Nora Patricia Castañeda-Álvarez

Análisis de vacios en ParientesSilvestres

Foto: Luigi Guarino, Global Crop Diversity Trust

Los parientes silvestresde los cultivos

“any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture”

FAO, 2009

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2009. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. , p.68.

Parientes silvestres de

cultivos

Variedadeslocales

(landraces)

Cultivaresmodernos y obsoletos

Líneas de mejoramiento

Stock genético

Arvenses

Especiescultivadas

17 días de inmersión

Material usado: Landrace (FR13A)

Importancia Recursos Genéticos

Seguridad alimentaria

Desarrollo económico

Base para agricultura más sostenible

Fuente de variación genética

Extensión de la base genética de los cultivos

Incorporación de caracteres de interés (e.g. rendimiento, calidad, tolerancia/resistencia a stress biótico o abiótico)

Usos de los parientessilvestres

Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) may serve as source of novel traits, as most of them have not experienced strong selective pressures and they share a common ancestry with crops, easing the use of their genes in traditional breeding and biotechnology when required (Dale 1992).

Dale, P.J., 1992. Spread of Engineered Genes to Wild Relatives. Plant physiology, 100, pp.13-15.

Usos confirmados

Mejoramiento de calidad

Aumento de rendimientos

Caracteres nutricionales

Tolerancia a plagas

Tolerancia a enfermedades

Adaptación a sequía

Adaptación a salinidad

Patrones de injerto

Usos potenciales

Tolerancia a salinidad

Tolerancia a sequía

Tolerancia a heladas

Tolerancia a inundaciones

Why Crop Wild Relatives?

Hajjar, R. & Hodgkin, T. 2007. The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica 156(1-2): 1-13

Estado de conservación

Conservaciónex situ

Conservaciónin situ

Reservas genéticas activas(conservación in situ)

• Triticum spp. en Ammiad, Israel

• Aegilops spp. en Ceylanpinar, Turquía

• Zea perennis en Sierra de Manantlán, México

• Citrus, Oryza, Alocasia en Ngoc Hoi, Vietnam

• Solanum spp. en Pisac Cusco, Perú

Otras iniciativas

• “Crop Wild Relatives Project”

• GEF, UNEP, Bioversity International

• Armenia, Bolivia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka y Uzbekistán

• http://www.cropwildrelatives.org

WARDA - Benin

PGRRI - Ghana

Amenazas: cambioclimático y cambios en

el uso de la tierra

Variations in the Earth’s surface temperature. 1000 to 2100

There’s no point in

looking for the effects of

climate change here!

When this

is going to

happen

Maunder minimum. Little Ice Age. Ice fairs on the Thames

Jarvis, a, Lane, a & Hijmans, R., 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), pp.13-23. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880908000133 [Accessed March 16, 2011].

Escenario: migración ilimitada

Jarvis, a, Lane, a & Hijmans, R., 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), pp.13-23. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880908000133 [Accessed March 16, 2011].

Escenario: no-migración

• 16-22% del total de especies en riesgo de extinción

• Mayoría de las especies pierden por lo menos50% de su nicho ambiental

• Nichos ambientales altamente fragmentados• Arachis: 24-31 (de 51 spp) extintas, reducción 85-

94% en área• Solanum: 20 ( de 108 spp) extintas, reducción 38-

69%• Vigna: 2 (de 48 spp) extintas, reducción 65%

Sampled Red List Index for Plants

• 20% de las plantas en riesgo de extinción

• Actividad humana responsable del 81% de todas las amenazas identificadas

http://threatenedplants.myspecies.info/

Análisis de vacios

Determine gaps in collections

Model distributions

Gather taxonomic data

Gather occurrence data

Make collecting recommendations

Georeferencing

Source: concept and images from Jarvis et al. 2009. Value of a Coordinate: geographic analysis of agricultural biodiversity. Presentation for Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), November 2009.

Overview

Environmental dimension

Taxonomic dimension

Geographic dimension

Our approach

Ramírez et al., 2010 40

1. Determination of target taxa

2. Determination of sampling deficiencies

3. Potential distribution

models

4. Geographic coverage

assessment

5. Determination of environmental

gaps

6. Rarity based on environmental

variables

7. Determination of priority of

collecting

8. Prioritization of geographic areas

for collecting

Methodology

41Ramírez et al., 2010

HPS MPS LPS NFCR

High Priority

Species

Final priority

score- between 0-

3

Medium Priority

Species

Final priority

score- between

3.01-5

Low Priority

Species

Final priority

score- between

5.01-7.5

No Further

Conservation is

Required

Final priority

score- between

7.51-10

Methodology

Ramírez-Villegas, J., Khoury, C., Jarvis, A., Debouck, D. and Guarino, L. 2010. A gap analysis methodology for collecting crop genepools: a case study with phaseolus beans. PLoS one 5(10)

Prioritization results: Phaseolus case (Ramírez-Villegas et al., 2010)

(A) Zones where gaps in ex situ collections for multiple high priority taxa overlap, (B) modelling uncertainties as standard deviations among high priority modelled taxa

Our work

• Data cwr database holding c.a. 4 million records

– Sources: public available databases (i.e.: GBIF, Genesys, Conabio, CRIA), collaborations with experts (i.e. David Spooner, Nigel Maxted), visits to major herbaria (i.e.: Harvard, Kew, Edinburgh, Madrid)

• Website www.cwrdiversity.org

Datasets - herbarium

Datasets -germplasm

HPS62%

LPS19%

MPS14%

NFCR5%

Genepool Scientific Name

Avena Avena sativa

Cajanus Cajanus cajan

Cicer Cicer arietinum

Daucus Daucus carota

Eleusine Eleusine coracana

Helianthus Helianthus annuus

Hordeum Hordeum vulgare

Ipomoea Ipomoea batatas

Lathyrus Lathyrus sativus

Lens Lens culinaris

Malus Malus domestica

Medicago Medicago sativa

Musa Musa acuminata and M.

balbisiana

Rice Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa

Pennisetum Pennisetum glaucum

Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus

Bean Phaseolus vulgaris

Pisum Pisum sativum

Secale Secale cereal

Eggplant Solanum melongena

Potato Solanum tuberosum*

Sorghum Sorghum bicolor

Triticum Triticum aestivum

Faba bean Vicia faba

Vetch Vicia sativa

Bambara Vigna subterranea

Cowpea Vigna unguiculata

403 taxones analizados

Gracias!

http://www.cwrdiversity.org/

n.p.castaneda@cgiar.org