anaesthesia for obstructive airway disease
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Anaesthesia for Obstructive Airway DiseaseTRANSCRIPT
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Anaesthesia for Obstructive Airway DiseaseDr Prasanga Palihawadana (MD, FRCA)Consultant AnaesthetistGeneral Hospital Ampara
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Areas coveredPathophysiologyMedical ManagementAssessment of Bronchial AsthmaPreparation Anaesthesia
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Areas covered..Management of Acute Severe Asthma in OT
COPDPrinciples of MxPrevious exam questions
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Bronchial AsthmaA chronic inflammatory condition of lungs.Common -10%
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SymptomsCoughWheezeChest tightnessSOB
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Characteristic featuresAirflow limitationAirway hyper responsivenessInflammation
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CausesAtopy- Enviornmental Pollen Dust PollutionViral infections
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CausesCold airEmotionsOccupationalDrugs - NSAIDS Beta blockers
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PathophysiologyInflammation (Steroids)Bronchoconstriction (beta2 agonists)Cholinergic effect causing Bronchoconstriction(Ipratropium=atropine)
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PathophysiologyHistamine H1=Bronchoconstriction(mast cell stabilisers)Leucotrines in aspirin induced asthma
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Management of BA (WHO guidelines)Lifestyle modificationStepwise Rx with,Inhaled beta agonists sosRegular inhaled steroids Plus regular beta agonists
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Drug Treatment (preferably as inhalers)Beta 2 agonists Salbutamol, Salmeterol, terbutalineSteroids- Beclamethasone etcMast cell stabilisers- Sodium chromoglycate
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Treatment contd.Anticholinergics- Ipratropium Theophylline preparationsOral steroidsLeucotrine receptor antagonists
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Assessment of BA Pts
DurationSymptomsPrecipitantsRx & Compliance
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Assessment of BA patients..Effect on daily lifeAcute attacks- Nebulisations Hospitalisation ICU admissions, ventilationPrevious anaesthetics
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Examination & InvestigationsGeneral examinationLung signsPEF and reversibility
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Investigations
CXRAY if indicated
Lung function tests-FEV1/ FVC
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Preparation and AnaesthesiaAllay anxietyContinue RX bring inhalers to OTOptimise medical Mx if not under control
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Preparation & anaesthesiaTreat infectionsStop smokingNebulize before OTIV steroids- hydrocortisone 100mg
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Choice of anaesthesia- GA vs RegionalNeed to have minimal lung signs for bothSpinal will avoid multiple drugs/ stimulation of airwayEpidural Avoid high blocks
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GAHow the anaesthetic is given is more important than what the agent isSafe drugsPropofolKetamine(add atropine)EtomidateMidazolam
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Safe drugs in BA..FentanylPethidineVecuroniumSuxVolatile agents
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Possible precipitants?TPS? morphine? Atracurium
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Possible precipitants..ProtamineNeostigmineDiclofenac/ aspirinAntibiotics
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During anaesthesiaTry to avoid intubation- Face mask/ LMAMaintain adequate depthAvoid stimulation under light anaesthesia (ETT/surgery)Secretions may precipitate
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Intra op management..Ventilate with- Slow RR/moderate Vt; I :E> 1:2 Monitor SPO2, ETCO2, AWPAvoid reversalDeep extubation
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Asthmatic attack under GA
High AWPTight bagDesaturationUpsloping ETCO2
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Possible causes..Anaphylaxis/ other hypersensitivity reactionAspirationPneumothoraxEndobronchial ETT/ circuit occlusion
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Management
Increase oxygen flow while maintaining depthIncrease volatile agent (halothane)Remove precipitant
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Management contd.Nebulise with -5mg salbutamol 0.5mg Ipratropium(need circuit adaptor/oxygen driven neb)Steroids- 200 mg Hydrocortisone IV
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Drug RxAminophylline IV- 5mg/Kg bolus in dextrose/20 min(250 mg in a vial)Follow up infusion at 0.5mg/Kg per hourSalbutamol IV infusion
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Second line drugs
Ketamine 0.5mg/Kg IVMGSO4- 2g IV/ 30min
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COPDChronic bronchitis & emphysemaAbnormal lungsSmoking/ other factors
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COPD..InfectionsHyperinflated lungsCor-pulmonale
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Features of COPDPink puffers=compensatedBlue bloaters=decompensatedAirway obstruction is not completely reversibleRx- Beta 2 agonists/ steroids/ diuretics
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Assessment
Functional capacityHow many pillowsCXRAYArterial blood gasesLFT
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AnaesthesiaHigh riskAvoid elective surgery if not well controlledStop smokingRx InfectionSteam, Chest physio
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Regionals when possible
GA= BA
Post op ICU
Controlled oxygen therapy
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Exam QuestionsAnaesthetic management of BA patient for elective surgeryAcute asthmatic attack under GAShort notes on salbutamol/ aminophylline
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Thank you!