Analysis of Electrification of Remote Villages in

Palestineby using: PV system, Diesel, or Extension Electrical Network

Prepared by :Ayman Shtayah

Qais Samarah

Supervisor : Dr. Imad Ibrik

1

Background

Palestine suffers from:•A non-secure electrical network•Palestinian Authority (PA) does not have any independence network in the West Bank

•The electrical loads are increased, but the grid does not expand

2

Background

•Palestine has a high solar radiation (Gr) and peak sunshine hours (PSH) amounts to about 3000h and this is enough to produce solar energy in a sustainable way.

•Availability of a large number of rural villages isolated from the electric grid.

•High fuel cost in Palestine .

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Primary Purposes

•Economics comparison among photovoltaic system (PV), diesel generator (DG), hybrid PV-DG, and expansion electrical network

4

Secondary Purposes•Trial to feed more areas of electricity.

•Reduce the phenomenon of immigration from rural areas to cities & congestion in cities.

•Reduce the pollution of the atmosphere from diesel generators & product CO2.

5

Scope (PV alone system)

•It usually consists of: PV array, charge battery controller, inverter, and lead acid battery.

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Scope (DG alone systems)

•DG are widely used sources for remote off-grid areas mainly due to their low capital costs.

•It needs regular maintenance, fuel, filters, oils,..etc. and employee

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Scope (Hybrid PV-DG systems -Series )• it combines between PV & DG to make

stable systems, because DG cover the reduction in energy of battery

• We add controller rectifier to convert AC to DC

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Scope (Expansion electrical network )•It requires many as: conductors, insulators, towers, truss, transformer, switch gears,… etc.

•It is more stable, but it is rarely existing on remote village

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Studying Load (Froosh Beit Dajan)• located at east of Nablus 40km• their population about 769 inhabitants in

100 houses• . It suffers from preventive, confiscation of

lands and water •no electrical network despite of IEC pass

through it. •The nearest point of medium voltage 33KV

return to PA far 6km at Aien Sheply village.

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Main loads existing in Froosh Biet Dajan•Residential loads: it distributed to centralized & decentralized

•Telecommunication tower loads (Jawwal tower): it distributed to AC, AC/DC and DC.

•Water Pumping loads: it has 5 main pumps but we chose Ibasi pump only.

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Daily load curve

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Decentralized centralized

Pmax & daily energy

residential SL house school Masjid Municipality Abbas Area Shaka AreaPmax (w) 100 192 300 100 60 11520 5760

E (kwh/day) 1 1.2 1.297 0.194 0.108 99.57 48.94

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tower Pmax (kw) E (kwh/d)

PAC 6.42 187.32

PAC/DC 5.26 148.29

PDC 4.96 142.64

After Studying the loads , we can get:

Pump H (m) V (m3/day) Eh (kwh/d)

Ibasi 110 877.5 276.18

we get E after dividing the energy by ηTL = 94%

The Sizing of the systems- PV:residential & tower•PV generator, storage battery, controller,

inverter:

• we applied 4 Gr at 4 tilted angle (0, 20, 32, 45)

•ηv= 92%, ηc = 95%, ηB = 85% , Ad= 1.5 , DOD= 75%

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The Sizing of the systems- PV:residential & tower•On tower we applied the min month Gr to keep the loads operating all times

•Because the land of the tower is rented (not personal ) we add the size of land

•a = area for 1kwp=7.055m2

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The Sizing of the systems- PV:water pumping•PV generator, square inverter, induction

motor

• we applied average Gr from May to October (when pump operating)

•ηv= 92%, ηm = 90%, V = m3/day , TDH= 1.05*H , η p= 95%

•We take percentages of Eh when we applying equations

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The Sizing of the systems-existing DG:

area KVA h/d ld/h ld/d ld/y h/y

Abbas 66 4 16 64 23360 1460

Shaka 33 4 7 28 10220 1460

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KVA h/d ld/h ld/d ld/y h/y

18 12 4 48 17520 4380

18 12 4 48 17520 4380

percentage DHP (hp) ld/y

10% 7 2,106

20% 14 4,212

40% 28 8,424

60% 42 12,636

80% 56 16,848

90% 63 18,954

100% 70 21,060

residential

tower

Ibasi pump

The Sizing of the systems- hybrid:residential & tower•PV generator, storage battery, controller,

inverter: is the same size of PV alone.• in tower we used average Gr because the

DG get more stability of the system.•We used Ad= 1 day•Size of :DG rectifier

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The Sizing of the systems- hybrid:residential & tower•To calculate the consumption of diesel and

operating hour per year of DG, we must determine the percent that DG covered as follows:

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Month

tilt 1 2 3 4 10 11 12

0 0.46 0.37 0.14 0 0.06 0.32 0.49

20 0.341 0.3 0.107 0 0 0.16 0.353

32 0.27 0.26 0.09 0 0 0.073 0.28

45 0.2 0.21 0.06 0.02 0 0 0.19

The Sizing of the systems- hybrid:water pumping•the diesel pumping used to compensate

the percentage of Eh covered by PV. That means we cover 100% of Eh by two systems: PV and diesel, so we used two pumps for each.

