
Father
Mother
Scor
e
Transmission of daily emotions
WITHIN (variation within individual; i.e., from day-to-day variation)
TUNNE
S1
Child’s negative emotions
BETWEEN (variation between individuals)
Child’s negative emotionality (temperament)
S1 / S2
Father’s negative emotions
Focus is in the mean and variance of the regression coefficients S1 and S2.
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
Father’s negative emotions
Father’s negative emotions
t-1 t
S2
Results• At the level of the whole sample, no statistically significant
transmission of emotions was found
• However, there were statistically significant (p < .05) variation in emotion transmission:
– From mothers’ negative emotions to children’s negative emotions– From fathers’ negative emotions to children’s negative emotions– From mothers’ positive emotions to children’s positive emotions
• In each case, child’s negative emotionality functioned as a moderator
WITHIN (variation within individual; i.e., from day-to-day variation)
TUNNE
S
Child’s negative emotions
BETWEEN (variation between individuals)
Child’s negative emotionality (temperament)
S
Mother’s negative emotions
.09(.06)
-.04(.04)
Var (S) = .014(.005)**
.10(.04)**
The higher the level of child’s negative emotionality, the more strongly mothers’s negative emotions are transmitted to the child, i.e. children with negative emotionality are more prone to receive negative emotions than others from their mothers?
Mean(S) = -.00(-.03), p ns
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
Mother’s negative emotions
.16(.05)**
.08(.08).06(.01)***
Mother’s negative emotions
-.09(.05)*
t-1 t
.04(.01)***.04(.01)***
WITHIN (variation within individual; i.e., from day-to-day variation)
TUNNE
S
Child’s negative emotions
BETWEEN (variation between individuals)
Child’s negative emotionality (temperament)
S
Father’s negative emotions
.07 ns
-.07ns
Var (S) = .011(.004), p < .05
.09(.03)***
The higher the level of child’s negative emotionality, the more strongly father’s negative emotions are transmitted to the child, i.e. children with negative emotionality are more prone to receive negative emotions than others from their fathers?
Mean(S) = .08, p ns
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
TUNNEChild’s negative
emotions
Father’s negative emotions
Low High1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
High emotionalityLow emotionality
Father’s negative emotions on the given day
-1SD +1SD
Child
’s ne
gativ
e em
otion
s on
the
follo
win
g d
ay
Thank you!