analysis of infectious respiratory disease cases in indonesia and his relationship to indoor air...

8/16/2019 Analysis of Infectious Respiratory Disease Cases in Indonesia and His Relationship to Indoor Air Quality

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TOYOHASHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGHY

ANALYSIS OF INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORYDISEASE CASES IN INDONESIA AND HISRELATIONSHIP TO INDOOR AIR QUALITY

REPORT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

JODY SETIAWAN

The defnition o indoor air !a"it#$ and ana"#%i% o &a%e% o re%'irator# tra&tine&tion &a%e% in Indone%ia and it% re"e(an&e to the indoor air !a"it#


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Definition of Indoor air quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a condition of the content of the air in the room that could affect health and

comfort of occupants. When a room is used, sometimes there is a variety of human activities (breathing,

smoking, cooking) and the release of other compounds (ne paint, dust, camphor, !"#s) from certain

ob$ects. When the clean air polluted by those elements hich passed the threshold, it can interfere the

comfort and health of human. %he good indoor air quality can be achieved if the room or building has

good air circulation.

%he Indoor air pollution occurs because of the process of the gases or particles discharge into the air from

the source. &enerally, air pollution from the outside can enter the room due to bad infiltration and

ventilation systems. 'ources of outdoor air pollution can be derived from various types of combustion

processes hile source of indoor air pollutants can come from building materials and broken furnishings,

products containing insulating asbestos material, damp carpets, pressed ooden furniture, cleaning

products and personal care, freeer, stove, humidifier, etc.

Analisis of several cases of respiratory tract infection disease in Indonesia and its relevance to the

indoor air quality

Approimately four million people have died from respiratory tract infection disease annually. %he very

high mortality rate occurred in infants, children, and elderly people, especially those in countries ith lo

and middle income per capita. *espiratory tract infection disease as ranked first out of + diseases in

Indonesia for more than to decades. %he reason is that the lo air quality through physical, chemical,

and biological both in the home and outside house. *espiratory tract infection disease is also a disease

that often occurs due to bad indoor air quality.

*espiratory tract infection disease is the occurrence of severe infection in the sinuses, throat, air channels

or lungs. %he infections that occurs more often caused by a virus although the bacteria can also cause this

condition. %his condition cause respiratory function becomes impaired. If not immediately treated, canspread throughout the respiratory system. %he body could not get enough oygen due to an infection that

occurs and this condition can be fatal, perhaps even deadly.

A person can be infected ith acute respiratory infection hen the person is breathing air that contains

viruses or bacteria. !irus issued by people ith respiratory tract infections through sneeing or coughing.

In addition, the liquid containing the virus or bacteria that attach to the surface of the ob$ect can be

infectious to others hen they touch it. %his is referred to as indirect contacts. *espiratory tract infection

disease itself ill be more easily infect people ho have problem ith their lungs. %he vulnerable

population to pneumonia are children aged less than - years old and the elderly over / years old.

%he house condition is strongly associated ith the risk of air pollution. Indoor air pollution is harmful to

health. Indoor air pollution can be caused by several factors, namely due to physical, chemical or

biological of indoor air. #ondition of the house here the air does not meet health requirements are also

influenced by environmental factors that are not good against air pollution, on the other hand houses ith

many occupants ould lead to bad consequences on the health and be a potential source of the spread of

respiratory tract infection diseases.


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%he eistence of microorganisms in a house is also a potential source of the spread of respiratory disease,

it is caused by many fungi and bacteria. In the house environment, mold spores and bacteria become the

root cause of the air0borne diseases and scattered everyhere. 1oth can get into the house caused by

passive ventilation or inadequate ventilation systems. 2any microorganisms in house can also come from

animals, floer pots and trash. Air sirculation that do not qualify can cause proliferation of groth of

microorganisms that cause health problems in humans and potentially cause respiratory tract infectiondisease.

Acute respiratory tract infections in one of districts in Indonesia (1ogor *egency) alays ranked first

occurs in infants. In addition, based on the traffic data reports of respiratory tract infection disease

patients in to health units health centers hich are health unit 'adeng health centers and health units

health centers 'adeng 2arket, respiratory tract infection disease is the highest rank disease of + list of

high rate diseases. %his is due to the lo healthy homeonership of people in the district 3euisadeng

affecting to air microbiology quality in the house so that it can be a risk factor for the incidence of

respiratory tract infection disease in infants. 4loating microorganisms in the air ith the support of

inadequate environmental factors can infect the nasal mucosa, trachea, and bronchi. Infection of these

microorganisms can cause respiratory tract infections disease.

1ased on observation sho that the conditions of hygiene and poor sanitation in a house can cause the

incidence of acute respiratory infections. 5nhealthy house and unsanitary living behavior can lead to a

high number of colonies of bacteria in the house, here the number of pathogenic microorganisms is

higher in the house than in the outside air. %he average of total bacterial colonies had a significant

association ith the risk of acute respiratory infections in infants. 6uring the inter, the number of

bacteria in the home ill be more than outdoors. %he high number of bacterial colonies in the case of

group homes can be due to population density, unhealthy home, unhygienic behavior, and the inadequate

ventilation. *esidential density and individual activities are closely related to the concentration of

microorganisms in the air in the room.

%otal colony of microorganisms in the house space is also influenced by environmental factors. %he high

relative humidity cause microorganisms such as fungi can survive in non0living material such as dust.

4ungal spores are also found in all types of environments in the home, one of hich is the home material.

7ome material and furniture provide enough nutrients for fungal species and also the fungus can gro a

lot in room ith adequate humidity. %raditional house that has a ater leak in the roof caused by rainy

eather or ater pipe leakage is often become a favorite place for mold groth.

%he behavior of the occupants ere assessed consisted of behavior of open indo of the room and the

family room, the behavior of house cleaning, throing feces of infants and toddlers to the toilet, and

behavioral dispose of aste in place can be a determining factor of groth of fungi and spores, hich ill

cause respiratory tract infection disease.

"n the other hand, a lo socio0economic conditions such as the sie of the house, the number of family

groups in one house, a rented house, and the high cost of housing is also a determining factor of groth of

fungi and spores, hich ill cause acute respiratory infections disease. *esidential density that do not

meet health requirements 2inistry of 7ealth of Indonesia (8 9 m -:person) mostly caused by the large

number of families living in one house can increase the likelihood of respiratory tract infection disease for


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toddler, for eample, one house there are to or three families even more. "vercroded house can

facilitate the transmission of disease to other occupants.

7igh amount of house in Indonesia that use fireood for cooking because of loer socio0economic

factors are also the cause of respiratory tract infections disease in Indonesia. %his happens because the

fumes of combustion of ood fuel ith high concentrations can damage the lungs. 1urning smoke

contains various particles and chemical substances such as lead, iron, manganese, arsenic, cadmium

hich can cause irritation to the respiratory tract mucosa so that is susceptible to infection. %he particles

in the air hich enter through the respiratory tract ill cause damage epithelial and ciliary cells and so

that foreign ob$ects or incoming particles can not be removed. 'moke or particles of combustion of fuel

should be removed through the kitchen smoke hole or kitchen ventilation. %herefore, the house that is not

equipped ith a kitchen vent and location of the kitchen ad$acent to a toddler bed can increase eposure

to ood smoke ith a high concentration. It as hard to stop because of the needs and socio0economic

conditions.

Wildfires are also a ma$or cause of respiratory tract infection disease occurred in Indonesia. In -+/,

Indonesia;s

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