•e.g.: when the percentage of PV is 10% then the percentage of diesel is 90%

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The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network•When electrical network will be

expanded, all loads in the village will be benefited from it.

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The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network

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conducto

r

lengt

hV (KV) Ac (mm) number Ac of earth

AB 6000 33 50 3 phase 35

B C 2000 0.4 150 4 phase + 1 nutral 50

B D 2000 0.4 50 5 phase + 1 nutral 35

B E 600 0.4 50 6 phase + 1 nutral 35

Economical study

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1. Normal caseapplied without any considerations of existing DG in the village

1. Replacement caseThe existing DG enters economical study as salvage value , subtract from present cost

1. Continuing caseDG existing now work on hybrid system , no fixed cost of DG

Results PV alone:

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 System 0 20 32 45

Abbas

Centralized

normal 0.7590.72

70.72

7 0.742replaceme

nt 0.7390.70

70.70

7 0.722

Decentralized

normal 0.7100.68

10.68

1 0.695replaceme

nt 0.6910.66

10.66

1 0.675

Shaka

Centralized

normal 0.7600.72

80.72

8 0.743replaceme

nt 0.7270.69

50.69

5 0.711

Decentralized

normal 0.7100.68

10.68

1 0.695replaceme

nt 0.6780.64

80.64

8 0.663

Results PV alone:

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AC

normal1.32

61.05

40.97

7 0.946

replacement1.31

01.03

80.96

0 0.930

AC/DC

normal1.40

61.11

61.03

4 1.002

replacement1.38

51.09

61.01

3 0.981

DC

normal1.22

20.97

10.90

0 0.873

replacement1.20

10.95

00.87

9 0.851

10%0.73

40.72

10.74

7 0.806

20%0.73

10.71

40.74

3 0.803

40%0.72

70.71

40.74

0 0.799

60%0.73

90.72

60.75

2 0.812

80%0.72

60.71

30.73

8 0.798

90%0.72

80.71

50.74

1 0.800

100%0.72

30.71

00.73

6 0.795

0 20 32 45

Results DG alone:

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Abbas 0.865Shaka 0.916Tower 0.800

Pump

10% 0.93320% 0.72640% 0.62160% 0.59880% 0.56590% 0.566100% 0.556

comparison of $/kwh for Ibasi pump DG alone & PV alone at different percentage of Eh

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Results hybrid:

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  0 20 32 45

Abbas

normal 0.828 0.7690.75

10.75

5

replacement 0.808 0.7500.73

10.73

5

continuing 0.815 0.7550.73

80.74

3

Shaka

normal 0.899 0.8370.81

70.82

2

replacement 0.867 0.8040.78

50.78

9

continuing 0.859 0.7980.78

00.78

5

Pump

10%PV + 90%

diesel0.58

30.58

20.58

40.59

020%PV +

80% diesel

0.598

0.596

0.601

0.613

40%PV + 60%

diesel0.65

00.64

50.65

50.67

960%PV +

40% diesel

0.691

0.683

0.699

0.735

80%PV + 20%

diesel0.72

60.71

60.73

60.78

390%PV +

10% diesel

0.749

0.737 0.76

0.813

Results hybrid:

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Tower

AC

normal0.89

80.82

60.80

5 0.813

replacement0.88

20.81

00.78

9 0.804

continuing0.88

30.81

00.78

9 0.798

AC/DC

normal0.96

30.88

60.86

5 0.873

replacement0.94

30.86

60.84

3 0.851

continuing0.87

90.80

50.78

4 0.791

DC

normal0.86

10.79

10.77

0 0.777

replacement0.84

00.77

00.74

9 0.755

continuing0.83

90.77

10.75

0 0.757

0 20 32 45

Results of extension network:

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normal 0.346

replacement 0.333

Conclusion

•The most economical alternative to electrify the village is extension electrical network, but we know that is prevented since 1967.

•The most economical alternative to electrify the residential is the PV decentralized system at tilt 20 or 32

•The second economical alternative to electrify the residential is the hybrid system at tilt angle= 32, and it is more than reliable PV

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Conclusion

•The most economical alternative to electrify the tower is the hybrid with DC system at tilt 32, and it more than reliable PV

•The second economical alternative to electrify the tower is the existing DG (it is more economical than PV)

•The most economical alternative to electrify the pump is the diesel water pumping as existing now.

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