anabolic steroids steroids vs. anabolic steroids probably first appeared at 1952/54 olympics 1976...
TRANSCRIPT
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Anabolic Steroids
• Steroids vs. anabolic steroids
• Probably first appeared at 1952/54 Olympics
• 1976 Olympics - limited steroid testing – 4 days
• 1980 no athlete tested +ve for steroids but abnormal peaks detected (later identified as unusually high levels of testosterone) – use of natural rather than synthetic hormones.
• 1982 Testosterone joined list of banned drugs
• 1988 Mass spectrometers reduced time for testing to 24-36 hrs
• 2003 Designer steroids (THG), (DMT 2005)
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Tetrahydrogestrinone(THG)
• Designer drug• 19 nor-steroid –
substitution of –H for methyl group at position C-19
• Structurally related to gestrinone (used tx of endometriosis) – apparently with addition 4 x H
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Use in sport• Androgenic (mascularising) effect and anabolic (muscle-
building) effect
• Increase erythropoiesis, Hb and Hct
• Increase lbm, bone mineral density
• Increase muscle strength, power, endurance
• Increase glycogen storage
• Decrease body fat (increased lipolysis)
• Increased neural transmission
• Reduced muscle damage and increased pain tolerance
• Enhance recovery from training/injury
• Increase aggressiveness
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Saudan et al., 2006
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Mechanism of Steroids
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Steroid biochemical effects
• Androgenic:– due to dihydrotestosterone – formed by conversion of testosterone by 5α-
reductase enzyme – high in testicles, skin, prostate.• Anabolic:
– muscles, bone, heart – little 5α-reductase activity – anabolic effects prevail here ie.protein synthesis, erythropoiesis
• Anti-catabolic effect – anabolic hormones displace glucocorticoids from receptors
• Strength training increases steroid effects:maybe increases number of receptors?
• Difficult to hold onto effects when stop training?• Also faster recovery times?
– Baume et al., (2006) no evidence in endurance runners on markers of physical stress, or on performance
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Patterns of Administration
• Cycling(6-8 weeks on, 6-8 weeks off)Prevent side-effects
• PyramidingGradual to peak and then withdrawFewer mood changes compared to coming right off
• Stacking– > 1 steroid at a time, avoid plateauing– Increases potency– Oral and parenteral routes– evidence increased muscle fibre size (Hartgens et al., 2002)
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Use by athletes
• Information sparse;• Bodybuilders – doses range from 250 to
3500mg/week – 40x recommended therapeutic dose
• Testosterone, 19-nortestosterone (or precursors), stanozolol, and methandienone are anabolic steroids most frequently found in athlete samples
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Evidence on strength effects• Freed et al. (1975) greater effect on strength in placebo
group, though wt increased in drug treated group.
• Ryan (1981) reviewed 37 studies 1968-77. Only good design in 13 – no substantial evidence for increase lbm or muscle strength
• Haupt and Rovere (1984) summarised criteria required to increase strength:
– Intensive training immediately prior to regime and continue intensive training throughout regime
– High protein diet
– Query dose ???
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Other effects
• Aerobic Performance
• Muscle repair
• Tendon damage (side effect)
• Behaviour
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Side effects• Can divide into categories: CV, hepatic, endocrine/reproductive,
psychological, tendon injury• Females – masculinization – body and facial hair, voice changes
(irreversible), menstrual disturbances, reduction body fat, cliteromegaly;
• Adolescent males – stunting of growth;• Males – gynaecomastia, heart disease, hypertension, liver toxicity,
premature baldness, testicular atrophy and reduced fertility;• All – severe acne, liver problems (jaundice), psychological effects,
oedema, risk of diabetes• Long term risks• Medical issues associated with anabolic steroids have been
questioned – (Hoffman and Ratamess, 2006)
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19-noradrosterone in urine
• Main urinary metabolite of nandrolone and other 19-norsteriod hormones
• >2ng/ml +ve finding - numerous +ve tests;• Many undoubtedly due to presence in nutritional
supplements – many not labelled as such• 19-nortestosterone present in ‘intact’ boar (cf pig)
– ?Advised to avoid meals composed of pig offal in hours preceeding test
• Exercise does not seem to be a significant factor• Rarely some urine samples appear to be a suitable medium
for metabolites being formed in situ
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GDR systematic doping
• From 1966, hundreds of physicians etc. administered drugs to thousands of athletes (esp women);
• Documents– Types of drugs;
– Times of admin
– Dosages
– Performance and side effects
• Also systematic talent id for sports schools
• Permanent strength effects after critical period
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GDR systematic doping
• Performance improvements within 4 years (women)– Shot-put 4.5-5m– Discuss 11-20m– Javelin 8-15m– 400m 4-5s– 800m 5-10s– 1500m 7-10s
• Steps to avoid +ve samples– Tests prior to departure exclusion
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Franke and Berendonk, 1997
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Testosterone Prohormones
• Androstenedione, androstenediol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
• Marketed as testosterone enhancing, and muscle building• However no evidence of anabolic or ergogenic effects in
men;• May see effect in older men, or in certain individuals
(‘responders’);• Possible that higher doses may have an effect;• Increases serum [estrogen] in men• Increases [testosterone] in women• Widely used despite lack of evidence• Currently no well-accepted technique for detecting
prohormone supplement use
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Brown et al., (2006)
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Refs
• Saudan et al., (2006) Testosterone and doping control. Br J Sports Med 40 (Suppl I):i21-i24
• Franke and Berendonk (1997) Hormonal and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government. Clin Chem 43(7): 1262 - 1279
• Brown et al., (2006) Testosterone prohormone supplements. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: (8) 1451 - 1461